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Infectious Disease Clinics of North... Mar 2024Viral pneumonia is usually community acquired and caused by influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, and adenovirus. Many of these... (Review)
Review
Viral pneumonia is usually community acquired and caused by influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, and adenovirus. Many of these infections are airway centric and chest imaging demonstrates bronchiolitis and bronchopneumonia, With the exception of adenovirus infections, the presence of lobar consolidation usually suggests bacterial coinfection. Community-acquired viral pathogens can cause more severe pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts, who are also susceptible to CMV and varicella infection. These latter 2 pathogens are less likely to manifest the striking airway-centric pattern. Airway-centric pattern is distinctly uncommon in Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, a rare environmentally acquired infection with high mortality.
Topics: Humans; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Pneumonia, Viral; Influenza, Human; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Metapneumovirus; Adenoviridae Infections; Community-Acquired Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 38280762
DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2023.12.009 -
Frontiers in Medicine 2023Adenovirus pneumonia is common in pediatric upper respiratory tract infection, which is comparatively easy to develop into severe cases and has a high mortality rate... (Review)
Review
Adenovirus pneumonia is common in pediatric upper respiratory tract infection, which is comparatively easy to develop into severe cases and has a high mortality rate with many influential sequelae. As for pathogenesis, adenoviruses can directly damage target cells and activate the immune response to varying degrees. Early clinical recognition depends on patients' symptoms and laboratory tests, including those under 2 years old, dyspnea with systemic toxic symptoms, atelectasis or emphysema in CT image, decreased leukocytes, and significantly increased C-reaction protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT), indicating the possibility of severe cases. Until now, there is no specific drug for adenovirus pneumonia, so in clinical practice, current treatment comprises antiviral drugs, respiratory support and bronchoscopy, immunomodulatory therapy, and blood purification. Additionally, post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO), hemophagocytic syndrome, and death should be carefully noted. Independent risk factors associated with the development of PIBO are invasive mechanical ventilation, intravenous steroid use, duration of fever, and male gender. Meanwhile, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, invasive mechanical ventilation, and low serum albumin levels are related to death. Among these, viral load and serological identification are not only "gold standard" for adenovirus pneumonia, but are also related to the severity and prognosis. Here, we discuss the progress of pathogenesis, early recognition, therapy, and risk factors for poor outcomes regarding severe pediatric adenovirus pneumonia.
PubMed: 37476615
DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1207568 -
Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2023African swine fever (ASF) is an acute and highly contagious lethal infectious disease in swine that severely threatens the global pig industry. At present, a safe and...
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute and highly contagious lethal infectious disease in swine that severely threatens the global pig industry. At present, a safe and efficacious vaccine is urgently required to prevent and control the disease. In this study, we evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of replication-incompetent type-2 adenoviruses carrying African swine fever virus (ASFV) antigens, namely (p30), (p54), (CD2v), (p72), and (p72 chaperone). A vaccine cocktail delivered by simultaneous intramuscular (IM) and intranasal (IN) administration robustly elicited both systemic and mucosal immune responses against AFSV in mice and swine and provided highly effective protection against the circulating ASFV strain in farmed pigs. This multi-antigen cocktail vaccine was well tolerated in the vaccinated animals. No significant interference among antigens was observed. The combined IM and IN vaccination using this adenovirus-vectored antigen cocktail vaccine warrants further evaluation for providing safe and effective protection against ASFV infection and transmission.
Topics: Swine; Animals; Mice; African Swine Fever Virus; African Swine Fever; Adenoviridae; Adenovirus Vaccines; Antigens, Viral; Viral Vaccines; Adenoviridae Infections; Vaccination
PubMed: 37401832
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2233643 -
Molecular Therapy. Nucleic Acids Dec 2023Adenoviral vectors have been widely used as vaccine candidates or potential vaccine candidates against infectious diseases due to the convenience of genome manipulation,... (Review)
Review
Adenoviral vectors have been widely used as vaccine candidates or potential vaccine candidates against infectious diseases due to the convenience of genome manipulation, their ability to accommodate large exogenous gene fragments, easy access of obtaining high-titer of virus, and high efficiency of transduction. At the same time, adenoviral vectors have also been used extensively in clinical research for cancer gene therapy and treatment of diseases caused by a single gene defect. However, application of adenovirus also faces a series of challenges such as poor targeting, strong immune response against the vector itself, and they cannot be used repeatedly. It is believed that these problems will be solved gradually with further research and technological development in related fields. Here, we review the construction methods of adenoviral vectors, including "gutless" adenovirus and discuss application of adenoviral vectors as prophylactic vaccines for infectious pathogens and their application prospects as therapeutic vaccines for cancer and other kinds of chronic infectious disease such as human papillomavirus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus.
PubMed: 37808925
DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.09.004 -
Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 2023Many pediatric patients with malignant tumors continue to suffer poor outcomes. The current standard of care includes maximum safe surgical resection followed by... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Many pediatric patients with malignant tumors continue to suffer poor outcomes. The current standard of care includes maximum safe surgical resection followed by chemotherapy and radiation which may be associated with considerable long-term morbidity. The emergence of oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) may provide an alternative or adjuvant treatment for pediatric oncology patients.
AREAS COVERED
We reviewed seven virus types that have been investigated in past or ongoing pediatric tumor clinical trials: adenovirus (AdV-tk, Celyvir, DNX-2401, VCN-01, Ad-TD-nsIL-12), herpes simplex virus (G207, HSV-1716), vaccinia (JX-594), reovirus (pelareorep), poliovirus (PVSRIPO), measles virus (MV-NIS), and Senecavirus A (SVV-001). For each virus, we discuss the mechanism of tumor-specific replication and cytotoxicity as well as key findings of preclinical and clinical studies.
EXPERT OPINION
Substantial progress has been made in the past 10 years regarding the clinical use of OVT. From our review, OVT has favorable safety profiles compared to chemotherapy and radiation treatment. However, the antitumor effects of OVT remain variable depending on tumor type and viral agent used. Although the widespread adoption of OVT faces many challenges, we are optimistic that OVT will play an important role alongside standard chemotherapy and radiotherapy for the treatment of malignant pediatric solid tumors in the future.
Topics: Humans; Child; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Oncolytic Viruses; Neoplasms; Simplexvirus; Vaccinia virus; Genetic Therapy
PubMed: 37749907
DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2023.2245326 -
Cancer Letters Nov 2023Pancreatic cancer remains one of the deadliest cancers with extremely high mortality rate, and the number of cases is expected to steadily increase with time. Pancreatic... (Review)
Review
Pancreatic cancer remains one of the deadliest cancers with extremely high mortality rate, and the number of cases is expected to steadily increase with time. Pancreatic cancer is refractory to conventional cancer treatment options, like chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and commercialized immunotherapeutics, owing to its immunosuppressive and desmoplastic phenotype. Due to these reasons, development of an innovative treatment option that can overcome these challenges posed by the pancreatic tumor microenvironment (TME) is in an urgent need. The present review aims to summarize the evolution of oncolytic adenovirus (oAd) engineering and usage as therapeutics (either monotherapy or combination therapy) over the last decade to overcome these hurdles to instigate a potent antitumor effect against desmoplastic and immunosuppressive pancreatic cancer.
Topics: Humans; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Oncolytic Viruses; Adenoviridae; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Cell Line, Tumor; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 37940067
DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216456 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Aug 2023
Topics: Humans; Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Antibodies; Thrombocytopenia; Thrombosis; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic; Adenovirus Vaccines
PubMed: 37590457
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2307721 -
Blood Dec 2023
Topics: Humans; Adenoviridae; Adenovirus Vaccines; Heparin; Thromboinflammation; Vaccines
PubMed: 38153773
DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023022900 -
Journal of Virology Feb 2024Adenoviruses are a group of double-stranded DNA viruses that can mainly cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and eye infections in humans. In addition, adenoviruses are... (Review)
Review
Adenoviruses are a group of double-stranded DNA viruses that can mainly cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and eye infections in humans. In addition, adenoviruses are employed as vector vaccines for combatting viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2, and serve as excellent gene therapy vectors. These viruses have the ability to modulate the host cell machinery to their advantage and trigger significant restructuring of the nuclei of infected cells through the activity of viral proteins. One of those, the adenovirus DNA-binding protein (DBP), is a multifunctional non-structural protein that is integral to the reorganization processes. DBP is encoded in the E2A transcriptional unit and is highly abundant in infected cells. Its activity is unequivocally linked to the formation, structure, and integrity of virus-induced replication compartments, molecular hubs for the regulation of viral processes, and control of the infected cell. DBP also plays key roles in viral DNA replication, transcription, viral gene expression, and even host range specificity. Notably, post-translational modifications of DBP, such as SUMOylation and extensive phosphorylation, regulate its biological functions. DBP was first investigated in the 1970s, pioneering research on viral DNA-binding proteins. In this literature review, we provide an overview of DBP and specifically summarize key findings related to its complex structure, diverse functions, and significant role in the context of viral replication. Finally, we address novel insights and perspectives for future research.
Topics: Humans; Adenoviridae; Adenoviruses, Human; DNA Replication; DNA, Viral; DNA-Binding Proteins; Viral Proteins; Virus Replication
PubMed: 38197632
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01885-23