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Viruses Mar 2023Viruses account for 80% of all cases of acute conjunctivitis and adenovirus; enterovirus and herpes virus are the common causative agents. In general, viral... (Review)
Review
Viruses account for 80% of all cases of acute conjunctivitis and adenovirus; enterovirus and herpes virus are the common causative agents. In general, viral conjunctivitis spreads easily. Therefore, to control the spread, it is crucial to quickly diagnose illnesses, strictly implement hand washing laws, and sanitize surfaces. Swelling of the lid margin and ciliary injection are subjective symptoms, and eye discharge is frequently serofibrinous. Preauricular lymph node swelling can occasionally occur. Approximately 80% of cases of viral conjunctivitis are caused by adenoviruses. Adenoviral conjunctivitis may become a big global concern and may cause a pandemic. Diagnosis of herpes simplex viral conjunctivitis is crucial for using corticosteroid eye solution as a treatment for adenovirus conjunctivitis. Although specific treatments are not always accessible, early diagnosis of viral conjunctivitis may help to alleviate short-term symptoms and avoid long-term consequences.
Topics: Humans; Conjunctivitis, Viral; Conjunctivitis; Adenoviridae Infections; Adenoviridae; Simplexvirus; Keratitis, Herpetic; Adenovirus Infections, Human; Adenoviruses, Human
PubMed: 36992385
DOI: 10.3390/v15030676 -
Viruses Dec 2021Gene therapy is currently in the public spotlight. Several gene therapy products, including oncolytic virus (OV), which predominantly replicates in and kills cancer... (Review)
Review
Gene therapy is currently in the public spotlight. Several gene therapy products, including oncolytic virus (OV), which predominantly replicates in and kills cancer cells, and COVID-19 vaccines have recently been commercialized. Recombinant adenoviruses, including replication-defective adenoviral vector and conditionally replicating adenovirus (CRA; oncolytic adenovirus), have been extensively studied and used in clinical trials for cancer and vaccines. Here, we review the biology of wild-type adenoviruses, the methodological principle for constructing recombinant adenoviruses, therapeutic applications of recombinant adenoviruses, and new technologies in pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-based regenerative medicine. Moreover, this article describes the technology platform for efficient construction of diverse "CRAs that can specifically target tumors with multiple factors" (m-CRAs). This technology allows for modification of four parts in the adenoviral E1 region and the subsequent insertion of a therapeutic gene and promoter to enhance cancer-specific viral replication (i.e., safety) as well as therapeutic effects. The screening study using the m-CRA technology successfully identified survivin-responsive m-CRA (Surv.m-CRA) as among the best m-CRAs, and clinical trials of Surv.m-CRA are underway for patients with cancer. This article also describes new recombinant adenovirus-based technologies for solving issues in PSC-based regenerative medicine.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Animals; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Cell Line, Tumor; Gene Expression; Genetic Therapy; Genetic Vectors; Humans; Immunotherapy; Oncolytic Viruses; Pluripotent Stem Cells; Promoter Regions, Genetic; SARS-CoV-2; Survivin; Virus Replication
PubMed: 34960772
DOI: 10.3390/v13122502 -
Transplantation May 2022Adenoviruses result in a wide array of clinical presentations, including primarily respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, or systemic infections. Although...
Adenoviruses result in a wide array of clinical presentations, including primarily respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, or systemic infections. Although adenovirus causes mild disease limited to a single organ system in immunocompetent individuals, severe and life-threatening infections do rarely occur. Disseminated disease and severe localized disease resulting in significant morbidity and mortality have been well described in the immunocompromised populations. Although asymptomatic viremia, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal infections are the most common disease in most transplant patients, renal transplant patients more commonly experience urinary tract infections, including hemorrhagic cystitis or nephritis. Diagnosis requires astute clinical awareness of the patient's clinical presentation that would be compatible with adenovirus combined with cultures, molecular testing, polymerase chain reaction, and tissue sampling. There is no Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment for adenovirus; however, several studies have evaluated therapeutic options including cidofovir, brincidofovir, and immunotherapy. This article will summarize our current understanding of adenovirus in the transplant population.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Antiviral Agents; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Kidney Transplantation; Viremia
PubMed: 34856601
DOI: 10.1097/TP.0000000000003988 -
Viruses Feb 2021Adenoviruses have served as a model for investigating viral-cell interactions and discovering different cellular processes, such as RNA splicing and DNA replication. In... (Review)
Review
Adenoviruses have served as a model for investigating viral-cell interactions and discovering different cellular processes, such as RNA splicing and DNA replication. In addition, the development and evaluation of adenoviruses as the viral vectors for vaccination and gene therapy has led to detailed investigations about adenovirus biology, including the structure and function of the adenovirus encoded proteins. While the determination of the structure and function of the viral capsid proteins in adenovirus biology has been the subject of numerous reports, the last few years have seen increased interest in elucidating the structure and function of the adenovirus core proteins. Here, we provide a review of research about the structure and function of the adenovirus core proteins in adenovirus biology.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Animals; Capsid Proteins; DNA Replication; DNA, Viral; Humans; Viral Proteins; Virus Replication
PubMed: 33671079
DOI: 10.3390/v13030388 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jul 2014Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are an important cause of infections in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals, and they continue to provide clinical... (Review)
Review
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are an important cause of infections in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals, and they continue to provide clinical challenges pertaining to diagnostics and treatment. The growing number of HAdV types identified by genomic analysis, as well as the improved understanding of the sites of viral persistence and reactivation, requires continuous adaptions of diagnostic approaches to facilitate timely detection and monitoring of HAdV infections. In view of the clinical relevance of life-threatening HAdV diseases in the immunocompromised setting, there is an urgent need for highly effective treatment modalities lacking major side effects. The present review summarizes the recent progress in the understanding and management of HAdV infections.
Topics: Adenoviridae Infections; Adenoviruses, Human; Animals; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Incidence; Risk Factors
PubMed: 24982316
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00116-13 -
FEBS Letters Dec 2019Incoming adenoviruses seize control of cytosolic transport mechanisms to relocate their genome from the cell periphery to specialized sites in the nucleoplasm. The... (Review)
Review
Incoming adenoviruses seize control of cytosolic transport mechanisms to relocate their genome from the cell periphery to specialized sites in the nucleoplasm. The nucleus is the site for viral gene expression, genome replication, and the production of progeny for the next round of infection. By taking control of the cell, adenoviruses also suppress cell-autonomous immunity responses. To succeed in their production cycle, adenoviruses rely on well-coordinated steps, facilitated by interactions between viral proteins and cellular factors. Interactions between virus and host can impose remarkable morphological changes in the infected cell. Imaging adenoviruses has tremendously influenced how we delineate individual steps in the viral life cycle, because it allowed the development of specific optical markers to label these morphological changes in space and time. As technology advances, innovative imaging techniques and novel tools for specimen labeling keep uncovering previously unseen facets of adenovirus biology emphasizing why imaging adenoviruses is as attractive today as it was in the past. This review will summarize past achievements and present developments in adenovirus imaging centered on fluorescence microscopy approaches.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Cell Nucleus; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Microscopy, Atomic Force; Viral Proteins; Virus Replication
PubMed: 31758703
DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13690 -
Seminars in Respiratory and Critical... Aug 2016Adenoviruses (AdVs) are DNA viruses that typically cause mild infections involving the upper or lower respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, or conjunctiva. Rare... (Review)
Review
Adenoviruses (AdVs) are DNA viruses that typically cause mild infections involving the upper or lower respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, or conjunctiva. Rare manifestations of AdV infections include hemorrhagic cystitis, hepatitis, hemorrhagic colitis, pancreatitis, nephritis, or meningoencephalitis. AdV infections are more common in young children, due to lack of humoral immunity. Epidemics of AdV infection may occur in healthy children or adults in closed or crowded settings (particularly military recruits). The disease is more severe and dissemination is more likely in patients with impaired immunity (e.g., organ transplant recipients, human immunodeficiency virus infection). Fatality rates for untreated severe AdV pneumonia or disseminated disease may exceed 50%. More than 50 serotypes of AdV have been identified. Different serotypes display different tissue tropisms that correlate with clinical manifestations of infection. The predominant serotypes circulating at a given time differ among countries or regions, and change over time. Transmission of novel strains between countries or across continents and replacement of dominant viruses by new strains may occur. Treatment of AdV infections is controversial, as prospective, randomized therapeutic trials have not been conducted. Cidofovir is the drug of choice for severe AdV infections, but not all patients require treatment. Live oral vaccines are highly efficacious in reducing the risk of respiratory AdV infection and are in routine use in the military in the United States, but currently are not available to civilians.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Adenovirus Infections, Human; Adult; Antiviral Agents; Child; Cidofovir; Cytosine; Humans; Military Personnel; Organophosphonates; Prospective Studies; Respiratory Tract Infections; Serogroup; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 27486739
DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584923 -
Viruses Feb 2021Human adenoviruses cause disease at multiple mucosal sites, including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts, and are common agents of... (Review)
Review
Human adenoviruses cause disease at multiple mucosal sites, including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts, and are common agents of conjunctivitis. One site of infection that has received sparse attention is the cornea, a transparent tissue and the window of the eye. While most adenovirus infections are self-limited, corneal inflammation (keratitis) due to adenovirus can persist or recur for months to years after infection, leading to reduced vision, discomfort, and light sensitivity. Topical corticosteroids effectively suppress late adenovirus keratitis but are associated with vision-threatening side effects. In this short review, we summarize current knowledge on infection of the cornea by adenoviruses, including corneal epithelial cell receptors and determinants of corneal tropism. We briefly discuss mechanisms of stromal keratitis due to adenovirus infection, and review an emerging therapy to mitigate adenovirus corneal infections based on evolving knowledge of corneal epithelial receptor usage.
Topics: Adenoviridae Infections; Adenoviruses, Human; Animals; Cornea; Corneal Diseases; Humans
PubMed: 33668417
DOI: 10.3390/v13020293 -
FEBS Letters Jun 2020Both well-known and emerging viruses increasingly affect humans and cause disease, sometimes with devastating impact on society. The viruses present in the biosphere are...
Both well-known and emerging viruses increasingly affect humans and cause disease, sometimes with devastating impact on society. The viruses present in the biosphere are the top predators in the life chain, virtually without enemies, except perhaps the immune system, and harsh environmental physicochemical conditions restricting their dissemination. We know a lot about viruses, but do we know enough? This series of reviews is dedicated to adenoviruses (AdVs), a family of nonenveloped DNA viruses occurring in vertebrates, including humans. AdVs have been the focus of intense research for more than 67 years. Besides causing disease, they have immensely contributed to the advance of life sciences and medicine over the past decades. Recently, AdVs have been widely used as vehicles in gene therapy and vaccination. They continue to provide fundamental insights into virus-host interactions in cells, tissues and organisms, as well as systems and metabolic networks. This special issue of FEBS Letters presents a unique collection of 23 state-of-the-art review articles by leading adenovirologists. In this prelude, I present the chapters, which provide a solid basis for further exploring the rich heritage in adenovirus molecular cell biology, structural biology, genetics, immunology, gene therapy and epidemiology. I conclude with an essential discussion of six blind spots in adenovirology.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Animals; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Virus Internalization
PubMed: 32538496
DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13849 -
Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences Apr 2019In this paper I describe aspects of work on the human adenoviruses in which my laboratory has participated. It consists of two sections-one historic dealing with work... (Review)
Review
In this paper I describe aspects of work on the human adenoviruses in which my laboratory has participated. It consists of two sections-one historic dealing with work performed in the previous century, and one dealing with the application of 'omics' technologies to understand how adenovirus-infected cells become reprogrammed to benefit virus multiplication.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Apoptosis; Capsid; Gene Expression Profiling; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Kinetics; Proteome; Proteomics; Signal Transduction; Transcriptome; Viral Proteins; Virology
PubMed: 31142167
DOI: 10.1080/03009734.2019.1613698