-
Critical Reviews in Food Science and... 2024Roasting is an essential process in cocoa industry involving high temperatures that causes several physicochemical and microstructural changes in cocoa beans that ensure... (Review)
Review
Roasting is an essential process in cocoa industry involving high temperatures that causes several physicochemical and microstructural changes in cocoa beans that ensure their quality and further processability. The versatility in roasting temperatures (100 - 150 °C) has attracted the attention of researchers toward the exploration of the effects of different roasting conditions on the color, proximal composition, cocoa butter quality, concentration of thermolabile compounds, formation of odor-active volatile organic compounds, generation of melanoidins, production of thermal processes contaminants in cocoa nibs, among others. Some researchers have drowned in exploring new roasting parameters (e.g., the concentration of water steam in the roasting chamber), whilst others have adapted novel heat-transfer techniques to cocoa nibs (e.g., fluidized bed roasting and microwaves). A detailed investigation of the physicochemical phenomena occurring under different cocoa roasting scenarios is lacking. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive analysis of the state of art of cocoa roasting, identifies weak and mistaken points, presents research gaps, and gives recommendations to be considered for future cocoa studies.
Topics: Cacao; Hot Temperature; Volatile Organic Compounds; Cooking; Color; Food Quality; Polymers; Seeds; Odorants; Microwaves; Dietary Fats
PubMed: 36382628
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2141191 -
PloS One 2024Drowning is an overlooked public health concern and drowning risk is dependent on environmental risk factors. The preponderance of drowning deaths occurs in low- and...
Drowning is an overlooked public health concern and drowning risk is dependent on environmental risk factors. The preponderance of drowning deaths occurs in low- and middle-income countries. Small-scale fishers face high occupational risk of drowning. Climate change increases the frequency and intensity of storms, thereby exacerbating fishers' risks and creating a need to examine the contribution of storms to fisher drowning deaths for the development of mitigation strategies. We examined this relationship between weather and fisher drowning deaths in Lake Victoria, which is Africa's largest lake, a site of high fishing pressure, and where climate change is predicted to increase thunderstorms. We conducted a verbal autopsy with people knowledgeable about recent fatal fisher drowning incidents to collect information about the deceased fishers and circumstances surrounding the incidents across 43 landing sites in the Kenyan shore of Lake Victoria. Semi-structured interviews with stakeholders also elucidated community perspectives on drowning risks. Fatal drownings were often attributed to bad weather (41.8%). Other risk factors, such as non-use of life jacket and navigation equipment, co-occurred with bad weather at high rates (69.5% and 67.8%, respectively) to jointly contribute to fatal drowning incidents. Such co-occurrence of risk factors indicates that actions across multiple risk factors can help mitigate the issue. Stakeholder analysis revealed a range of opportunities for improved communication of risks and action to mitigate risks across boat operators and manufacturers, as well as multiple levels of management. Across global small-scale fisheries, limited use of safety equipment and intensive fishing pressure may coincide with increases in extreme weather events, necessitating action to address current and mitigate future drowning risks to small-scale fishers.
Topics: Humans; Drowning; Climate Change; Male; Adult; Risk Factors; Female; Middle Aged; Fisheries; Kenya; Young Adult; Lakes; Adolescent; Weather; Aged; Accidents, Occupational
PubMed: 38776265
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302397 -
Seminars in Pediatric Surgery Dec 2023Trauma is rising as a cause of morbidity and mortality in lower- and middle-income countries (LMIC). This article describes the Epidemiology, Challenges, Management...
Trauma is rising as a cause of morbidity and mortality in lower- and middle-income countries (LMIC). This article describes the Epidemiology, Challenges, Management strategies and prevention of pediatric trauma in lower- and middle-income countries. The top five etiologies for non-intentional injuries leading to death are falls, road traffic injuries, burns, drowning and poisoning. The mortality rate in LMICs is twice that of High-Income Countries (HICs) irrespective of injury severity adjustment. The reasons for inadequate care include lack of facilities, transportation problems, lack of prehospital care, lack of resources and trained manpower to handle pediatric trauma. To overcome these challenges, attention to protocolized care and treatment adaptation based on resource availability is critical. Training in management of trauma helps to reduce the mortality and morbidity in pediatric polytrauma cases. There is also a need for more collaborative research to develop preventative measures to childhood trauma.
Topics: Child; Humans; Developing Countries; Burns; Sex Offenses; Wounds and Injuries
PubMed: 38041908
DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2023.151356 -
Pediatric Critical Care Medicine : a... Aug 2023Evaluate the relationship between admission Pa o2 and mortality in a large multicenter dataset and among diagnostic subgroups.
OBJECTIVES
Evaluate the relationship between admission Pa o2 and mortality in a large multicenter dataset and among diagnostic subgroups.
DESIGN
Retrospective cohort study.
SETTING
North American PICUs participating in Virtual Pediatric Systems, LLC (VPS), 2015-2019.
PATIENTS
Noncardiac patients 18 years or younger admitted to a VPS PICU with admission Pa o2 .
INTERVENTIONS
None.
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
Thirteen thousand seventy-one patient encounters were included with an overall mortality of 13.52%. Age categories were equally distributed among survivors and nonsurvivors with the exception of small differences among neonates and adolescents. Importantly, there was a tightly fitting quadratic relationship between admission Pa o2 and mortality, with the highest mortality rates seen among hypoxemic and hyperoxemic patients (likelihood-ratio test p < 0.001). This relationship persisted after adjustment for illness severity using modified Pediatric Index of Mortality 3 scores. A similar U-shaped relationship was demonstrated among patients with diagnoses of trauma, head trauma, sepsis, renal failure, hemorrhagic shock, and drowning. However, among the 1,500 patients admitted following cardiac arrest, there was no clear relationship between admission Pa o2 and mortality.
CONCLUSIONS
In a large multicenter pediatric cohort, admission Pa o2 demonstrates a tightly fitting quadratic relationship with mortality. The persistence of this relationship among some but not all diagnostic subgroups suggests the pathophysiology of certain disease states may modify the hyperoxemia association.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Adolescent; Child; Humans; Infant; Retrospective Studies; Severity of Illness Index; Hospital Mortality; Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; Hospitalization
PubMed: 37092837
DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000003247 -
Injury Prevention : Journal of the... Jan 2024Globally, drowning is a leading cause of injury-related harm, which is heavily impacted by environmental conditions. In Australia, fatal unintentional drowning peaks in...
BACKGROUND
Globally, drowning is a leading cause of injury-related harm, which is heavily impacted by environmental conditions. In Australia, fatal unintentional drowning peaks in summer, yet the impact of prolonged periods of hot weather (heatwave) on fatal drowning has not previously been explored.
METHODS
Using a case-crossover approach, we examined the difference in drowning risk between heatwave and non-heatwave days for the Australian state of Queensland from 2010 to 2019. Heatwave data, measured by the excess heat factor, were acquired from the Bureau of Meteorology. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated by sex, age of drowning decedent, category of drowning incident (International Classification of Diseases-10 codes) and heatwave severity. Excess drowning mortality during heatwaves was also calculated.
RESULTS
Analyses reveal increased fatal drowning risk during heatwave for males (IRR 1.22, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.61), people aged 65+ years (IRR 1.36, 95% CI 0.83 to 2.24), unintentional drowning (IRR 1.28, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.69) and during severe heatwaves (IRR 1.26, 95% CI0.88 to 1.82). There were 13 excess drowning deaths due to heatwave over the study period.
DISCUSSION
The findings confirm an increased risk of fatal drowning during heatwaves. With increased likelihood and severity of heatwaves, this information should be used to inform drowning prevention, in particular the timing of public awareness campaigns and patrolling of supervised aquatic locations.
CONCLUSIONS
Water safety and patrolling organisations, as well as first responders, need to prepare for more drowning deaths during heatwave conditions. In addition, drowning prevention education ahead of heatwaves is needed for recreational swimmers, and older people, particularly those with comorbidities which may be further exacerbated by a heatwave.
Topics: Male; Humans; Aged; Australia; Queensland; Drowning; Hot Temperature; Incidence
PubMed: 37678903
DOI: 10.1136/ip-2023-044938 -
Children (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023Swimming is the only sport providing lifesaving skills, reducing the risk of death by drowning, a top cause of deaths in children aged 1-14 years. Research shows... (Review)
Review
Swimming is the only sport providing lifesaving skills, reducing the risk of death by drowning, a top cause of deaths in children aged 1-14 years. Research shows swimming amongst other sports can aid fundamental movement skill (FMS) development. Therefore, this review investigated the following: (1) how swimming impacts FMS development in children aged 3-11 years, (2) successful tools assessing swimming and FMS, and (3) recommendations appropriate to the UK curriculum based on findings of this study. A systematic literature review using Google Scholar, PubMed, and SPORTDiscuss was conducted to investigate the effects of swimming on FMS development. Methods included database searching, finalising articles appropriate to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and identifying relevant articles using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool assessed data quality and bias risk, whilst thematic analysis synthesised data alongside descriptive results. Ten papers were synthesised, identifying significant positive impacts of swimming on FMS, including significant pre-post testing ( < 0.01), significant improvements compared to other sports ( < 0.001), and significant improvements in specific motor skills (Balance; = 0.0004). Future research specifically addressing swimming and FMS is essential to improving the curriculum.
PubMed: 37628410
DOI: 10.3390/children10081411 -
Wilderness & Environmental Medicine Mar 2024The Wilderness Medical Society convened a panel to review available evidence supporting practices for acute management of drowning in out-of-hospital and emergency care...
The Wilderness Medical Society convened a panel to review available evidence supporting practices for acute management of drowning in out-of-hospital and emergency care settings. Literature about definitions and terminology, epidemiology, rescue, resuscitation, acute clinical management, disposition, and drowning prevention was reviewed. The panel graded available evidence supporting practices according to the American College of Chest Physicians criteria and then made recommendations based on that evidence. Recommendations were based on the panel's collective clinical experience and judgment when published evidence was lacking. This is the second update to the original practice guidelines published in 2016 and updated in 2019.
Topics: Humans; Drowning; Emergency Medical Services; Resuscitation; Societies, Medical; Wilderness Medicine
PubMed: 38379489
DOI: 10.1177/10806032241227460 -
JMIR Public Health and Surveillance Jul 2023Drowning is a serious public health problem worldwide. Previous epidemiological studies on the association between meteorological factors and drowning mainly focused on...
BACKGROUND
Drowning is a serious public health problem worldwide. Previous epidemiological studies on the association between meteorological factors and drowning mainly focused on individual weather factors, and the combined effect of mixed exposure to multiple meteorological factors on drowning is unclear.
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to investigate the combined effects of multiple meteorological factors on unintentional drowning mortality in China and to identify the important meteorological factors contributing to drowning mortality.
METHODS
Unintentional drowning death data (based on International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition, codes W65-74) from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2018, were collected from the Disease Surveillance Points System for Guangdong, Hunan, Zhejiang, Yunnan, and Jilin Provinces, China. Daily meteorological data, including daily mean temperature, relative humidity, sunlight duration, and rainfall in the same period were obtained from the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Science Data Center. We constructed a time-stratified case-crossover design and applied a generalized additive model to examine the effect of individual weather factors on drowning mortality, and then used quantile g-computation to estimate the joint effect of the mixed exposure to meteorological factors.
RESULTS
A total of 46,179 drowning deaths were reported in the 5 provinces in China from 2013 to 2018. In an effect analysis of individual exposure, we observed a positive effect for sunlight duration, a negative effect for relative humidity, and U-shaped associations for temperature and rainfall with drowning mortality. In a joint effect analysis of the above 4 meteorological factors, a 2.99% (95% CI 0.26%-5.80%) increase in drowning mortality was observed per quartile rise in exposure mixture. For the total population, sunlight duration was the most important weather factor for drowning mortality, with a 93.1% positive contribution to the overall effects, while rainfall was mainly a negative factor for drowning deaths (90.5%) and temperature and relative humidity contributed 6.9% and -9.5% to the overall effects, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
This study found that mixed exposure to temperature, relative humidity, sunlight duration, and rainfall was positively associated with drowning mortality and that sunlight duration, rather than temperature, may be the most important meteorological factor for drowning mortality. These findings imply that it is necessary to incorporate sunshine hours and temperature into early warning systems for drowning prevention in the future.
Topics: Humans; Cross-Over Studies; Drowning; China; Meteorological Concepts; Temperature
PubMed: 37471118
DOI: 10.2196/46792 -
Journal of Epidemiology and Community... Oct 2023Maternal mental illness appears to increase the risk of unintentional childhood injuries, which are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in early childhood....
BACKGROUND
Maternal mental illness appears to increase the risk of unintentional childhood injuries, which are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in early childhood. However, little is known about the variations in this association by type of injury and child's age, and studies on the effects of maternal somatic illness on children's injury risk are scarce.
METHODS
We used Finnish total population register data from 2000 to 2017 to link 1 369 325 children to their biological mothers and followed them for maternal illness and childhood injuries until the children's sixth birthday. Cox regression models were used to examine the associations between maternal illness and children's injuries by type of illness (neurological, psychiatric and cancer), type of injury (transport injuries, falls, burns, drowning or suffocations, poisonings, exposure to inanimate and animate mechanical forces) and child's age (<1 year-olds, 1-2 year-olds, 3-5 year-olds).
RESULTS
After adjustment for family structure, maternal age at birth, maternal education, income, child's gender, native language and region of residence, children of unwell mothers showed a higher risk of injuries (HR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.19 to 1.23). This association was clear for maternal neurological (HR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.26 to 1.36) and psychiatric illnesses (HR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.18 to 1.23) but inconsistent for cancer. Maternal illness predicted an increased risk of injury across all age groups.
CONCLUSIONS
Maternal mental and somatic illness may both increase children's injury risk. Adequate social and parenting support for families with maternal illness may reduce childhood injury.
PubMed: 37845023
DOI: 10.1136/jech-2023-220960 -
Journal of Pharmacy Practice Aug 2023BackgroundPatients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) demonstrate complex drug pharmacokinetics due to alterations in clearance and volume of...
BackgroundPatients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) demonstrate complex drug pharmacokinetics due to alterations in clearance and volume of distribution, necessitating close therapeutic drug monitoring. A 19-year-old Caucasian female with no past medical history was transferred from an outside hospital and admitted to the intensive care unit for acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to a fresh water drowning event The patient decompensated, requiring veno-arterial ECMO, which was subsequently changed to veno-venous ECMO. She was diagnosed with a fungal pneumonia and was started on voriconazole. Throughout the course of antifungal therapy, the patient's voriconazole concentrations were labile, ranging from subtherapeutic, requiring dose increases to twice the labeled therapeutic dose, followed by subsequent supratherapeutic concentrations, requiring dose reductions. Our findings demonstrate how voriconazole drug concentrations can be unpredictable when administered during ECMO and the importance of close monitoring of drug concentrations. More studies are needed to provide sufficient guidance on administering voriconazole in critically ill patients receiving ECMO.
Topics: Humans; Female; Young Adult; Adult; Voriconazole; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Intensive Care Units; Critical Illness; Respiratory Distress Syndrome
PubMed: 35612553
DOI: 10.1177/08971900211060959