-
Acta Dermatovenerologica Alpina,... Dec 2023Skin warts are ubiquitous, self-limiting, benign neoplasms caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV). Several studies have investigated the prevalence and diversity of HPV... (Review)
Review
Skin warts are ubiquitous, self-limiting, benign neoplasms caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV). Several studies have investigated the prevalence and diversity of HPV types in the three main types of skin warts: common, plantar, and flat warts. Using different methodological approaches and diverse populations, several HPV types were detected in skin warts, but often the etiological link remained unconfirmed. This review addresses recently improved multiple strategies for investigating the presence of HPVs in skin warts, covering proper sampling techniques for HPV testing, choice of molecular method(s) for HPV detection, and assignment of the etiological causality of the tested skin wart to a causative HPV type using cellular viral load estimation. These novel approaches provide useful insight into the range of HPV types causing skin warts and support a refined understanding of their etiology. In addition, we conducted a literature review of the main studies examining HPV prevalence and genotype distribution in common warts, plantar warts, and flat warts. Finally, HPV type-specific histopathological patterns in skin warts are briefly discussed.
Topics: Humans; Papillomavirus Infections; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; DNA, Viral; Warts; Skin; Papillomaviridae
PubMed: 38126099
DOI: No ID Found -
The Laryngoscope Dec 2023Laryngeal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection causes recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) and accounts for up to 25% of laryngeal cancers. Lack of satisfactory... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Laryngeal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection causes recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) and accounts for up to 25% of laryngeal cancers. Lack of satisfactory preclinical models is one reason that treatments for these diseases are limited. We sought to assess the literature describing preclinical models of laryngeal papillomavirus infection.
DATA SOURCES
PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched from the inception of database through October 2022.
REVIEW METHODS
Studies searched were screened by two investigators. Eligible studies were peer-reviewed, published in English, presented original data, and described attempted models of laryngeal papillomavirus infection. Data examined included type of papillomavirus, infection model, and results including success rate, disease phenotype, and viral retention.
RESULTS
After screening 440 citations and 138 full-text studies, 77 studies published between 1923 and 2022 were included. Models used low-risk HPV or RRP (n = 51 studies), high-risk HPV or laryngeal cancer (n = 16), both low- and high-risk HPV (n = 1), and animal papillomaviruses (n = 9). For RRP, 2D and 3D cell culture models and xenografts retained disease phenotypes and HPV DNA in the short term. Two laryngeal cancer cell lines were consistently HPV-positive in multiple studies. Animal laryngeal infections with animal papillomaviruses resulted in disease and long-term retention of viral DNA.
CONCLUSIONS
Laryngeal papillomavirus infection models have been researched for 100 years and primarily involve low-risk HPV. Most models lose viral DNA after a short duration. Future work is needed to model persistent and recurrent diseases, consistent with RRP and HPV-positive laryngeal cancer.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
NA Laryngoscope, 133:3256-3268, 2023.
Topics: Humans; Laryngeal Neoplasms; Papillomavirus Infections; DNA, Viral; Larynx; Respiratory Tract Infections; Papillomaviridae; Human papillomavirus 11
PubMed: 37227124
DOI: 10.1002/lary.30762 -
Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer in the microbial world: exploring the vaginal microecology.Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2024The vaginal microbiota plays a crucial role in female reproductive health and is considered a biomarker for predicting disease outcomes and personalized testing.... (Review)
Review
The vaginal microbiota plays a crucial role in female reproductive health and is considered a biomarker for predicting disease outcomes and personalized testing. However, its relationship with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer is not yet clear. Therefore, this article provides a review of the association between the vaginal microbiota, HPV infection, and cervical cancer. We discuss the composition of the vaginal microbiota, its dysbiosis, and its relationship with HPV infection, as well as potential mechanisms in the development of cervical cancer. In addition, we assess the feasibility of treatment strategies such as probiotics and vaginal microbiota transplantation to modulate the vaginal microbiota for the prevention and treatment of diseases related to HPV infection and cervical cancer. In the future, extensive replication studies are still needed to gain a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between the vaginal microbiota, HPV infection, and cervical cancer, and to clarify the role of the vaginal microbiota as a potential biomarker for predicting disease outcomes, thus providing a theoretical basis for personalized testing.
Topics: Female; Humans; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomaviridae; Vagina; Biomarkers
PubMed: 38333037
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1325500 -
International Journal of Clinical... Aug 2023HPV plays a vital role in the development of cervical cancers and oropharyngeal cancers, but it is controversial whether HPV is involved in oral cancer development and... (Review)
Review
HPV plays a vital role in the development of cervical cancers and oropharyngeal cancers, but it is controversial whether HPV is involved in oral cancer development and to what extent. In this review, the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of HPV-positive oral cancers are summarized, and the mechanisms of HPV-related oral cancer development are discussed. HPV DNA positivity rates are 20-30% in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and HPV16 is the most common high-risk HPV. E6/E7 mRNA positivity rates are 2-6% in OSCC. Detection of both high-risk HPV DNA and E6/E7 mRNA is recommended to determine the presence of active HPV, in agreement with high-risk HPV infection in OSCC. Surgical treatment is the first-line therapy for HPV-positive and -negative oral cancer, but there is no unified view about the prognosis of HPV-positive OSCC patients. HPV16 may play a vital role in malignant transformation in oral epithelial dysplasia, and a model of synergistic carcinogenic impact of HPV and tobacco smoking is predicted. Additionally, it is hypothesized that there are different HPV-associated oral cancers, such as integrated HPV DNA-positive OSCC with stable E6/E7 expression and episomal HPV DNA-positive OSCC. In summary, the role of HPV in oral carcinogenesis seems to be limited because of the low E6/E7 positivity in OSCCs; however, episomal HPV DNA may play a vital role in the malignant transformation of HPV-positive oral premalignant lesions. Further investigation is required to promote new insights into the role of episomal HPV DNA in oral carcinogenesis.
Topics: Female; Humans; Mouth Neoplasms; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Papillomavirus E7 Proteins; Papillomavirus Infections; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; DNA, Viral; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Human papillomavirus 16; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Carcinogenesis; RNA, Messenger; Oncogene Proteins, Viral; Papillomaviridae
PubMed: 36929094
DOI: 10.1007/s10147-023-02327-9 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2023Since March 2020, the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has affected nearly all aspects of daily life. In this study, we investigated the age-stratified prevalence and...
Since March 2020, the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has affected nearly all aspects of daily life. In this study, we investigated the age-stratified prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) among females in Shandong province (eastern China) and aimed to provide guidance on HPV-based cervical cancer screening and vaccination. The distribution of HPV genotypes was analyzed using PCR-Reverse Dot Hybridization. The overall infection rate of HPV was 16.4%, which was dominated by high-risk genotypes. The most prevalent genotype was HPV16 (2.9%), followed by HPV52 (2.3%), HPV53 (1.8%), HPV58 (1.5%), and HPV51 (1.3%). Among the positive cases with HPV infection, single-genotype infection was significantly higher than that of multi-genotype infection. In subgroup analyses by age (≤25, 26-35, 36-45, 46-55, >55), HPV16, 52, and 53 were consistently the three most common hrHPV genotypes in all age groups. The infection rate of multi-genotypes in the ≤25 and >55 age groups was significantly higher than that in other age groups. A bimodal distribution of HPV infection rate was observed in different age groups. Among lrHPV genotypes, HPV6, HPV11, and HPV81 were the three most common types in the ≤25 age group, while in other age groups, HPV81, HPV42, and HPV43 are the three most common lrHPV genotypes. This study provides basic information on the distribution and genotypes of HPV in the female population in eastern China, which could improve the application of HPV diagnostic probes and vaccines.
Topics: Humans; Female; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Papillomavirus Infections; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Pandemics; Prevalence; Early Detection of Cancer; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Genotype; Papillomaviridae; Human papillomavirus 16; China
PubMed: 37226673
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2212571 -
Veterinary Microbiology Feb 2024The family Papillomaviridae includes a plethora of viral species infecting virtually all vertebrates excluding amphibians, with astonishing impact on human and animal... (Review)
Review
The family Papillomaviridae includes a plethora of viral species infecting virtually all vertebrates excluding amphibians, with astonishing impact on human and animal health. Although more than 250 species have been described in humans, the total number of papillomaviruses (PVs) discovered in animals does not reach up to this number. In animals, PV infections are mostly asymptomatic or can cause variable clinical conditions ranging from self-limiting papillomas and other cutaneous and mucosal benign lesions to cancer. Most of animal PV types have been discovered in cattle, dogs, horses, and cats with other farm host species remaining overlooked. In particular, the number of PV types so far identified in sheep is limited. This paper comprehensively reviews ovine PVs features, including viral taxonomy and evolution; genome organization; viral tropism and pathogenesis; macroscopical features and histopathological patterns, as well as available diagnostics tools. Data are critically presented and discussed in terms of impact on veterinary and public health. The development of future dedicated research is also discussed.
Topics: Animals; Deltapapillomavirus; Papilloma; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Virulence
PubMed: 38160507
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109955 -
International Journal of Clinical... Aug 2023Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with 5% of all cancers globally at a range of body sites, including cervix, anus, penis, vagina, vulva, and oropharynx. These... (Review)
Review
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with 5% of all cancers globally at a range of body sites, including cervix, anus, penis, vagina, vulva, and oropharynx. These cancers claim > 400,000 lives annually. The persistent infection of HPV and the function of viral oncogenes are the primary causes of HPV-related cancers. However, only some HPV-infected persons or infected lesions will progress to cancer, and the burden of HPV-associated cancer varies widely according to gender and the part of the body infected. The dissimilarity in infection rates at different sites can explain only a small part of the differences observed. Much responsibility likely sits with contributions of specific epithelial cells and the cellular microenvironment at infected sites to the process of malignant transformation, both of which affect the regulation of viral gene expression and the viral life cycle. By understanding the biology of these epithelial sites, better diagnosis/treatment/management of HPV-associated cancer and/or pre-cancer lesions will be provided.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Papillomavirus Infections; Neoplasms; Carcinogenesis; Papillomaviridae; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 37199886
DOI: 10.1007/s10147-023-02340-y -
Journal of Medical Virology Jan 2024Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major causative factor of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and the incidence of HPV associated HNSCC is increasing. The...
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major causative factor of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and the incidence of HPV associated HNSCC is increasing. The role of tumor microenvironment in viral infection and metastasis needs to be explored further. We studied the molecular characteristics of primary tumors (PTs) and lymph node metastatic tumors (LNMTs) by stratifying them based on their HPV status. Eight samples for single-cell RNA profiling and six samples for spatial transcriptomics (ST), composed of matched primary tumors (PT) and lymph node metastases (LNMT), were collected from both HPV negative (HPV ) and HPV-positive (HPV ) patients. Using the 10x Genomics Visium platform, integrative analyses with single-cell RNA sequencing were performed. Intracellular and intercellular alterations were analyzed, and the findings were confirmed using experimental validation and publicly available data set. The HPV tissues were composed of a substantial amount of lymphoid cells regardless of the presence or absence of metastasis, whereas the HPV tissue exhibited remarkable changes in the number of macrophages and plasma cells, particularly in the LNMT. From both single-cell RNA and ST data set, we discovered a central gene, pyruvate kinase muscle isoform 1/2 (PKM2), which is closely associated with the stemness of cancer stem cell-like populations in LNMT of HPV tissue. The consistent expression was observed in HPV HNSCC cell line and the knockdown of PKM2 weakened spheroid formation ability. Furthermore, we found an ectopic lymphoid structure morphology and clinical effects of the structure in ST slide of the HPV patients and verified their presence in tumor tissue using immunohistochemistry. Finally, the ephrin-A (EPHA2) pathway was detected as important signals in angiogenesis for HPV patients from single-cell RNA and ST profiles, and knockdown of EPHA2 declined the cell migration. Our study described the distinct cellular composition and molecular alterations in primary and metastatic sites in HNSCC patients based on their HPV status. These results provide insights into HNSCC biology in the context of HPV infection and its potential clinical implications.
Topics: Humans; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomaviridae; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Gene Expression Profiling; RNA; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 38235919
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29386 -
Reviews in Medical Virology May 2024Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. It is caused by the HPV, a DNA virus that infects epithelial... (Review)
Review
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. It is caused by the HPV, a DNA virus that infects epithelial cells in various mucous membranes and skin surfaces. HPV can be categorised into high-risk and low-risk types based on their association with the development of certain cancers. High-risk HPV types, such as HPV-16 and HPV-18, are known to be oncogenic and are strongly associated with the development of cervical, anal, vaginal, vulvar, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers. These types of HPV can persist in the body for an extended period and, in some cases, lead to the formation of precancerous lesions that may progress to cancer if left untreated. Low-risk HPV types, such as HPV-6 and HPV-11, are not typically associated with cancer but can cause benign conditions like genital warts. Genital warts are characterised by the growth of small, cauliflower-like bumps on the genital and anal areas. Although not life-threatening, they can cause discomfort and psychological distress. HPV is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. It can also be transmitted through non-penetrative sexual activities that involve skin-to-skin contact. In addition to sexual transmission, vertical transmission from mother to child during childbirth is possible but relatively rare. Prevention of HPV infection includes vaccination and safe sexual practices. HPV vaccines, such as Gardasil and Cervarix, are highly effective in preventing infection with the most common high-risk HPV types. These vaccines are typically administered to adolescents and young adults before they become sexually active. Safe sexual practices, such as consistent and correct condom use and limiting the number of sexual partners, can also reduce the risk of HPV transmission. Diagnosis of HPV infection can be challenging because the infection is often asymptomatic, especially in men. In women, HPV testing can be done through cervical screening programs, which involve the collection of cervical cells for analysis. Abnormal results may lead to further diagnostic procedures, such as colposcopy or biopsy, to detect precancerous or cancerous changes. Overall, HPV infection is a prevalent sexually transmitted infection with significant implications for public health. Vaccination, regular screening, and early treatment of precancerous lesions are key strategies to reduce the burden of HPV-related diseases and their associated complications. Education and awareness about HPV and its prevention are crucial in promoting optimal sexual health. This study aimed to carry out a literature review considering several aspects involving HPV infection: Global distribution, prevalence, biology, host interactions, cancer development, prevention, therapeutics, coinfection with other viruses, coinfection with bacteria, association with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, and association with anal cancer.
Topics: Humans; Papillomavirus Infections; Neoplasms; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Host Microbial Interactions; Female; Male
PubMed: 38666757
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2537 -
Journal of Medical Virology Nov 2023Human papillomavirus (HPV) encompasses a group of viruses that infect the skin and mucous membranes. In the presence of certain factors, persistent infection with... (Review)
Review
Human papillomavirus (HPV) encompasses a group of viruses that infect the skin and mucous membranes. In the presence of certain factors, persistent infection with high-risk HPVs can trigger a process of neoplastic transformation. Imiquimod is a topical agent that acts as a Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist, stimulating the innate and adaptive immune system to exert antitumor and antiviral effects. It has been approved for the treatment of various skin conditions, however, its efficacy and safety in the management of HPV-related-neoplasms of the lower genital tract, such as vulvar, vaginal, and cervical neoplasia, are still under investigation. This review summarizes the current evidence on the use of imiquimod for the treatment of HPV-induced lesions of the female lower genital tract, focusing on its indications, mechanisms of action, outcomes, and predictors of response.
Topics: Female; Humans; Imiquimod; Papillomavirus Infections; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Vagina; Vulvar Neoplasms; Papillomaviridae
PubMed: 38009696
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29238