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Scandinavian Journal of Occupational... Jan 2024Stroke rehabilitation consists of restorative and adaptive approaches. Multiple adaptive approaches exist. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Stroke rehabilitation consists of restorative and adaptive approaches. Multiple adaptive approaches exist.
AIMS/OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study was to develop a framework for categorising adaptive stroke rehabilitation interventions, based on underlying theory.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
We searched multiple databases to April 2020 to identify studies of interventions designed to improve participation in valued activities. We extracted the name of the intervention, underlying explicit or implicit theory, intervention elements, and anticipated outcomes. Using this information, we proposed distinct groups of interventions based on theoretical drivers.
RESULTS
Twenty-nine adaptive interventions were examined in at least one of 77 studies. Underlying theories included Cognitive Learning Theory, Self-determination Theory, Social Cognitive Theory, adult learning theories, and Psychological Stress and Coping Theory. Three overarching theoretical drivers were identified: learning, motivation, and coping.
CONCLUSIONS
At least 29 adaptive approaches exist, but each appear to be based on one of three underlying theoretical drivers. Consideration of effectiveness of these approaches by theoretical driver could help indicate underlying mechanisms and essential elements of effective adaptive approaches.
SIGNIFICANCE
Our framework is an important advance in understanding and evaluating adaptive approaches to stroke rehabilitation.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Stroke Rehabilitation; Stroke; Motivation; Adaptation, Psychological; Learning
PubMed: 37976402
DOI: 10.1080/11038128.2023.2257228 -
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Feb 2024Proper names are linguistic expressions referring to unique entities, such as individual people or places. This sets them apart from other words like common nouns, which...
Proper names are linguistic expressions referring to unique entities, such as individual people or places. This sets them apart from other words like common nouns, which refer to generic concepts. And yet, despite both being individual entities, one's closest friend and one's favorite city are intuitively associated with very different pieces of knowledge-face, voice, social relationship, autobiographical experiences for the former, and mostly visual and spatial information for the latter. Neuroimaging research has revealed the existence of both domain-general and domain-specific brain correlates of semantic processing of individual entities; however, it remains unclear how such commonalities and similarities operate over a fine-grained temporal scale. In this work, we tackle this question using EEG and multivariate (time-resolved and searchlight) decoding analyses. We look at when and where we can accurately decode the semantic category of a proper name and whether we can find person- or place-specific effects of familiarity, which is a modality-independent dimension and therefore avoids sensorimotor differences inherent among the two categories. Semantic category can be decoded in a time window and with spatial localization typically associated with lexical semantic processing. Regarding familiarity, our results reveal that it is easier to distinguish patterns of familiarity-related evoked activity for people, as opposed to places, in both early and late time windows. Second, we discover that within the early responses, both domain-general (left posterior-lateral) and domain-specific (right fronto-temporal, only for people) neural patterns can be individuated, suggesting the existence of person-specific processes.
PubMed: 38319891
DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02125 -
JAMA Network Open Sep 2023
PubMed: 37676664
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.32403 -
AANA Journal Jun 2024
Topics: Humans; Nurse Anesthetists; Anesthesia
PubMed: 38758721
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinical Child and Family Psychology... Sep 2023The present article reviews the current status of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) interventions for anxiety and depression in Japanese youth. First, a literature... (Review)
Review
The present article reviews the current status of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) interventions for anxiety and depression in Japanese youth. First, a literature review of youth CBT programs for anxiety and depression is provided. Through this process, we identify which program/protocol has been most researched within Japan. Second, through a systematic interview to the authors, the development process of four predominant programs is outlined. The programs included were a family CBT program for anxiety disorders (the Japanese Anxiety Children/Adolescents Cognitive Behavior Therapy program), two school-based prevention programs for anxiety and depression (Journey of the Brave and Phoenix Time), and a transdiagnostic protocol for anxiety and depression (Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Children and the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Adolescents). Third, cultural adaptation and modification of the programs are discussed from the scope of user-centered design principles as described by Lyon and Koerner (Sci Pract 23:180-200, 2016). As a result, changes in program content and material, as represented by the use of culture-friendly program names, acronyms, illustrations, and characters were endorsed in all of the programs. Structured but flexible session formats helped increase learnability and efficiency while keeping the cognitive load of providers and consumers low. A careful selection of providers, as well as quality training and consultation are important factors to maximize competency and ensure appropriate implementation. Application of existing time frames and staff who work in each setting were effective ways to increase scalability. Overall, it was shown that many of the modifications adopted overlap among successful programs; these represent the most basic and essential requirements for a program to be applicable to a wide range of contexts. Implications and further directions are explored.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Humans; Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders; Cognition; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Depression; East Asian People; Psychosocial Intervention; Culturally Competent Care
PubMed: 37500948
DOI: 10.1007/s10567-023-00446-3 -
Psychological Review Jan 2024Hunger refers to (1) the meaning of certain bodily sensations; (2) a mental state of anticipation that food will be good to eat; and (3) an organizing principal, which...
Hunger refers to (1) the meaning of certain bodily sensations; (2) a mental state of anticipation that food will be good to eat; and (3) an organizing principal, which prioritizes feeding. Definitions (1) and (2) are the focus here, as (3) can be considered their consequent. Definition (1) has been linked to energy-depletion models of hunger, but these are no longer thought viable. Definition (2) has been linked to learning and memory (L&M) models of hunger, but these apply just to palatable foods. Nonetheless, L&M probably forms the basis for hunger generally, as damage to declarative memory can eradicate the experience of hunger. Currently, there is no general L&M model of hunger, little understanding of how physiology intersects with a L&M approach, and no understanding of how Definitions (1) and (2) are related. We present a new L&M model of human hunger. People learn associations between internal (e.g., tummy rumbles) and external cues (e.g., brand names) and food. These associations can be to specific foods (episodic memories) or food-related categories (semantic memories). When a cue is encountered, it lead to food-related memory retrieval. If retrieval occurs, the memory's affective content allows one to know if food will be good to eat now-hunger-a cognitive operation learned in childhood. These memory processes are acutely inhibited during satiety, and chronically by multiple biological parameters, allowing physiology to modulate hunger. Implications are considered for the process of making hunger judgments, thirst, the cephalic phase response, and motivational and lay theories of hunger. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Humans; Hunger; Thirst; Memory; Motivation; Cues
PubMed: 36633997
DOI: 10.1037/rev0000413 -
PloS One 2023Cross-domain object detection is a key problem in the research of intelligent detection models. Different from lots of improved algorithms based on two-stage detection...
Cross-domain object detection is a key problem in the research of intelligent detection models. Different from lots of improved algorithms based on two-stage detection models, we try another way. A simple and efficient one-stage model is introduced in this paper, comprehensively considering the inference efficiency and detection precision, and expanding the scope of undertaking cross-domain object detection problems. We name this gradient reverse layer-based model YOLO-G, which greatly improves the object detection precision in cross-domain scenarios. Specifically, we add a feature alignment branch following the backbone, where the gradient reverse layer and a classifier are attached. With only a small increase in computational, the performance is higher enhanced. Experiments such as Cityscapes→Foggy Cityscapes, SIM10k→Cityscape, PASCAL VOC→Clipart, and so on, indicate that compared with most state-of-the-art (SOTA) algorithms, the proposed model achieves much better mean Average Precision (mAP). Furthermore, ablation experiments were also performed on 4 components to confirm the reliability of the model. The project is available at https://github.com/airy975924806/yolo-G.
Topics: Algorithms; Intelligence; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 37695772
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291241 -
Revista Alergia Mexico (Tecamachalco,... Dec 2023The treatment of food allergy involves completely removing the allergenic food from the diet, careful label reading, and ingredient awareness. Family education is...
The treatment of food allergy involves completely removing the allergenic food from the diet, careful label reading, and ingredient awareness. Family education is crucial, understanding alternative names for the allergen. An emergency action plan provided by the doctor, with clear instructions for epinephrine application and when to seek medical attention, is essential. For mild to moderate symptoms, oral antihistamines may be prescribed. Psychological support is necessary due to emotional repercussions. Collaboration with an allergy specialist is crucial for personalized treatment. Natural tolerance to the food may be achieved, especially in non-IgE-mediated allergies. However, some allergic manifestations persist, requiring treatment alternatives. Avoidance of the allergen and epinephrine application are key measures. Immunotherapy aims to desensitize immune cells, but its effectiveness varies. Bioterapeutic agents, such as monoclonal antibodies, are under investigation, although their clinical use still requires more studies.
Topics: Humans; Food Hypersensitivity; Immunotherapy; Food; Epinephrine; Allergens
PubMed: 38506872
DOI: 10.29262/ram.v70i4.1313 -
European Heart Journal. Quality of Care... May 2024Although the importance of hypertension in patients with cancer is widely recognized, little is known about the risk of developing hypertension in patients with a... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Although the importance of hypertension in patients with cancer is widely recognized, little is known about the risk of developing hypertension in patients with a history of cancer.
METHODS AND RESULTS
This retrospective observational cohort study analysed data from the JMDC Claims Database between 2005 and 2022, including 78 162 patients with a history of cancer and 3692 654 individuals without cancer. The primary endpoint was the incidence of hypertension.During a mean follow-up period of 1208 ± 966 days, 311 197 participants developed hypertension. The incidence of hypertension was 364.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) 357.0-372.2] per 10 000 person-years among those with a history of cancer, and 247.2 (95% CI 246.3-248.1) per 10 000 person-years in those without cancer. Individuals with a history of cancer had an elevated risk of developing hypertension, according to multivariable Cox regression analyses [hazard ratio (HR) 1.17, 95% CI 1.15-1.20]. Both cancer patients requiring active antineoplastic therapy (HR 2.01, 95% CI 1.85-2.20), and those who did not require active antineoplastic therapy (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.12-1.17) had an increased risk of hypertension. A multitude of sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the relationship between cancer and incident hypertension. Patients with certain types of cancer were found to have a higher risk of developing hypertension than those without cancer, with varying risks dependent on the type of cancer.
CONCLUSION
Our analysis of a nationwide epidemiological database revealed that individuals with a history of cancer have a higher risk of developing hypertension, and this finding applies to both cancer patients who require active antineoplastic therapy and those who do not.
Topics: Humans; Neoplasms; Hypertension; Male; Female; Retrospective Studies; Incidence; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Risk Assessment; Follow-Up Studies; Aged; Adult
PubMed: 37321962
DOI: 10.1093/ehjqcco/qcad036 -
The International Journal on Drug Policy Jan 2024Illicit drug use is overrepresented in music festival attendees compared with the general population. Drug use often involves a wide range of substances with the...
BACKGROUND
Illicit drug use is overrepresented in music festival attendees compared with the general population. Drug use often involves a wide range of substances with the potential to cause drug toxicity. Law enforcement-centred strategies intended to deter drug use and supply at these mass gatherings have been implemented throughout Australia. However, many have been criticised for their lack of effectiveness, with evidence suggesting that they can inadvertently increase the risk of drug harm. Drug deaths are often multifactorial, providing added challenges in the development of prevention strategies. This study aimed to determine the frequency of deaths involving alcohol and other drugs at music festivals in Australia and to identify potential risk factors that may inform future harm reduction strategies.
METHODS
A descriptive case series study was conducted using the National Coronial Information System (NCIS) to investigate drug-related deaths at music festivals throughout Australia between 1 July 2000 (Queensland from 1 January 2001) and 31 December 2019, using a list of keywords comprising music festival names and terms.
RESULTS
There were 64 deaths, of which most involved males (73.4%) aged in their mid-20s (range 15-50 years). Drug toxicity was the most common primary cause of death (46.9%) followed by external injuries (37.5%). The drug most commonly detected or reported as being used was MDMA (65.6%), followed by alcohol (46.9%) and cannabis (17.2%), with most cases reporting the use of two or more drugs (including alcohol) and 36% reporting a history of drug misuse in the coroner's findings. Most deaths were unintentional, with less than a fifth of cases (17.2%) involving intentional self-harm. Clinical intervention was involved in 64.1% of cases and most festivals occurred in inner city locations (59.4%).
CONCLUSIONS
The findings suggest that drug-related deaths at music festivals in Australia typically involve young people using multiple illicit substances in combination with alcohol. Most are unintentional and could potentially be prevented through the implementation of a range of harm reduction strategies, including mobile medical care, drug checking services, and increased consumer education and awareness.
Topics: Male; Humans; Adolescent; Aged; Illicit Drugs; Holidays; Music; Australia; Substance-Related Disorders; Ethanol; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
PubMed: 38065009
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104274