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Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 2012Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging multidrug-resistant global opportunistic pathogen. The increasing incidence of nosocomial and community-acquired S.... (Review)
Review
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging multidrug-resistant global opportunistic pathogen. The increasing incidence of nosocomial and community-acquired S. maltophilia infections is of particular concern for immunocompromised individuals, as this bacterial pathogen is associated with a significant fatality/case ratio. S. maltophilia is an environmental bacterium found in aqueous habitats, including plant rhizospheres, animals, foods, and water sources. Infections of S. maltophilia can occur in a range of organs and tissues; the organism is commonly found in respiratory tract infections. This review summarizes the current literature and presents S. maltophilia as an organism with various molecular mechanisms used for colonization and infection. S. maltophilia can be recovered from polymicrobial infections, most notably from the respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis patients, as a cocolonizer with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Recent evidence of cell-cell communication between these pathogens has implications for the development of novel pharmacological therapies. Animal models of S. maltophilia infection have provided useful information about the type of host immune response induced by this opportunistic pathogen. Current and emerging treatments for patients infected with S. maltophilia are discussed.
Topics: Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Global Health; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Opportunistic Infections; Pandemics; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
PubMed: 22232370
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00019-11 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jun 2021Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic pathogen of significant concern to susceptible patient populations. This pathogen can cause nosocomial and...
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic pathogen of significant concern to susceptible patient populations. This pathogen can cause nosocomial and community-acquired respiratory and bloodstream infections and various other infections in humans. Sources include water, plant rhizospheres, animals, and foods. Studies of the genetic heterogeneity of S. maltophilia strains have identified several new genogroups and suggested adaptation of this pathogen to its habitats. The mechanisms used by S. maltophilia during pathogenesis continue to be uncovered and explored. S. maltophilia virulence factors include use of motility, biofilm formation, iron acquisition mechanisms, outer membrane components, protein secretion systems, extracellular enzymes, and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. S. maltophilia is intrinsically drug resistant to an array of different antibiotics and uses a broad arsenal to protect itself against antimicrobials. Surveillance studies have recorded increases in drug resistance for S. maltophilia, prompting new strategies to be developed against this opportunist. The interactions of this environmental bacterium with other microorganisms are being elucidated. S. maltophilia and its products have applications in biotechnology, including agriculture, biocontrol, and bioremediation.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Biofilms; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 34043457
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00030-19 -
Microbiology Spectrum Feb 2022Mastitis, a highly prevalent disease in dairy cows, is commonly caused by local infection of the mammary gland. Our previous studies have suggested that the gut...
Mastitis, a highly prevalent disease in dairy cows, is commonly caused by local infection of the mammary gland. Our previous studies have suggested that the gut microbiota plays an important role in the development of mastitis in mice. However, the effects of rumen microbiota on bovine mastitis and the related mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we assessed the effects and mechanisms of rumen microbiota on bovine mastitis based on the subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) model induced by feeding Holstein Frisian cows a high-concentrate diet for 8 weeks. Then, the inflammatory responses in the mammary gland and the bacterial communities of rumen fluid, feces, and milk were analyzed. The results showed that SARA induced mastitis symptoms in the mammary gland; activated a systemic inflammatory response; and increased the permeability of the blood-milk barrier, gut barrier, and rumen barrier. Further research showed that lipopolysaccharides (LPS), derived from the gut of SARA cows, translocated into the blood and accumulated in the mammary glands. Furthermore, the abundance of was increased in the rumen of SARA cows, and mastitis was induced by oral administration of in lactating mice. In conclusion, our findings suggested that mastitis is induced by exogenous pathogenic microorganisms as well as by endogenous pathogenic factors. Specifically, the elevated abundance of in the rumen and LPS translocation from the rumen to the mammary gland were important endogenous factors that induced mastitis. Our study provides a foundation for novel therapeutic strategies that target the rumen microbiota in cow mastitis. Mastitis is a common and frequently occurring disease of humans and animals, especially in dairy farming, which has caused huge economic losses and brought harmful substance residues, drug-resistant bacteria, and other public health risks. The traditional viewpoint indicates that mastitis is mainly caused by exogenous pathogenic bacteria infecting the mammary gland. Our study found that the occurrence of mastitis was induced by the endogenous pathway. Evidence has shown that rumen-derived LPS enters the mammary gland through blood circulation, damaging the blood-milk barrier and then inducing inflammation of the mammary gland in cows. In addition, a higher abundance of in the rumen was closely associated with the development of mastitis. This study provides a basis for novel therapeutic strategies that exploit the rumen microbiota against mastitis in cows.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Translocation; Cattle; Feces; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Lactation; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Rumen; Stenotrophomonas
PubMed: 35196821
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02512-21 -
Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 2017Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, once regarded as an organism of low virulence, has evolved as a significant opportunistic pathogen causing severe human infections in both... (Review)
Review
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, once regarded as an organism of low virulence, has evolved as a significant opportunistic pathogen causing severe human infections in both hospital and community settings, especially amongst highly debilitated patients. Globally, S. maltophilia ranks third amongst the four most common pathogenic non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNBs), others being Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc). The worth of accurate identification of S. maltophilia comes to the forefront as it needs to be differentiated from other NFGNBs such as Acinetobacter, P. aeruginosa and Bcc due to its inherently contrasting antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Consequently, its correct identification is essential as no single drug is amply effective against all NFGNBs, which hinders initiation of appropriate empirical treatment resulting in increased morbidity and mortality.
Topics: Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Global Health; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Opportunistic Infections; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
PubMed: 29405136
DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_16_430 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2018is a multi-drug-resistant global opportunistic nosocomial pathogen, which possesses a huge number of virulence factors and antibiotics resistance characteristics. Iron... (Review)
Review
is a multi-drug-resistant global opportunistic nosocomial pathogen, which possesses a huge number of virulence factors and antibiotics resistance characteristics. Iron has a crucial contribution toward growth and development, cell growth and proliferation, and pathogenicity. The bacterium found to acquire iron for its cellular process through the expression of two iron acquisition systems. Two distinct pathways for iron acquisition are encoded by the genome-a siderophore-and heme-mediated iron uptake system. The operon directs the production of the enterobactin siderophore of catecholate in nature, while heme uptake relies on and potentially operon. Fur and sigma factors are regulators of under iron-limited condition. Iron potentially act as a signal which plays an important role in biofilm formation, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), extracellular enzymes production, oxidative stress response, diffusible signal factor (DSF) and siderophore production in . This review summarizes the current knowledge of iron acquisition in and the critical role of iron in relation to its pathogenicity.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Biofilms; Biological Transport; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Heme; Humans; Iron; Oxidative Stress; Siderophores; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 30483485
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00401 -
Viruses Jun 2021The isolation and characterization of bacteriophages for the treatment of infections caused by the multidrug resistant pathogen is imperative as nosocomial and... (Review)
Review
The isolation and characterization of bacteriophages for the treatment of infections caused by the multidrug resistant pathogen is imperative as nosocomial and community-acquired infections are rapidly increasing in prevalence. This increase is largely due to the numerous virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes encoded by this bacterium. Research on phages to date has focused on the isolation and in vitro characterization of novel phages, often including genomic characterization, from the environment or by induction from bacterial strains. This review summarizes the clinical significance, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of , as well as all phages isolated and characterized to date and strategies for their use. We further address the limited in vivo phage therapy studies conducted against this bacterium and discuss the future research needed to spearhead phages as an alternative treatment option against multidrug resistant .
Topics: Bacteriophages; Genome, Viral; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Phage Therapy; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 34204897
DOI: 10.3390/v13061057 -
Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao = Chinese... Apr 2023species are non-fermentative Gram-negative bacteria that are widely distributed in environment and are highly resistant to numerous antibiotics. Thus, serves as a... (Review)
Review
species are non-fermentative Gram-negative bacteria that are widely distributed in environment and are highly resistant to numerous antibiotics. Thus, serves as a reservoir of genes encoding antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The detection rate of is rapidly increasing alongside their strengthening intrinsic ability to tolerate a variety of clinical antibiotics. This review illustrated the current genomics advances of antibiotic resistant , highlighting the importance of precise identification and sequence editing. In addition, AMR diversity and transferability have been assessed by the developed bioinformatics tools. However, the working models of AMR in are cryptic and urgently required to be determined. Comparative genomics is envisioned to facilitate the prevention and control of AMR, as well as to gain insights into bacterial adaptability and drug development.
Topics: Stenotrophomonas; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Genomics; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 37154308
DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.220523 -
Microbiology Spectrum Jan 2018Bacteria of the genus are found throughout the environment, in close association with soil, sewage, and plants. , the first member of this genus, is the predominant...
Bacteria of the genus are found throughout the environment, in close association with soil, sewage, and plants. , the first member of this genus, is the predominant species, observed in soil, water, plants, animals, and humans. It is also an opportunistic pathogen associated with the increased number of infections in both humans and animals in recent years. In this article, we summarize all species (mainly ) isolated from animals and food products of animal origin and further distinguish all isolates based on antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance phenotypes. The various mechanisms of both intrinsic and acquired antimicrobial resistance, which were mainly identified in isolates of nosocomial infections, have been classified as follows: multidrug efflux pumps; resistance to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and phenicols; and alteration of lipopolysaccharide and two-component regulatory systems. The dissemination, coselection, and persistence of resistance determinants among isolates have also been elaborated.
Topics: Acetyltransferases; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Cross Infection; DNA Topoisomerases; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Food Microbiology; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Membrane Transport Proteins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; beta-Lactam Resistance; beta-Lactamases
PubMed: 29350131
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0005-2017 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Jul 2016Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is one of the most common emerging multi-drug resistant organisms found in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis and its prevalence is... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is one of the most common emerging multi-drug resistant organisms found in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis and its prevalence is increasing. Chronic infection with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia has recently been shown to be an independent predictor of pulmonary exacerbation requiring hospitalization and antibiotics. However, the role of antibiotic treatment of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection in people with cystic fibrosis is still unclear. This is an update of a previously published review.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of our review is to assess the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in people with cystic fibrosis. The primary objective is to assess this in relation to lung function and pulmonary exacerbations in the setting of acute pulmonary exacerbations. The secondary objective is to assess this in relation to the eradication of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis Trials Register, compiled from electronic database searches and handsearching of journals and conference abstract books. We also searched a registry of ongoing trials and the reference lists of relevant articles and reviews.Date of latest search: 27 May 2016.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Any randomized controlled trial of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia mono-infection or Stenotrophomonas maltophilia co-infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in either the setting of an acute pulmonary exacerbation or a chronic infection treated with suppressive antibiotic therapy.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Both authors independently assessed the trials identified by the search for potential inclusion in the review.
MAIN RESULTS
The initial search strategy identified only one trial of antibiotic treatment of pulmonary exacerbations that included people with cystic fibrosis with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. However, this trial had to be excluded because data was not available per pathogen.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
This review did not identify any evidence regarding the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in people with cystic fibrosis. Until such evidence becomes available, clinicians need to use their clinical judgement as to whether or not to treat Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection in people with cystic fibrosis. Randomized clinical trials are needed to address these unanswered clinical questions.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cystic Fibrosis; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Respiratory Tract Infections; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
PubMed: 27415821
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009249.pub4 -
Acta Crystallographica. Section F,... Jul 2023The resistance of the emerging human pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to tetracycline antibiotics mainly depends on multidrug efflux pumps and ribosomal protection...
The resistance of the emerging human pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to tetracycline antibiotics mainly depends on multidrug efflux pumps and ribosomal protection enzymes. However, the genomes of several strains of this Gram-negative bacterium code for a FAD-dependent monooxygenase (SmTetX) homologous to tetracycline destructases. This protein was recombinantly produced and its structure and function were investigated. Activity assays using SmTetX showed its ability to modify oxytetracycline with a catalytic rate comparable to those of other destructases. SmTetX shares its fold with the tetracycline destructase TetX from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron; however, its active site possesses an aromatic region that is unique in this enzyme family. A docking study confirmed tetracycline and its analogues to be the preferred binders amongst various classes of antibiotics.
Topics: Humans; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; Crystallography, X-Ray; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Tetracycline; Oxytetracycline; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 37405486
DOI: 10.1107/S2053230X23005381