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Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach,... Mar 2024"Nanozyme" is used to describe various catalysts from immobilized inorganic metal complexes, immobilized enzymes to inorganic nanoparticles. Here, the history of...
"Nanozyme" is used to describe various catalysts from immobilized inorganic metal complexes, immobilized enzymes to inorganic nanoparticles. Here, the history of nanozymes is dvescribed in detail, and they can be largely separated into two types. Type 1 nanozymes refer to immobilized catalysts or enzymes on nanomaterials, which were dominant in the first decade since 2004. Type 2 nanozymes, which rely on the surface catalytic properties of inorganic nanomaterials, are the dominating type in the past decade. The definition of nanozymes is evolving, and a definition based on the same substrates and products as enzymes are able to cover most currently claimed nanozymes, although they may have different mechanisms compared to their enzyme counterparts. A broader definition can inspire application-based research to replace enzymes with nanomaterials for analytical, environmental, and biomedical applications. Comparison with enzymes also requires a clear definition of a nanozyme unit. Four ways of defining a nanozyme unit are described, with iron oxide and horseradish peroxidase activity comparison as examples in each definition. Growing work is devoted to understanding the catalytic mechanism of nanozymes, which provides a basis for further rational engineering of active sites. Finally, future perspective of the nanozyme field is discussed.
Topics: Nanostructures; Nanoparticles; Enzymes, Immobilized; Catalysis; Surface Properties
PubMed: 36799556
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211041 -
Cell Host & Microbe Jul 2023Longitudinal microbiome data provide valuable insight into disease states and clinical responses, but they are challenging to mine and view collectively. To address...
Longitudinal microbiome data provide valuable insight into disease states and clinical responses, but they are challenging to mine and view collectively. To address these limitations, we present TaxUMAP, a taxonomically informed visualization for displaying microbiome states in large clinical microbiome datasets. We used TaxUMAP to chart a microbiome atlas of 1,870 patients with cancer during therapy-induced perturbations. Bacterial density and diversity were positively associated, but the trend was reversed in liquid stool. Low-diversity states (dominations) remained stable after antibiotic treatment, and diverse communities had a broader range of antimicrobial resistance genes than dominations. When examining microbiome states associated with risk for bacteremia, TaxUMAP revealed that certain Klebsiella species were associated with lower risk for bacteremia localize in a region of the atlas that is depleted in high-risk enterobacteria. This indicated a competitive interaction that was validated experimentally. Thus, TaxUMAP can chart comprehensive longitudinal microbiome datasets, enabling insights into microbiome effects on human health.
Topics: Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Microbiota; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacteremia
PubMed: 37329880
DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.05.027 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2024The present treatments for bronchiectasis, which is defined by pathological dilatation of the airways, are confined to symptom relief and minimizing exacerbations. The... (Review)
Review
The present treatments for bronchiectasis, which is defined by pathological dilatation of the airways, are confined to symptom relief and minimizing exacerbations. The condition is becoming more common worldwide. Since the disease's pathophysiology is not entirely well understood, developing novel treatments is critically important. The interplay of chronic infection, inflammation, and compromised mucociliary clearance, which results in structural alterations and the emergence of new infection, is most likely responsible for the progression of bronchiectasis. Other than treating bronchiectasis caused by cystic fibrosis, there are no approved treatments. Understanding the involvement of the microbiome in this disease is crucial, the microbiome is defined as the collective genetic material of all bacteria in an environment. In clinical practice, bacteria in the lungs have been studied using cultures; however, in recent years, researchers use next-generation sequencing methods, such as 16S rRNA sequencing. Although the microbiome in bronchiectasis has not been entirely investigated, what is known about it suggests that , and dominate the lung bacterial ecosystems, they present significant intraindividual stability and interindividual heterogeneity. and -dominated microbiomes have been linked to more severe diseases and frequent exacerbations, however additional research is required to fully comprehend the role of microbiome in the evolution of bronchiectasis. This review discusses recent findings on the lung microbiota and its association with bronchiectasis.
Topics: Bronchiectasis; Humans; Microbiota; Lung; Bacteria; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 38895737
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1405399 -
International Journal For Numerical... Oct 2023The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of left/right coronary artery flow distribution on calculation of fractional flow reserve derived from...
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of left/right coronary artery flow distribution on calculation of fractional flow reserve derived from coronary computed tomography angiography (FFRct) in different dominant types. First, 195 patients were collected to count the distribution ratios of the three categories: right dominance (RD), balanced dominance (BD), and left dominance (LD). Ratios of diameters of the left/right coronary arteries (D :D ) of the three types were calculated and used to represent the ratio of flow distribution (Q :Q ) in the dominant type method. The other method was known as the fixed ratio method (Q :Q = 6:4). Second, a total of 73 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) were enrolled for numerical calculation. A 0D/3D geometric multiscale model was used for the numerical simulation of FFR and the results of the fixed ratio method and the dominant type method were recorded as F-FFRct and D-FFRct. Lastly, invasive FFR(clinic-FFR)was used as a standard to evaluate the consistency and diagnostic performance of F-FFRct and D-FFRct. Corresponding flow distributions for the dominant type method were Q :Q = 5:5 for RD, Q :Q = 5.5:4.5 for BD, and Q :Q = 6:4 for LD. D-FFRct showed a better correlation than F-FFRct (r = 0.85 vs. r = 0.81, both p < .001); the AUC (95%CI) were 0.974 (0.906-0.997, p < .0001) and 0.960 (0.886-0.992, p < .0001). Accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) for D-FFRct and F-FFRct were 94.52%, 93.75%, 94.74%, 83.33%, 98.18% and 90.41%, 87.50%, 91.23%, 73.68%, 96.30%, respectively. Overall, the left/right coronary artery flow distribution was affected by the dominant type and the dominant type method was superior to the fixed ratio method in detecting coronary ischemic lesions.
Topics: Humans; Coronary Angiography; Coronary Vessels; Fractional Flow Reserve, Myocardial; Coronary Artery Disease; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Coronary Stenosis
PubMed: 36629761
DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3681 -
Vision Research Jun 2024Short-term monocular deprivation in normally sighted adult humans produces a transient shift of ocular dominance, boosting the deprived eye. This effect has been...
Short-term monocular deprivation in normally sighted adult humans produces a transient shift of ocular dominance, boosting the deprived eye. This effect has been documented with both perceptual tests and through physiological recordings, but no previous study simultaneously measured physiological responses and the perceptual effects of deprivation. Here we propose an integrated experimental paradigm that combines binocular rivalry with pupillometry, to introduce an objective physiological index of ocular dominance plasticity, acquired concurrently with perceptual testing. Ten participants reported the perceptual dynamics of binocular rivalry, while we measured pupil diameter. Stimuli were a white and a black disk, each presented monocularly. Rivalry dynamics and pupil-size traces were compared before and after 2 h of monocular deprivation, achieved by applying a translucent patch over the dominant eye. Consistent with prior research, we observed that monocular deprivation boosts the deprived-eye signal and consequently increases ocular dominance. In line with previous studies, we also observed subtle but systematic modulations of pupil size that tracked alternations between exclusive dominance phases of the black or white disk. Following monocular deprivation, the amplitude of these pupil-size modulations increased, which is consistent with the post-deprivation boost of the deprived eye and the increase of ocular dominance. This provides evidence that deprivation impacts the effective strength of monocular visual stimuli, coherently affecting perceptual reports and the automatic and unconscious regulation of pupil diameter. Our results show that a combined paradigm of binocular rivalry and pupillometry gives new insights into the physiological mechanisms underlying deprivation effects.
PubMed: 38909478
DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2024.108449 -
The Journal of Animal Ecology Sep 2023Competition shapes animal communities, but the strength of the interaction varies spatially depending on the availability and aggregation of resources and competitors....
Competition shapes animal communities, but the strength of the interaction varies spatially depending on the availability and aggregation of resources and competitors. Among carnivores, competition is particularly pronounced with the strongest interactions between similar species with intermediate differences in body size. While ecologists have emphasized interference competition among carnivores based on dominance hierarchies from body size (smaller = subordinate; larger = dominant), the reciprocity of exploitative competition from subordinate species has been overlooked even though efficient exploitation can limit resource availability and influence foraging. Across North America, fishers Pekania pennanti and martens (Martes spp.) are two phylogenetically related forest carnivores that exhibit a high degree of overlap in habitat use and diet and differ in body size by a factor of 2-5×, eliciting particularly strong interspecific competition. In the Great Lakes region, fishers and martens occur both allopatrically and sympatrically; where they co-occur, the numerically dominant species varies spatially. This natural variation in competitors and environmental conditions enables comparisons to understand how interference and exploitative competition alter dietary niche overlap and foraging strategies. We analysed stable isotopes (δ C and δ N) from 317 martens and 132 fishers, as well as dietary items (n = 629) from 20 different genera, to compare niche size and overlap. We then quantified individual diet specialization and modelled the response to environmental conditions that were hypothesized to influence individual foraging. Martens and fishers exhibited high overlap in both available and core isotopic δ-space, but no overlap of core dietary proportions. When the competitor was absent or rare, both martens and fishers consumed more smaller-bodied prey. Notably, the dominant fisher switched from being a specialist of larger to smaller prey in the absence of the subordinate marten. Environmental context also influenced dietary specialization: increasing land cover diversity and prey abundance reduced specialization in martens whereas vegetation productivity increased specialization for both martens and fishers. Despite an important dominance hierarchy, fishers adjusted their niche in the face of a subordinate, but superior, exploitative competitor. These findings highlight the underappreciated role of the subordinate competitor in shaping the dietary niche of a dominant competitor.
Topics: Animals; Ecosystem; Carnivora; Forests; Mustelidae; Diet
PubMed: 37282830
DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13962 -
Journal of Eye Movement Research 2023The aim of the study was to analyze the stability of dominant and non-dominant eye fixations, as well as the influence of development on fixation stability. The study...
The aim of the study was to analyze the stability of dominant and non-dominant eye fixations, as well as the influence of development on fixation stability. The study analyzed fixation stability in 280 school-age children, ranging in age from 7 to 12 years old. Fixation stability was determined by calculating the bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA). During the fixation task, eye movements were recorded using the Tobii Pro Fusion eye tracking device at a 250 Hz sampling frequency. The results indicate that the fixation stability of dominant and non-dominant eyes, as well as the fixation stability of each eye regardless of dominance, improves as children grow older. It was found that for 7 and 8- year-old children, fixation in the dominant eye is significantly more stable than in the non-dominant eye, while in older children, there is no significant difference in fixation stability between the dominant and non-dominant eye.
PubMed: 38370528
DOI: 10.16910/jemr.16.3.6 -
Frontiers in Neurology 2023Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is expressed on the outermost layer of the myelin sheath in the central nervous system. Recently, the clinical concept of MOG... (Review)
Review
Pathology of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: a comparison with multiple sclerosis and aquaporin 4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is expressed on the outermost layer of the myelin sheath in the central nervous system. Recently, the clinical concept of MOG antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) was established based on the results of human MOG-transfected cell-based assays which can detect conformation-sensitive antibodies against MOG. In this review, we summarized the pathological findings of MOGAD and discussed the issues that remain unresolved. MOGAD pathology is principally inflammatory demyelination without astrocyte destruction, characterized by perivenous demyelination previously reported in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and by its fusion pattern localized in both the white and gray matter, but not by radially expanding confluent demyelination typically seen in multiple sclerosis (MS). Some of demyelinating lesions in MOGAD show severe loss of MOG staining compared with those of other myelin proteins, suggesting a MOG-targeted pathology in the disease. Perivascular cuffings mainly consist of macrophages and T cells with CD4-dominancy, which is also different from CD8+ T-cell-dominant inflammation in MS. Compared to aquaporin 4 (AQP4) antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), perivenous complement deposition is less common, but can be seen on myelinated fibers and on myelin degradation products within macrophages, resembling MS Pattern II pathology. Thus, the pathogenetic contribution of complements in MOGAD is still debatable. Together, these pathological features in MOGAD are clearly different from those of MS and AQP4 antibody-positive NMOSD, suggesting that MOGAD is an independent autoimmune demyelinating disease entity. Further research is needed to clarify the exact pathomechanisms of demyelination and how the pathophysiology relates to the clinical phenotype and symptoms leading to disability in MOGAD patients.
PubMed: 37545724
DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1209749 -
Brain and Behavior May 2024Living in a social dominance hierarchy presents different benefits and challenges for dominant and subordinate males and females, which might in turn affect their...
BACKGROUND
Living in a social dominance hierarchy presents different benefits and challenges for dominant and subordinate males and females, which might in turn affect their cognitive needs. Despite the extensive research on social dominance in group-living species, there is still a knowledge gap regarding how social status impacts brain morphology and cognitive abilities.
METHODS
Here, we tested male and female dominants and subordinates of Neolamprologus pulcher, a social cichlid fish species with size-based hierarchy. We ran three executive cognitive function tests for cognitive flexibility (reversal learning test), self-control (detour test), and working memory (object permanence test), followed by brain and brain region size measurements.
RESULTS
Performance was not influenced by social status or sex. However, dominants exhibited a brain-body slope that was relatively steeper than that of subordinates. Furthermore, individual performance in reversal learning and detour tests correlated with brain morphology, with some trade-offs among major brain regions like telencephalon, cerebellum, and optic tectum.
CONCLUSION
As individuals' brain growth strategies varied depending on social status without affecting executive functions, the different associated challenges might yield a potential effect on social cognition instead. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of studying the individual and not just species to understand better how the individual's ecology might shape its brain and cognition.
Topics: Animals; Cichlids; Female; Male; Executive Function; Brain; Social Dominance; Reversal Learning; Memory, Short-Term
PubMed: 38680075
DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3484 -
JACS Au Jul 2023The activity and selectivity of a copper electrocatalyst during the electrochemical CO reduction reaction (eCORR) are largely dominated by the interplay between local...
The activity and selectivity of a copper electrocatalyst during the electrochemical CO reduction reaction (eCORR) are largely dominated by the interplay between local reaction environment, the catalyst surface, and the adsorbed intermediates. characterization studies have revealed many aspects of this intimate relationship between surface reactivity and adsorbed species, but these investigations are often limited by the spatial and temporal resolution of the analytical technique of choice. Here, Raman spectroscopy with both space and time resolution was used to reveal the distribution of adsorbed species and potential reaction intermediates on a copper electrode during eCORR. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the Raman spectra revealed that a working electrocatalyst exhibits spatial heterogeneities in adsorbed species, and that the electrode surface can be divided into CO-dominant (mainly located at dendrite structures) and C-C dominant regions (mainly located at the roughened electrode surface). Our spectral evaluation further showed that in the CO-dominant regions, linear CO was observed (as characterized by a band at ∼2090 cm), accompanied by the more classical Cu-CO bending and stretching vibrations located at ∼280 and ∼360 cm, respectively. In contrast, in the C-C directing region, these three Raman bands are suppressed, while at the same time a band at ∼495 cm and a broad Cu-CO band at ∼2050 cm dominate the Raman spectra. Furthermore, PCA revealed that anodization creates more C-C dominant regions, and labeling experiments confirmed that the 495 cm band originates from the presence of a Cu-C intermediate. These results indicate that a copper electrode at work is very dynamic, thereby clearly displaying spatiotemporal heterogeneities, and that micro-spectroscopic techniques are crucial for understanding the eCORR mechanism of working electrocatalyst materials.
PubMed: 37502158
DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00129