Review

Authors: Tetsuaya Muto, Shinichiro Imaizumi, Koju Kamoi...

Viruses account for 80% of all cases of acute conjunctivitis and adenovirus; enterovirus and herpes virus are the common causative agents. In general, viral conjunctivitis spreads easily. Therefore, to control the spread, it is crucial to quickly diagnose illnesses, strictly implement hand washing laws, and sanitize surfaces. Swelling of the lid margin and ciliary injection are subjective symptoms, and eye discharge is frequently serofibrinous. Preauricular lymph node swelling can occasionally occur. Approximately 80% of cases of viral conjunctivitis are caused by adenoviruses. Adenoviral conjunctivitis may become a big global concern and may cause a pandemic. Diagnosis of herpes simplex viral conjunctivitis is crucial for using corticosteroid eye solution as a treatment for adenovirus conjunctivitis. Although specific treatments are not always accessible, early diagnosis of viral conjunctivitis may help to alleviate short-term symptoms and avoid long-term consequences.

Topics: Humans; Conjunctivitis, Viral; Conjunctivitis; Adenoviridae Infections; Adenoviridae; Simplexvirus; Keratitis, Herpetic; Adenovirus Infections, Human; Adenoviruses, Human

PubMed: 36992385
DOI: 10.3390/v15030676

Authors: Omar M Al-Heeti, Helen P Cathro, Michael G Ison...

Adenoviruses result in a wide array of clinical presentations, including primarily respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, or systemic infections. Although adenovirus causes mild disease limited to a single organ system in immunocompetent individuals, severe and life-threatening infections do rarely occur. Disseminated disease and severe localized disease resulting in significant morbidity and mortality have been well described in the immunocompromised populations. Although asymptomatic viremia, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal infections are the most common disease in most transplant patients, renal transplant patients more commonly experience urinary tract infections, including hemorrhagic cystitis or nephritis. Diagnosis requires astute clinical awareness of the patient's clinical presentation that would be compatible with adenovirus combined with cultures, molecular testing, polymerase chain reaction, and tissue sampling. There is no Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment for adenovirus; however, several studies have evaluated therapeutic options including cidofovir, brincidofovir, and immunotherapy. This article will summarize our current understanding of adenovirus in the transplant population.

Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Antiviral Agents; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Kidney Transplantation; Viremia

PubMed: 34856601
DOI: 10.1097/TP.0000000000003988

Review

Authors: Thomas Lion

Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are an important cause of infections in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals, and they continue to provide clinical challenges pertaining to diagnostics and treatment. The growing number of HAdV types identified by genomic analysis, as well as the improved understanding of the sites of viral persistence and reactivation, requires continuous adaptions of diagnostic approaches to facilitate timely detection and monitoring of HAdV infections. In view of the clinical relevance of life-threatening HAdV diseases in the immunocompromised setting, there is an urgent need for highly effective treatment modalities lacking major side effects. The present review summarizes the recent progress in the understanding and management of HAdV infections.

Topics: Adenoviridae Infections; Adenoviruses, Human; Animals; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Incidence; Risk Factors

PubMed: 24982316
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00116-13

Review

Authors: Joseph P Lynch, Adriana E Kajon

Adenoviruses (AdVs) are DNA viruses that typically cause mild infections involving the upper or lower respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, or conjunctiva. Rare manifestations of AdV infections include hemorrhagic cystitis, hepatitis, hemorrhagic colitis, pancreatitis, nephritis, or meningoencephalitis. AdV infections are more common in young children, due to lack of humoral immunity. Epidemics of AdV infection may occur in healthy children or adults in closed or crowded settings (particularly military recruits). The disease is more severe and dissemination is more likely in patients with impaired immunity (e.g., organ transplant recipients, human immunodeficiency virus infection). Fatality rates for untreated severe AdV pneumonia or disseminated disease may exceed 50%. More than 50 serotypes of AdV have been identified. Different serotypes display different tissue tropisms that correlate with clinical manifestations of infection. The predominant serotypes circulating at a given time differ among countries or regions, and change over time. Transmission of novel strains between countries or across continents and replacement of dominant viruses by new strains may occur. Treatment of AdV infections is controversial, as prospective, randomized therapeutic trials have not been conducted. Cidofovir is the drug of choice for severe AdV infections, but not all patients require treatment. Live oral vaccines are highly efficacious in reducing the risk of respiratory AdV infection and are in routine use in the military in the United States, but currently are not available to civilians.

Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Adenovirus Infections, Human; Adult; Antiviral Agents; Child; Cidofovir; Cytosine; Humans; Military Personnel; Organophosphonates; Prospective Studies; Respiratory Tract Infections; Serogroup; Viral Vaccines

PubMed: 27486739
DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584923

Review

Authors: Ulf Pettersson

In this paper I describe aspects of work on the human adenoviruses in which my laboratory has participated. It consists of two sections-one historic dealing with work performed in the previous century, and one dealing with the application of 'omics' technologies to understand how adenovirus-infected cells become reprogrammed to benefit virus multiplication.

Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Apoptosis; Capsid; Gene Expression Profiling; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Kinetics; Proteome; Proteomics; Signal Transduction; Transcriptome; Viral Proteins; Virology

PubMed: 31142167
DOI: 10.1080/03009734.2019.1613698

Authors: Urs F Greber

Both well-known and emerging viruses increasingly affect humans and cause disease, sometimes with devastating impact on society. The viruses present in the biosphere are the top predators in the life chain, virtually without enemies, except perhaps the immune system, and harsh environmental physicochemical conditions restricting their dissemination. We know a lot about viruses, but do we know enough? This series of reviews is dedicated to adenoviruses (AdVs), a family of nonenveloped DNA viruses occurring in vertebrates, including humans. AdVs have been the focus of intense research for more than 67 years. Besides causing disease, they have immensely contributed to the advance of life sciences and medicine over the past decades. Recently, AdVs have been widely used as vehicles in gene therapy and vaccination. They continue to provide fundamental insights into virus-host interactions in cells, tissues and organisms, as well as systems and metabolic networks. This special issue of FEBS Letters presents a unique collection of 23 state-of-the-art review articles by leading adenovirologists. In this prelude, I present the chapters, which provide a solid basis for further exploring the rich heritage in adenovirus molecular cell biology, structural biology, genetics, immunology, gene therapy and epidemiology. I conclude with an essential discussion of six blind spots in adenovirology.

Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Animals; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Virus Internalization

PubMed: 32538496
DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13849

Review

Authors: Rebecca Wallace, Carly M Bliss, Alan L Parker...

Pathogenic adenovirus (Ad) infections are widespread but typically mild and transient, except in the immunocompromised. As vectors for gene therapy, vaccine, and oncology applications, Ad-based platforms offer advantages, including ease of genetic manipulation, scale of production, and well-established safety profiles, making them attractive tools for therapeutic development. However, the immune system often poses a significant challenge that must be overcome for adenovirus-based therapies to be truly efficacious. Both pre-existing anti-Ad immunity in the population as well as the rapid development of an immune response against engineered adenoviral vectors can have detrimental effects on the downstream impact of an adenovirus-based therapeutic. This review focuses on the different challenges posed, including pre-existing natural immunity and anti-vector immunity induced by a therapeutic, in the context of innate and adaptive immune responses. We summarise different approaches developed with the aim of tackling these problems, as well as their outcomes and potential future applications.

Topics: Humans; Adenoviridae; Genetic Vectors; Genetic Therapy; Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Immunity, Innate; Immune System; Adenoviridae Infections

PubMed: 38932265
DOI: 10.3390/v16060973

Review

Authors: Jaya Rajaiya, Amrita Saha, Ashrafali M Ismail...

Human adenoviruses cause disease at multiple mucosal sites, including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts, and are common agents of conjunctivitis. One site of infection that has received sparse attention is the cornea, a transparent tissue and the window of the eye. While most adenovirus infections are self-limited, corneal inflammation (keratitis) due to adenovirus can persist or recur for months to years after infection, leading to reduced vision, discomfort, and light sensitivity. Topical corticosteroids effectively suppress late adenovirus keratitis but are associated with vision-threatening side effects. In this short review, we summarize current knowledge on infection of the cornea by adenoviruses, including corneal epithelial cell receptors and determinants of corneal tropism. We briefly discuss mechanisms of stromal keratitis due to adenovirus infection, and review an emerging therapy to mitigate adenovirus corneal infections based on evolving knowledge of corneal epithelial receptor usage.

Topics: Adenoviridae Infections; Adenoviruses, Human; Animals; Cornea; Corneal Diseases; Humans

PubMed: 33668417
DOI: 10.3390/v13020293

Authors: Niklas Arnberg, Annasara Lenman

Adenovirus is a common cause of disease in humans and in animals [...].

Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Adenoviruses, Human; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans

PubMed: 34200540
DOI: 10.3390/v13061112

Review

Authors: Farooq Rashid, Zhixun Xie, You Wei...

Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) is highly pathogenic to broilers aged 3 to 5 weeks and has caused considerable economic loss in the poultry industry worldwide. FAdV-4 is the causative agent of hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome (HHS) or hydropericardium syndrome (HPS). The virus targets mainly the liver, and HPS symptoms are observed in infected chickens. This disease was first reported in Pakistan but has now spread worldwide, and over time, various deletions in the FAdV genome and mutations in its major structural proteins have been detected. This review provides detailed information about FAdV-4 genome organization, physiological features, epidemiology, coinfection with other viruses, and host immune suppression. Moreover, we investigated the role and functions of important structural proteins in FAdV-4 pathogenesis. Finally, the potential regulatory effects of FAdV-4 infection on ncRNAs are also discussed.

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Poultry Diseases; Aviadenovirus; Serogroup; Adenoviridae Infections; Genome, Viral; Coinfection

PubMed: 38915924
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1370414