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Cureus Apr 2024Human myiasis is caused by the invasion of tissue or organs by maggots of certain dipterous flies. The present case is of an eight-year-old boy complaining of painful...
Human myiasis is caused by the invasion of tissue or organs by maggots of certain dipterous flies. The present case is of an eight-year-old boy complaining of painful swelling in the scrotum with localized discharge. A maggot was removed and sent to a specialized laboratory for identification. The case was diagnosed as a scrotal myiasis caused by . The wound was cleaned with antiseptics, then antibiotic treatment was applied. Two days later, the wound healed completely. All previously documented cases of scrotal myiasis were associated with . We document here the first case of scrotal myiasis in children caused by and the necessity to raise awareness of myiasis among health professionals.
PubMed: 38826592
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59417 -
Parasites & Vectors Aug 2023Lucilia cuprina and L. sericata (family Calliphoridae) are globally significant ectoparasites of sheep. Current literature suggests that only one of these blowfly...
BACKGROUND
Lucilia cuprina and L. sericata (family Calliphoridae) are globally significant ectoparasites of sheep. Current literature suggests that only one of these blowfly subspecies, L. cuprina dorsalis, is a primary parasite causing myiasis (flystrike) in sheep in Australia. These species and subspecies are difficult to distinguish using morphological features. Hence, being able to accurately identify blowflies is critical for diagnosis and for understanding their relationships with their hosts and environment.
METHODS
In this study, adult blowflies (5 pools of 17 flies; n = 85) were collected from five locations in different states [New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (QLD), Tasmania (TAS), Victoria (VIC) and Western Australia (WA)] of Australia and their mitochondrial (mt) genomes were assembled.
RESULTS
Each mt genome assembled was ~ 15 kb in size and encoded 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs and a control region. The Lucilia species mt genomes were conserved in structure, and the genes retained the same order and direction. The overall nucleotide composition was heavily biased towards As and Ts-77.7% of the whole genomes. Pairwise nucleotide diversity suggested divergence between Lucilia cuprina cuprina, L. c. dorsalis and L. sericata. Comparative analyses of these mt genomes with published data demonstrated that the blowflies collected from sheep farm in TAS clustered within a clade with L. sericata. The flies collected from an urban location in QLD were more closely related to L. sericata and represented the subspecies L. c. cuprina, whereas the flies collected from sheep farms in NSW, VIC and WA represented the subspecies L. c. dorsalis.
CONCLUSIONS
Phylogenetic analyses of the mt genomes representing Lucilia from the five geographic locations in Australia supported the previously demonstrated paraphyly of L. cuprina with respect to L. sericata and revealed that L. c. cuprina is distinct from L. c. dorsalis and that L. c. cuprina is more closely related to L. sericata than L. c. dorsalis. The mt genomes reported here provide an important molecular resource to develop tools for species- and subspecies-level identification of Lucilia from different geographical regions across Australia.
Topics: Animals; Sheep; Calliphoridae; Phylogeny; Diptera; Myiasis; Genotype; Victoria; Nucleotides; Genomics
PubMed: 37573420
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05902-1 -
Journal of Surgical Case Reports Jun 2024Myiasis is infestation of live human tissue by larva. It usually involves immunocompromised people or people living in unsanitary conditions. The cutaneous myiasis is...
Myiasis is infestation of live human tissue by larva. It usually involves immunocompromised people or people living in unsanitary conditions. The cutaneous myiasis is most common type and can enter the skin with a pre-existing wound. Herein we present a case of an 18-year-old girl known case of Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa with cutaneous myiasis affecting the knee managed surgically with full recovery. Such case has not reported previously in the literature, and detailed management plan is described.
PubMed: 38832055
DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjae257 -
International Journal For Parasitology.... Apr 2024Endangered Przewalski's horses have faced severe infections from (Diptera, Gastrophilidae) in Xinjiang's Kalamaili Nature Reserve (KNR). This study examines 's...
Endangered Przewalski's horses have faced severe infections from (Diptera, Gastrophilidae) in Xinjiang's Kalamaili Nature Reserve (KNR). This study examines 's development and infection patterns in embryonic and larval stages, crucial for understanding horse botfly disease in desert grasslands. For the incubation of fertilized eggs, we established the six distinct temperature gradients: 16 °C, 20 °C, 24 °C, 28 °C, 30 °C, and 32 °C. Using the least squares method, we calculated the correlation between the developmental threshold temperature of the eggs and their cumulative effective temperature. Furthermore, we meticulously recorded the survival duration of the larvae across a spectrum of temperature gradients (-20 °C, -10 °C, 4 °C, 10 °C, 20 °C, and 30 °C) and under varying conditions (dark and light). This method allows us to analyze and interpret the impact of these environmental factors on larval survival durations. 1) The formula for predicting the embryonic development period of was N = (182.7 ± 12.03)/[T-(3.191 ± 1.48)], where the developmental threshold temperature was 3.191 ± 1.48 °C, and the effective accumulated temperature was 182.7 ± 12.03 d°C 2) The model describing the relationship between the embryonic development rate and temperature was: y = 0.0001x+0.0007x+0.0378, demonstrating a positive correlation between the development rate and temperature (R-sq = 0.989, p < 0.001). 3) Larvae in the dark group exhibited a longer survival time, with the longest being 9 months at 4 °C. The adaptation of 's embryonic development to cold temperature, combined with the extended survival period of larvae in the egg state, significantly increases the infection potential of in colder climates. This discovery offers essential insights into the predominance of in the KNR region and provides a crucial biological basis for the prevention of myiasis and the conservation of vulnerable species, such as Przewalski's horses.
PubMed: 38419737
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100917 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Jan 2024Sarcophagidae is one of the main fly families that is attracted to open wounds, ulcers, lesions, and other injuries for depositing their larvae. The presence of larvae... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Sarcophagidae is one of the main fly families that is attracted to open wounds, ulcers, lesions, and other injuries for depositing their larvae. The presence of larvae of flies in human tissues makes myiasis. Myiasis on the scalp could be more frightening in comparison with myiasis on the other parts of the body. It is a rare myiasis case that shows the ability of myiasis agents to attack various parts of the body. On the other hand, reporting of myiasis cases by Sarcophagidae larvae is not common due to difficulties in their identification. This study aimed to emphasize the importance of Sarcohagidae larvae in producing myiasis by describing the first case of soft tissue sarcoma infestation and provides a review of human myiasis by larvae of the Sarcophagidae family during 2010-2023 and also a review of wound myiasis cases associated with malignancy during 2000-2023.
CASE PRESENTATION
A case of sarcoma cancer myiasis is reported on the scalp of a 43-year-old man who referred to one of Tehran's hospitals for surgical treatment of cancer. Before surgery, insect larvae were observed in the area of sarcoma. The larvae were isolated, examined morphologically, and identified as Sarcophaga spp.
CONCLUSIONS
Myiasis has been considered as a neglected disease. Publishing of myiasis cases could be useful to alert health policy-makers about its danger and appearance in the community. It is not usual but can be expected even on the scalp of the human head. Exact daily supervision and dressing of the wound could be recommended to prevent cutaneous myiasis.
Topics: Male; Animals; Humans; Adult; Scalp; Iran; Sarcoma; Myiasis; Larva
PubMed: 38183025
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08957-8 -
Oxford Medical Case Reports Aug 2023Fly larvae cause myiasis. The most common of these are and . Clinically, myiasis manifests as an erythematous papule that may become ulcerated and form furuncular...
Fly larvae cause myiasis. The most common of these are and . Clinically, myiasis manifests as an erythematous papule that may become ulcerated and form furuncular lesions. In patients who have been in endemic areas, these larvae are to be suspected. Below, we present a 75-year-old male with a clinical picture of a palpable mass in the areola associated with the outflow of serohematic fluid through a central orifice. A breast intraductal lesion was suspected, so a breast ultrasound and biopsy were performed, which showed a structure compatible with myiasis. The diagnostic challenge was the high number of different diagnoses and the little knowledge of health professionals about tropical diseases.
PubMed: 37637360
DOI: 10.1093/omcr/omac143 -
Journal of Family Medicine and Primary... Aug 2023Genital myiasis is an infestation of genital organs by fly larvae, where they feed and develop as parasites. They can cause severe infection, inflammatory reaction and...
Genital myiasis is an infestation of genital organs by fly larvae, where they feed and develop as parasites. They can cause severe infection, inflammatory reaction and can be linked to psychiatric disturbances. We report a rare case of genital myiasis in an elderly postmenopausal woman aged 82 years from Udaipur, Rajasthan. She presented with complaints of intense pain in the genital region and was diagnosed as a case of genital myiasis of a prolapsed uterus. Pelvic examination revealed 'Stage-IV' genitourinary prolapse according to Pelvic Organ Prolapse-Quantification (POP-Q classification), with a big excavatory ulcer indwelled with maggots of . About 100 such maggots were subsequently manually removed with forceps. With proper surgical and nonsurgical interventions, the patient healed completely and the prolapse was reduced completely.
PubMed: 37767442
DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1830_22 -
Medical and Veterinary Entomology Dec 2023Lucilia sericata is one of the most studied species in forensic entomology due to its widespread distribution, forensic importance as well as medical use. The growth and...
Lucilia sericata is one of the most studied species in forensic entomology due to its widespread distribution, forensic importance as well as medical use. The growth and development stage of maggots is often used to determine the post-mortem interval in forensic cases. L. sericata can cause myiasis in humans who are not able to maintain personal hygiene due to age or medical condition and can therefore be used to determine the time period of neglect. The influence of the temperature on the maggot development has been examined in various studies. Different examinations on the effects of toxic substances on the maggot development and survival have been conducted in order to test the influence and resulting deviations. In this study, the effects of different therapeutical doses of the antibiotics ceftriaxone and levofloxacin were examined on L. sericata in order to determine and compare deviations in maggot development and survival. The used antibiotics did not significantly influence the maggot weight and length. A significant delay in the time of pupation has been determined in the treatments with high concentrations of levofloxacin. The mortality was significantly increased in all treatments with antibiotics compared to the control, whereby the survivability of all treatments remained over 80%. Because of the high doses needed to produce an effect, we concluded that an overestimation of the post-mortem interval is unlikely but higher antibiotic concentrations or possible interactions with other medications could increase the maggot development time.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Diptera; Calliphoridae; Ceftriaxone; Levofloxacin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Larva
PubMed: 37606156
DOI: 10.1111/mve.12685 -
Veterinary Parasitology, Regional... Jan 2024Oestrosis is a nasal cavity myiasis caused by Oestrus ovis larvae from Oetrus ovis diptera flies in small ruminants. The presence of the larvae in the nasal cavity is... (Review)
Review
Oestrosis is a nasal cavity myiasis caused by Oestrus ovis larvae from Oetrus ovis diptera flies in small ruminants. The presence of the larvae in the nasal cavity is known to cause rhinitis and sinusitis which can negatively impact the productivity of small ruminants. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of Oestrus ovis larvae infestation in sheep and goats presented for necropsy. We reviewed necropsy records of sheep and goats submitted to the Veterinary Pathology diagnostic laboratory at St. George's University from 2001 to 2017. Out of 104 goat necropsy cases, Oestrus ovis larvae were observed in 8 goats giving a prevalence of 7.7% (95% confidence interval (CI):3.38% to 14.6%). Similarly, from the 47 sheep necropsies, Oestus ovis larvae were observed in 4 sheep (8.5%) (95% CI: 2.83% to 20.46%). There was no significant difference in Oestrus ovis larvae infestation rates between sheep and goats (p = 1.000, Fisher's exact test). Oestrosis was an incidental finding in all the small ruminants examined at necropsy. This is the first report on Oestrus ovis larvae infestation in small ruminants in Grenada.
Topics: Sheep; Animals; Grenada; Retrospective Studies; Larva; Ruminants; Goats; Diptera
PubMed: 38199699
DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100958 -
Journal of Insect Science (Online) Nov 2023Chitinases play a crucial role in insect metamorphosis by facilitating chitin degradation. Sarcophaga peregrina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) is a...
Chitinases play a crucial role in insect metamorphosis by facilitating chitin degradation. Sarcophaga peregrina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) is a typical holometabolous insect and an important hygiene pest that causes myiasis in humans and other mammals and acts as a vector for various parasitic agents, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Enhancing the understanding of the metamorphosis in this species has significance for vector control. In this study, we identified a total of 12 chitinase genes in S. peregrina using bioinformatic analysis methods. Based on transcriptome data, SpIDGF2 and SpCht10 were selected for further functional investigation. The down-regulation of these genes by RNA interference led to developmental delays, disruptions in molting, and differences in cuticle composition during the pupal stage. These findings underscore the pivotal role of chitinase genes in the metamorphic process and offer valuable insights for effective control strategies.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Diptera; Sarcophagidae; Chitinases; Metamorphosis, Biological; Transcriptome; Mammals
PubMed: 38016007
DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iead107