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Journal of Medical Virology Sep 2023The association between HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and the natural history of human papillomavirus (HPV) has not been well documented. Our objective was to... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
The association between HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and the natural history of human papillomavirus (HPV) has not been well documented. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of PrEP on the prevalence, incidence, and clearance of anal HPV among men who have sex with men (MSM). Sexually active, HIV-negative MSM aged 18 years and older in Xinjiang, China since September 1, 2016, were enrolled in an ongoing observational cohort study of HPV. At baseline and every 6 months, an anal swab was taken to test for HPV and a questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behaviors was collected. Those who consented to receive PrEP were enrolled in an open-label PrEP intervention study from November 1, 2019, to June 30, 2021. This study analyzed data from participants present in the HPV cohort between November 1, 2019, and June 30, 2021. We compared the prevalence, incidence, and clearance of anal HPV between men who received PrEP (PrEP users) and those who did not (non-PrEP users), and compared men before and after initiating PrEP. We calculated prevalence ratios (PRs), incidence rate ratios (IRRs), and clearance rate ratios (CRRs) for both comparisons. Of the 870 participants present in the HPV cohort during the period between November 1, 2019, and June 30, 2021, 859 had adequate β-globin for HPV genotype testing and were included in our study. Among them, 429 were PrEP users, while 430 were non-PrEP users. Median age was 32 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 26-38). Among PrEP users, 217 were tested for anal HPV before PrEP initiation. PrEP users had lower prevalence of HPV 45, 51, and 54 (PRs: 0.27 [95% CI: 0.09-0.80], 0.42 [0.21-0.85], and 0.41 [0.17-0.99], respectively) and lower clearance of HPV 16 (CRR: 0.31 [0.10-0.91]) compared with non-PrEP users. PrEP users exhibited lower prevalence of HPV 51 (PR: 0.31 [0.12-0.84]), lower incidence of HPV 6, 11, 16, 39 and 61 (IRRs: 0.34 [0.13-0.90], 0.26 [0.08-0.87], 0.44 [0.21-0.91], 0.21 [0.05-0.93], and 0.19 [0.04-0.82], respectively), as well as higher clearance of HPV 52 (CRR: 2.17 [1.08-4.35]) after PrEP initiation. PrEP use may lower the risk of HPV infection among MSM in Xinjiang, China. Our findings further extend the knowledge of the impact of PrEP on sexually transmitted infections.
Topics: Male; Humans; Adult; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Incidence; Homosexuality, Male; Papillomavirus Infections; Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis; Prevalence; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Cohort Studies; Papillomaviridae; China; HIV Infections
PubMed: 37750188
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29112 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2024This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of human papillomavirus (HPV) and self-sampling among adult women.
BACKGROUND
This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of human papillomavirus (HPV) and self-sampling among adult women.
METHODS
The cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study included adult women at Shanghai Pudong Hospital from October 14, 2022, to March 31, 2023. The questionnaire contained demographic information, knowledge, attitude and practice dimensions. Factors associated with KAP and self-sampling were identified by multivariate logistic regression.
RESULTS
A total of 1843 valid questionnaires were collected. The average knowledge, attitude, and practice score was 10.09 ± 5.60, 26.76 ± 3.80, and 6.24 ± 2.20, respectively. Urban residents (estimate = 0.705, < 0.001), suburban residents (estimate = 0.512, < 0.001), as well as individuals with undergraduate degrees and higher (estimate = 0.535, < 0.001), were associated with good knowledge, while individuals lacking a history of HPV infection (estimate = -0.461, 0.001) and married individuals (estimate = -0.185, < 0.001) were less likely to have good knowledge. Higher knowledge scores (estimate = 0.087, 0.001) and individuals with undergraduate education and above (estimate = 1.570, 0.001) were associated with a positive attitude. Being married (estimate = 0.291, 0.049) was associated with good practice, whereas not engaging in sexual activity (estimate = -0.959, 0.001) or lacking a history of HPV infection (estimate = -0.499, 0.011) were associated with unfavorable practices. Minorities (OR = 2.787, = 0.038) and individuals with multiple sexual partners (OR = 2.297 for two partners, OR = 2.767 for three or more partners, = 0.020 and = 0.022) were positively associated with self-sampling. However, higher knowledge (OR 0.952, 0.026) and attitude scores (OR 0.929, 0.015) were negatively associated with self-sampling.
CONCLUSION
Demographic and behavioral factors significantly influenced KAP scores and self-sampling behaviors regarding HPV. Urban residency, higher education levels, positive attitudes, and minority status correlated with favorable outcomes, while factors like marriage and lack of sexual activity were associated with less favorable practices.
Topics: Humans; Female; Cross-Sectional Studies; Adult; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Papillomavirus Infections; Surveys and Questionnaires; China; Middle Aged; Papillomaviridae; Young Adult; Adolescent; Human Papillomavirus Viruses
PubMed: 38894985
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1377343 -
Journal of Medical Virology Dec 2023The International Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Reference Center (IHRC) confirms and assigns type numbers to novel HPV types, maintains a reference clone repository, and... (Review)
Review
The International Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Reference Center (IHRC) confirms and assigns type numbers to novel HPV types, maintains a reference clone repository, and issues international proficiency panels for HPV screening and genotyping. Furthermore, the Center coordinates the Global HPV Reference Laboratory Network that promotes collaboration and international exchange of experiences among national HPV reference laboratories, to further international standardization and quality assurance in the HPV field. The established HPV types (n = 225) belong to 5 different genera: alpha (n = 65), beta (n = 54), gamma (n = 102), mu (n = 3) and nu (n = 1). Since the last published IHRC overview in 2018, 6 novel types have been established, with 5/6 belonging to the gamma genus and 1/6 to beta genus. Also, 474 reference clones have been provided to 55 different research laboratories and the global proficiency program for HPV genotyping has seen an increasing proficiency (despite a decrease seen in 2019), from 68% proficiency in 2017 to 77.3% in 2022. The first proficiency study for HPV screening found an international proficiency of up to 77%. In summary, increasing complexity of the HPVs and demands on quality assurance in the era of cervical cancer elimination requires international efforts to support proficiency and recognized quality and order among HPV types.
Topics: Female; Humans; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomaviridae; Reference Standards; Mass Screening; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 38115556
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29332 -
Molecular Biology Reports Jun 2024Human papillomavirus (HPV), a common cause of sexually transmitted diseases, may cause warts and lead to various types of cancers, which makes it important to understand... (Review)
Review
Human papillomavirus (HPV), a common cause of sexually transmitted diseases, may cause warts and lead to various types of cancers, which makes it important to understand the risk factors associated with it. HPV is the leading risk factor and plays a crucial role in the progression of cervical cancer. Viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 play a pivotal role in this process. Beyond cervical cancer, HPV-associated cancers of the mouth and throat are also increasing. HPV can also contribute to other malignancies like penile, vulvar, and vaginal cancers. Emerging evidence links HPV to these cancers. Research on the oncogenic effect of HPV is still ongoing and explorations of screening techniques, vaccination, immunotherapy and targeted therapeutics are all in progress. The present review offers valuable insight into the current understanding of the role of HPV in cancer and its potential implications for treatment and prevention in the future.
Topics: Humans; Papillomavirus Infections; Female; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Papillomaviridae; Neoplasms; Oncogene Proteins, Viral; Risk Factors; Male
PubMed: 38874682
DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09680-6 -
The Journal of Laryngology and Otology Oct 2023As the incidence of human papillomavirus related oropharyngeal cancer continues to rise, it is increasingly important for public understanding to keep pace. This study...
OBJECTIVE
As the incidence of human papillomavirus related oropharyngeal cancer continues to rise, it is increasingly important for public understanding to keep pace. This study aimed to identify areas of patient interest and concern regarding human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer.
METHOD
This study was a retrospective survey of search queries containing the keywords 'HPV cancer' between September 2015 and March 2021.
RESULTS
There was 3.5-fold more interest in human papillomavirus related oropharyngeal cancer (15 800 searches per month) compared with human papillomavirus related cervical cancer (4500 searches per month). Among searches referencing cancer appearance, 96.8 per cent pertained to the head and neck region (3050 searches per month). Among vaccination searches, 16 of 47 (34.0 per cent; 600 searches per month) referenced human papillomavirus vaccines as being a cause of cancer rather than preventing cancer.
CONCLUSION
The vast majority of online searches into human papillomavirus cancer pertain to the oropharynx. There are relatively few search queries on the topic of vaccination preventing human papillomavirus associated oropharyngeal cancer, which highlights the continued importance of patient education and awareness campaigns.
Topics: Humans; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Retrospective Studies; Papillomavirus Infections; Oropharyngeal Neoplasms; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Papillomaviridae
PubMed: 36794539
DOI: 10.1017/S0022215123000270 -
International Journal of Clinical... Aug 2023The definition of the anal canal was revised in the TNM classification (8th edition). The Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum (JSCCR) conducted a... (Review)
Review
The definition of the anal canal was revised in the TNM classification (8th edition). The Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum (JSCCR) conducted a retrospective multi-institutional study to clarify the characteristics of anal canal cancer (ACC) in Japan. The diagnoses of 1781 patients treated for ACC were squamous cell carcimoma (SCC; n = 428; 24.0%), adenosquamous cell carcinoma (n = 7; 0.4%), and adenocarcinoma (n = 1260; 70.7%). Anal carcinoma is associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and is risk factor for anal SCC. Among 40 cases analyzed at Takano Hospital and 47 cases analyzed at National Cancer Center Hospital, 34 cases (85.0%) and 40 cases (85.1%), respectively were infected with HPV; HPV-16 was the most common genotype (79.4% and 82.5%). In the JSCCR retrospective multi-institutional study, the prognosis analysis by stage was performed for anal SCC cases (202 cases treated by CRT and 91 cases treated by surgery). The 5-year overall survival (OS) rates by stage did not differ between the two treatment groups to a statistically significant extent. Regarding the results of cancer treatment of patients who underwent HPV infection tests, although the 5-year OS rates by stage did not differ to a statistically significant extent due to the small number of cases, HPV-positive patients had better survival. While an HPV vaccine for anal canal SCC has already been approved internationally, HPV vaccination has already been implemented in Japan as a national immunization program for young women but not for men at present. An HPV vaccination for men is urgently needed.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Papillomavirus Infections; Anal Canal; Japan; Retrospective Studies; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Anus Neoplasms; Papillomaviridae
PubMed: 37115427
DOI: 10.1007/s10147-023-02339-5 -
Vaccine Oct 2023The UK national human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme was introduced in 2008 using the bivalent HPV16/18 vaccine, changing to the quadrivalent HPV6/11/16/18...
INTRODUCTION
The UK national human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme was introduced in 2008 using the bivalent HPV16/18 vaccine, changing to the quadrivalent HPV6/11/16/18 vaccine from 2012. We provide an analysis of type-specific HPV prevalence in young sexually active females in England to end 2020 (when the first routinely HPV vaccinated females were reaching 25 years of age and entering the National Health Service Cervical Screening Programme), showing the impact of over ten years of high coverage HPV vaccination.
METHODS
Residual vulvovaginal swabs (VVS) were collected from 16 to 24 year old women attending for chlamydia screening between 2010 and 2020, anonymised and tested for type-specific HPV DNA. Trends in vaccine and non-vaccine HPV type prevalence were compared over time and association with vaccination coverage was evaluated within the post-vaccination period.
RESULTS
A total of 21,168 eligible VVS specimens were tested for HPV DNA. The prevalence of HPV16/18 in sexually active 16-18 year old females who were offered vaccination aged 12-13 years was <1% in the most recent years tested, compared to over 15% prior to the vaccination programme in 2008. The magnitude of these decreases also suggests reduced transmission is offering some herd protection to unvaccinated females. HPV31/33/45 prevalence also steadily decreased, providing evidence of cross-protection. HPV6/11 prevalence remained stable during the bivalent vaccine period, with more recent declines, as expected due to the use of the quadrivalent vaccine. There has been no substantive increase in the prevalence of other high-risk (HR) HPV types.
DISCUSSION
More than ten years of high coverage HPV vaccination in adolescent females in England has delivered dramatic declines in the prevalence of HPV vaccine-types and closely related HPV types in females in the vaccine eligible age group, and no indication of type replacement. These findings should enable confidence in planning for cervical screening of these females, and in predicting declines in HPV-related cancers.
Topics: Adolescent; Female; Humans; Adult; Young Adult; Human papillomavirus 16; Papillomavirus Infections; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Early Detection of Cancer; State Medicine; Human papillomavirus 18; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Vaccination; Papillomaviridae; Vaccines, Combined; England; Prevalence; DNA
PubMed: 37821315
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.002 -
Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical... Aug 2023Persistent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is linked to 99% of cervical cancer (CC) cases. HPV types 16 and 18 alone result in 75% of CC cases and thus are... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Persistent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is linked to 99% of cervical cancer (CC) cases. HPV types 16 and 18 alone result in 75% of CC cases and thus are considered to be high-risk types (HR-HPV). CC is the third most common cancer among women globally. Approximately, 7000 patients die from it yearly. It is worthy to note that not every patient with HPV precancerous lesions will progress to CC.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this review is to explore the utilization of molecular and viral biomarkers as a tool for early detection and prediction of HPV-induced cervical lesions that might progress to CC.
METHODS
The data bases PubMed, Google Scholar, EBSCO were searched using keywords CC screening, HPV, and recent molecular biomarkers. The search time frame was within the last 7 years. Studies on HPV-induced cancers other than CC were excluded; a total of 200 eligible articles were retrieved.
RESULTS
In this review we explored the current literature about HPV virology, virulence genes and early diagnostic/prognostic molecular biomarkers in CC. The oncogenic property of HPV is attributed to viral expression of various early proteins (E5, E6, E7). The interaction between viral oncoproteins and the cellular genetic apparatus alters the expression of many genes at different phases of the disease. There was an association between cervical lesions induced by HR-HPV and the overexpression of markers of oxidative DNA damage and other proteins. The markers p16, programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1, mismatch repair enzymes (MMR), miRNA-377, claudin family (CLDN) are dysregulated and are associated with high risk lesions. Furthermore, advanced older cervical lesions were associated with high methylation levels and higher risk to progress to CC.
CONCLUSION
Adding different the above markers to the CC screening program scheme might offer a triage for prioritizing patient management.
Topics: Humans; Female; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Uterine Cervical Dysplasia; Papillomavirus Infections; Prognosis; Oncogene Proteins, Viral; Biomarkers, Tumor; Papillomaviridae; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 37000261
DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04710-5 -
Journal of Clinical Virology : the... Jun 2024To suit the needs of the human papillomaviruses (HPV) community comprehensively, a range of commercial HPV tests with different performance characteristics are required.... (Review)
Review
To suit the needs of the human papillomaviruses (HPV) community comprehensively, a range of commercial HPV tests with different performance characteristics are required. Four periodic inventories of commercial HPV molecular tests present in the global market were published previously in 2010, 2012, 2015 and 2020. For the fifth inventory, data were retrieved from internal files and a detailed search using the main bibliographic databases as well as general internet search without period or language restrictions was performed in December 2023. At least 264 distinct HPV tests (and 511 test variants) were available globally in December 2023. A small 2020-2023 net increase in total numbers was observed, but with a strong introduction/withdrawal dynamic: 86 new distinct HPV tests (and 141 variants) were introduced and 76 tests (and 55 variants) were withdrawn from the market in the last four years. Although quality improvement of some tests was recorded, half of all HPV tests are still without a single peer-reviewed publication, and 79 % of tests are without published evidence that demonstrate performance characteristics are in line with requirements agreed in the HPV community. Only a relatively small pool of tests fulfill the operational/performance characteristics required to meet the global cervical cancer screening challenge. Although clinical and analytical performance characteristics of many commercial HPV tests are largely unknown, such tests are used worldwide in daily clinical practice and research, with potentially deleterious consequences. Due to this long-lasting unfavorable situation, significant scope for improvement persists for both manufacturers of HPV tests and the HPV community.
Topics: Humans; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomaviridae; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Female; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Global Health; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Human Papillomavirus Viruses
PubMed: 38518504
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2024.105671 -
Microbial Pathogenesis Jan 2024Cervical cancer accounts for a high number of deaths worldwide. Risk factors are extensive for cervix cancer but Human papillomavirus (HPV) plays a prime role in its... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Cervical cancer accounts for a high number of deaths worldwide. Risk factors are extensive for cervix cancer but Human papillomavirus (HPV) plays a prime role in its development. Different strains of HPV are prevalent globally, which show different grades of mortality and morbidity among women. This study is planned to evaluate the molecular mechanism of different strains of HPV infection and progression leading to cervix cancer.
METHODS
This review includes different research articles on cervix cancer progression reported from India and all over the world.
RESULTS
HPV 16 and 18 are prevalent strains using heparan sulfate-independent and dependent pathways for viral replication inside the cell. It also uses transcription mechanisms through NF-kappa B, FOXA-1, and AP-1 genes while strains like HPV-35, 45, and 52 are also predominant in India, which showed a very slow mechanism of progression due to which mortality rate is low after their infection with these strains.
CONCLUSION
HPV uses E6 and E7 proteins which activate NF-kappa B and AP-1 pathway which suppresses the tumor suppressor gene and activates cytokine production, causing inflammation and leading to a decrease in apoptosis due to Caspase-3 activation. In contrast, the E7 protein involves HOXA genes and decreases apoptotic factors due to which mortality and incidence rates are low in viruses that use E7 motifs. Some HPV strains employ the cap-dependent pathway, which is also associated with lower mortality and infection rates.
Topics: Female; Humans; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Papillomavirus Infections; Oncogene Proteins, Viral; NF-kappa B; Papillomavirus E7 Proteins; Transcription Factor AP-1; Papillomaviridae
PubMed: 38036109
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106465