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Optics Letters Aug 2023Here, we present a new, to the best of our knowledge, approach to control Smith-Purcell radiation (SPR) via phase-gradient metasurfaces (PGMs), i.e., periodic grating...
Here, we present a new, to the best of our knowledge, approach to control Smith-Purcell radiation (SPR) via phase-gradient metasurfaces (PGMs), i.e., periodic grating structures with gradient phase modulation. We show that the phase gradient and the parity design of the PGM can efficiently manipulate higher order diffraction to achieve perfect unidirectional SPR, which significantly alters the SPR in the spectrum and the spatial distribution beyond traditional understanding. Specifically, the even-parity PGM results in incidence-free unidirectional radiation, while the odd-parity PGM enables incidence-locking unidirectional radiation. This unidirectional SPR is very robust, ensured by the parity-dependent diffraction rule in PGMs. A modified formula is presented to reveal the relationship between the radiation wavelength and the radiation angle. Our findings offer a new way to control the electromagnetic radiation of moving charged particles (CPs) with structured materials, which may lead to novel applications in tunable, efficient light sources and particle detectors.
PubMed: 37527136
DOI: 10.1364/OL.495263 -
Journal of the College of Physicians... Dec 2023To compare high-para and low-para women with respect to haematological findings, determinants, and consequences secondary to anaemia.
OBJECTIVE
To compare high-para and low-para women with respect to haematological findings, determinants, and consequences secondary to anaemia.
STUDY DESIGN
Descriptive cohort study. Place and Duration of the Study: Maternity and Child Hospital, Hail, Saudi Arabia and Specialist Care Hospital (private), Islamabad, Pakistan, from April 2022 to April 2023.
METHODOLOGY
The study population comprised of pregnant women in the last trimester, with the exception of those women who had more than one fetus and history of haematological disease. Purposive non-probability sampling technique was adopted. Hospital data were retrieved retrospectively for the past obstetrical, contraception usage, and supplement history. Blood parameters, type of delivery, and maternofetal complications were noted down. For qualitative-variable and quantitative-variable comparisons, Chi-square test and t-test were applied, respectively. Significance level was kept at p ≤0.05.
RESULTS
The frequency of severe anaemia in high-para was 52%. High parity and anaemia had a significant dose-response relationship (p <0.05). There was a significant difference (p <0.05) in blood parameters between high-para and low-para groups. Main determinants identified for anaemia were lack of intake of iron-rich food (36%) followed by inadequate intake of oral iron (25%). Preterm birth (68%) and post-partum haemorrhage (96%) were significantly associated (p <0.05) with high parity. There was a significantly high proportion (83%) of high-para women with more than 3 cesarean deliveries and admissions in ICU.
CONCLUSION
High parity and anaemia had a significant dose-response relationship. High parity was the main determinant of maternal and fetal admissions in ICU.
KEY WORDS
Parity, Comparison, Maternal anaemia, Haematological findings, Diet, Contraception, Cost-effective.
Topics: Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Anemia; Cohort Studies; Iron; Pregnant Women; Premature Birth; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 38062596
DOI: 10.29271/jcpsp.2023.12.1400 -
Cancer Medicine Jul 2023Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is twice as common among men compared with women, and hormonal factors have been suggested to partially explain this difference. There is...
BACKGROUND
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is twice as common among men compared with women, and hormonal factors have been suggested to partially explain this difference. There is currently little evidence on the roles of reproductive and hormonal risk factors in RCC aetiology.
MATERIALS & METHODS
We investigated associations of age at menarche and age at menopause, pregnancy-related factors, hysterectomy and ovariectomy and exogenous hormone use with RCC risk among 298,042 women in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study.
RESULTS
During 15 years of follow-up, 438 RCC cases were identified. Parous women had higher rates of RCC compared with nulliparous women (HR = 1.71, 95% CI 1.18, 2.46), and women who were older at age of first pregnancy had lower rates of RCC (30 years + vs. <20 years HR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.34, 0.82). Additionally, we identified a positive association for hysterectomy (HR = 1.43 95% CI 1.09, 1.86) and bilateral ovariectomy (HR = 1.67, 95% CI 1.13, 2.47), but not unilateral ovariectomy (HR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.61, 1.62) with RCC risk. No clear associations were found for age at menarche, age at menopause or exogenous hormone use.
CONCLUSION
Our results suggest that parity and reproductive organ surgeries may play a role in RCC aetiology.
Topics: Pregnancy; Male; Female; Humans; Adult; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Prospective Studies; Reproductive History; Parity; Menopause; Kidney Neoplasms; Hormones; Risk Factors
PubMed: 37269199
DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6207 -
Hypertension in Pregnancy Dec 2023To determine the association between the ABO blood group and preeclampsia.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the association between the ABO blood group and preeclampsia.
METHODS
This is a case-control study that included patients with ( = 253) and without ( = 457) preeclampsia/eclampsia in Northeastern Mexico. Data were obtained from electronic medical records. Binary multiple logistic regression analysis was used for analyzing the association between the ABO blood group and preeclampsia according to parity status while adjusting for potential confounders.
RESULTS
Blood groups A, B, and AB showed adjusted odds ratios of 0.6 (95%CI 0.3-1.0), 1.1 (95%CI 0.6-2.2), and 0.3 (95%CI 0.1-1.1) in multiparous women, respectively. No association was found in nulliparous women either.
CONCLUSIONS
ABO blood groups were not associated with preeclampsia in Mexican women. [Figure: see text].
Topics: Pregnancy; Humans; Female; Pre-Eclampsia; ABO Blood-Group System; Case-Control Studies; Parity; Odds Ratio; Risk Factors
PubMed: 37170485
DOI: 10.1080/10641955.2023.2209640 -
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology :... Dec 2023Female pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common condition, which has a high recurrence rate after reconstructive surgery, and the risk factors for POP recurrence are... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Female pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common condition, which has a high recurrence rate after reconstructive surgery, and the risk factors for POP recurrence are unclear. The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis to determine risk factors for POP recurrence. A thorough search of PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and China Academic Journal Network Publishing Database was conducted for relevant publications until 29 October 2022, without language restrictions. A total of 29 studies involving 6597 patients were included, and the recurrence rate of POP after surgery was 37.7%. Significant OR and CI were found for levator avulsion (OR: 2.46, 95% CI: 1.80-3.36), preoperative stage ≥ III (OR: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.53-2.27), hiatal area on Valsalva manoeuvre (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.03-1.12) and previous pelvic floor surgery (OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.07-2.39). Levator avulsion, preoperative stage ≥ III, hiatal area on Valsalva manoeuvre and previous pelvic floor surgery are significant risk factors for POP recurrence.IMPACT STATEMENT It has been reported that genetic factors, parity, obesity, birth-induced injury during delivery, etc. are risk factors for POP development and recurrence after operation. There are few literatures about the risk factors of POP recurrence at present. Our research has increased the information regarding risk factors for POP recurrence. Our study provides an overview of the risk factors affecting POP recurrence and their contribution (OR, CI) to POP recurrence, which provides valuable evidence-based basis for clinical decision-making in POP treatment and prevention of POP recurrence.
Topics: Pregnancy; Humans; Female; Parity; Pelvic Organ Prolapse; Risk Factors; Obesity; Pelvic Floor; Birth Injuries; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 36645334
DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2022.2160929 -
Psychiatry Research Aug 2023Previous studies only assessed the association between depressive symptoms and risk of preterm birth (PTB) at a time-point during pregnancy, resulting in inconsistent or...
Previous studies only assessed the association between depressive symptoms and risk of preterm birth (PTB) at a time-point during pregnancy, resulting in inconsistent or contradictory results. Therefore, we aimed to explore the associations between the trajectories of depressive symptoms during pregnancy and risk of PTB. In total, 7732 pregnant women were included in 24 hospitals from 15 provinces of China. The Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to evaluate depressive symptoms in the first, second, and third trimesters. Associations between depressive symptoms and risk of PTB were performed by group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM), propensity score-based inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW), and logistic regression. GBTM identified five trajectories: compared with persistently low-stable trajectory of depressive symptoms, women with moderate-stable (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.02-1.76), high-falling (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.11-2.21), moderate-rising (OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.06-2.04), and high-stable trajectory of depressive symptoms (OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.16-3.28) had an increased risk of PTB. In addition, the associations between trajectories of depressive symptoms and risk of PTB were most significant in multiparous women with a history of PTB. There was no difference in the risk of early-moderate PTB among different trajectories of depressive symptoms and only the risk of late PTB was different among different trajectories. In conclusion, the depressive symptoms of pregnant women were not constant during pregnancy, and different trajectories of depressive symptoms were associated with different risks of PTB.
Topics: Female; Pregnancy; Infant, Newborn; Humans; Depression; Premature Birth; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Pregnancy Complications; Parity
PubMed: 37302355
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115284 -
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science Sep 2023Nulliparity is associated with intra-uterine growth retardation and foal delayed catch-up growth. Older mares produce larger/taller foals than the precedents. Nursing at...
Nulliparity is associated with intra-uterine growth retardation and foal delayed catch-up growth. Older mares produce larger/taller foals than the precedents. Nursing at conception on foal growth had not been investigated yet. In any case, milk production conditions the foal's growth. This study aimed to determine effects of mare parity, age and nursing on subsequent lactation quantity and quality. Saddlebred mares and their foals (N = 43) run as a single herd over the same year were: young (6-7-year-old) primiparous, young multiparous, old (10-16-year-old) multiparous nursing at insemination time or old multiparous barren the previous year. No young nursing nor old multiparous mares were available. Colostrum was collected. Milk production and foal weight were monitored at 3-, 30-, 60-, 90- and 180-days postfoaling. The foal average daily weight gain (ADG) was calculated for each period between two measurements. Milk fatty acid (FA), sodium, potassium, total protein and lactose contents were determined. The primiparous versus multiparous colostrum was richer in immunoglobulin G, with lower production but greater FA contents in milk. The primiparous foals had a lower ADG for 3 to 30 days postpartum period. Old mares' colostrum contained more SFA and less polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) whereas their milk was richer in proteins and sodium and poorer in short-chain-SFA with a reduced PUFA/SFA ratio at 90 days. Nursing mares' colostrum was richer in MUFA and PUFA and late-lactation milk production was reduced. In conclusion, parity, age and nursing at conception affect mare's colostrum and milk production and foal growth and should be considered for broodmares' management.
Topics: Pregnancy; Horses; Animals; Female; Parity; Maternal Age; Weaning; Lactation; Postpartum Period; Fertilization
PubMed: 37329928
DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104868 -
EBioMedicine Jun 2024Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), their determinants, infant gut microbiota and health are under extensive research; however, seldom jointly addressed. Leveraging data...
Human milk oligosaccharide composition is affected by season and parity and associates with infant gut microbiota in a birth mode dependent manner in a Finnish birth cohort.
BACKGROUND
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), their determinants, infant gut microbiota and health are under extensive research; however, seldom jointly addressed. Leveraging data from the HELMi birth cohort, we investigated them collectively, considering maternal and infant secretor status.
METHODS
HMO composition in breastmilk collected 3 months postpartum (n = 350 mothers) was profiled using high-performance liquid chromatography. Infant gut microbiota taxonomic and functional development was studied at 3, 6, and 12 months (n = 823 stool samples) via shotgun metagenomic sequencing, focusing on HMO metabolism via glycoside hydrolase (GH) analysis. Maternal and infant secretor statuses were identified through phenotyping and genotyping, respectively. Child health, emphasizing allergies and antibiotics as proxies for infectious diseases, was recorded until 2 years.
FINDINGS
Mother's parity, irritable bowel syndrome, gestational diabetes, and season of milk collection associated with HMO composition. Neither maternal nor infant secretor status associated with infant gut microbiota, except for a few taxa linked to individual HMOs. Analysis stratified for birth mode revealed distinct patterns between the infant gut microbiota and HMOs. Child health parameters were not associated to infant or maternal secretor status.
INTERPRETATION
This comprehensive exploration unveils intricate links between secretor genotype, maternal factors, HMO composition, infant microbiota, and child health. Understanding these nuanced relationships is paramount for refining strategies to optimize early life nutrition and its enduring impact on long-term health.
FUNDING
Sweet Crosstalk EU H2020 MSCA ITN, Academy of Finland, Mary and Georg C. Ehrnrooth Foundation, Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation, and Tekes.
Topics: Humans; Milk, Human; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Oligosaccharides; Female; Finland; Infant; Parity; Seasons; Birth Cohort; Metagenomics; Pregnancy; Infant, Newborn; Adult; Metagenome; Male; Feces
PubMed: 38838470
DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105182 -
Npj Mental Health Research Jun 2024Mental health and substance use parity provides a rhetorical device and policy strategy for achieving more equitable financing of mental health and substance use...
Mental health and substance use parity provides a rhetorical device and policy strategy for achieving more equitable financing of mental health and substance use services, which the U.S. has pursued as a lead policy approach for improving access to mental healthcare. Parity implementation in the U.S. has improved access to care for children, but implementation challenges remain, leading to persistent treatment gaps and disparities, workforce shortages, and variable care quality. In the U.S., a recent policy change required health insurers to make available all of the data on their coverage and reimbursement practices for all health conditions. This new data enables a more detailed conceptualization of what parity means in children’s mental health and how it should be implemented and overseen. Researchers, clinicians, and advocates across the globe can use this data to build the case and the policy approach for parity, supporting more equitable financing of children’s mental health and substance use care and promoting families’ access to evidence-based care.
PubMed: 38871961
DOI: 10.1038/s44184-024-00070-1 -
Journal of Dairy Science Dec 2023Study aims were to investigate associations of hyperketolactia (HYKL) status of Holstein dairy cows between 6 and 60 d in milk (DIM), defined by milk acetone (mACE) and...
Study aims were to investigate associations of hyperketolactia (HYKL) status of Holstein dairy cows between 6 and 60 d in milk (DIM), defined by milk acetone (mACE) and β-hydroxybutyrate (mBHB) content, with daily milk yield and composition. Milk samples (∼5.0 million) were collected over a 5-yr period (2014-2019) within the milk recording system in Poland. Concentrations of mACE and mBHB determined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to categorize samples into 4 ketolactia groups. Based on threshold values of ≥0.15 mmol/L mACE and ≥0.10 mmol/L mBHB, ketolactia groups were normoketolactia (NKL; mACE <0.15 mmol/L and mBHB <0.10 mmol/L), BHB hyperketolactia (HYKL; mACE <0.15 mmol/L and mBHB ≥0.10 mmol/L), ACE hyperketolactia (HYKL; mACE ≥0.15 mmol/L and mBHB <0.10 mmol/L), and ACE and BHB hyperketolactia (HYKL; mACE ≥0.15 mmol/L and mBHB ≥0.10 mmol/L). To investigate ketolactia association with production outcomes, a linear model was developed, including ketolactia group, DIM, parity, their interactions, year-season as fixed effects, and random effects of herd and cow. Among all milk samples, 31.2% were classified as HYKL, and of these, 52.6%, 39.6%, and 7.8% were HYKL, HYKL, and HYKL, respectively. Ketolactia groups differed for all traits studied in all parities and DIM. Among HYKL groups, lowest milk yield was found in HYKL cows, except for 6 to 30 DIM in first- and second-lactation cows. Milk yield of HYKL cows was higher than that of NKL cows until 20 to 30 DIM, and then it was lower than NKL cows. Milk yield of HYKL cows was mostly lower than NKL cows. Energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield of HYKL cows was higher than that of NKL cows until 30 to 35 DIM for second lactation and third lactation or greater, and in the whole study period for first lactation. The yield of ECM for HYKL cows was mostly higher than that of NKL cows, whereas HYKL cows had higher ECM than NKL cows until 15 to 25 DIM and then was lower for the HYKL group. Milk composition differed among HYKL groups. Highest milk fat (MF) and lowest milk lactose (ML) contents were observed in HYKL cows. Cows in HYKL and HYKL groups had higher MF and lower milk protein (MP; except in 6-8 DIM in first lactation) and ML content than NKL cows. Milk fat content was higher in HYKL than NKL cows in first lactation and during the first 30 to 40 DIM in older cows. Lactose content was lower in HYKL than in NKL cows within 30 to 40 DIM; afterward it was higher in NKL cows. Lower MP content was found in HYKL than in NKL cows, except during 6 to 9 DIM for cows in first lactation and third lactation or greater. In conclusion, HYKL is associated with altered milk production in all parities, but a range of these negative relations depends on ketone status addressing both ACE and BHB contents. Further research is needed to ascertain underpinning biochemical defects of HYKL from elevated ACE, alone or in combination with BHB, during early lactation.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Cattle; Animals; Lactation; Lactose; Milk; Ketones; Acetone; 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid
PubMed: 37678778
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23081