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Archives of Microbiology Jul 2023A biologically potent exopolysaccharide (EPS), Pestalopine was produced by Pestalotiopsis chamaeropsis CEL6, an endophytic fungal isolate of Chloranthus elatior Sw....
A biologically potent exopolysaccharide (EPS), Pestalopine was produced by Pestalotiopsis chamaeropsis CEL6, an endophytic fungal isolate of Chloranthus elatior Sw. Pestalopine is composed of glucose, arabinose, fucose, rhamnose, and galactose in a molar ratio of nearly 10:1:2:2:4 having an Mw ∼ 3.29 × 10 Da. Pestalopine exhibited a radical scavenging effect and significantly increased antioxidant parameters (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione oxidized glutathione) in peritoneal macrophage cells in a concentration-dependent manner, with a maximum effect at 500 mg mL. Pestalopine is hepatoprotective in nature and improves the liver function profiles-total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, hepatic enzymes: alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase of liver fibrosis induced (through thioacetamide) male Wistar rats in comparison to control. Pestalopine-fed rats are reported to have higher counts of beneficial Lactobacillus sp. Present findings suggest that Pestalopine, a novel compound may have promise as a non-toxic exogenous antioxidant with hepatoprotective and probiotic efficacies.
Topics: Male; Animals; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Antioxidants; Pestalotiopsis; Bilirubin; Glutathione; beta-Glucans
PubMed: 37438600
DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03620-x -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2024Fungal attacks have become a major obstacle in tea plantations. is one of the most devastating fungal pathogens in tea plantations that can severely affect tea yield...
Fungal attacks have become a major obstacle in tea plantations. is one of the most devastating fungal pathogens in tea plantations that can severely affect tea yield and quality. However, the molecular mechanism of resistance genes involved in anthracnose is still largely unknown in tea plants. Here, we found that the laccase gene was involved in the response to fungal infection based on a transcriptome analysis. The full-length CDS of was cloned, and its protein sequence had the closest relationship with the AtLAC15 protein compared to other AtLACs. Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that had higher expression levels in mature leaves and stems than in the other tissues. Subcellular localization showed that the CsLAC37 protein was predominantly localized in the cell membrane. The expression levels of were upregulated at different time points under cold, salt, SA, and ABA treatments. qRT-PCR confirmed that responded to both -like species and infections. Functional validation showed that the hydrogen peroxide (HO) content increased significantly, and POD activity decreased in leaves after antisense oligonucleotide (AsODN) treatment compared to the controls. The results demonstrated that may play an important role in resistance to anthracnose, and the findings provide a theoretical foundation for molecular breeding of tea varieties with resistance to fungal diseases.
PubMed: 38592904
DOI: 10.3390/plants13060884 -
Plant Disease May 2024In October 2023, a Connecticut grower contacted The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station about a field of strawberry plants ( × ) (cv. Ruby June) showing...
In October 2023, a Connecticut grower contacted The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station about a field of strawberry plants ( × ) (cv. Ruby June) showing symptoms of severe leaf spotting and visual wilting. Upon visiting the field, leaves had lesions with a diffuse black halo and a light brown center and wilting symptoms, which appeared driven by petiole lesions and presented as dark brown stripes with a reddish-purple halo. Symptoms were observed on 80 to 90% of plants within the block, nearly all of which (>90%) presented with both leaf spots and severe wilting. Diseased tissue was collected from 20 leaves and 25 petioles, sterilized in 0.6% NaOCL, and plated on potato dextrose agar. After hyphal tipping a morphologically identical fungus was isolated from 70% of leaves and 88% of petioles, which formed a dense white mycelial mat with moderate aerial mycelium and conidiomata that exuded dark brown conidial masses. The underside of the mycelial mat was yellowish. Conidia were fusoid, ellipsoid, straight to slightly curved, 4-septate with a single basal appendage and 2-5 apical, matching the description of species within the genus (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014). The average conidia (n=74) length, not including appendages, was 29.9 ± 2.1 µm and the average width, at the widest point, was 7.5 ± 0.7 µm. Aerial hyphae were collected from two isolates, CT58-1 and CT62-2, and DNA was extracted for further molecular characterization. PCR was performed with primers targeting actin (), β-tubulin (), and ITS prior to amplicon sequencing (Carbone and Kohn 1999; Hassan et al. 2018). Sequences were queried against the NCBI whole genome shotgun database, and aligned sequences from 13 species (including , , and ) were collected for each locus. Sequences were aligned, trimmed, and concatenated using Mega11, and IQ-TREE was employed for model selection (Nguyen et al. 2015; Tamura et al. 2021). A maximum-likelihood tree placed the isolates in a high-confidence cluster with , confirming this placement of these isolates within the genus (CT58-1 Accession #: PP715979-89; PP707735). To confirm pathogenicity, CT58-1 was grown on autoclaved strawberry leaves to induce sporulation, and a suspension of 10 spores/ml was made. Five milliliters of this spore suspension was sprayed on six 6-week-old strawberries (cv. Jewel), and water was sprayed on the same number of control plants. Plants were at 100% humidity for two days and then kept in the greenhouse for 3 weeks to observe symptoms. Inoculated plants presented with identical leaf spot and petiole lesions to field samples and no visual symptoms were observed on control plants. New isolations were made from infected petioles, which produced morphologically identical spores to those described above, and ITS/ loci sequencing yielded sequences identical to those of CT58-1. Spore production and plant inoculations were repeated with this new isolate, and identical symptoms were observed. This is the first report of infecting strawberries in New England and given the high disease incidence in the initial infected field and relative lack of disease in a neighboring field, it is likely that this pathogen was introduced on bare root plants. As the plants were sourced from a nursery in Ontario, Canada, it is likely that the pathogen is capable of overwintering in the Northeastern United States.
PubMed: 38803068
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-04-24-0893-PDN -
Fitoterapia Jul 2024Biotransformation of ursane-type triterpenoid ilexgenin A by endophytic fungi Lasiodiplodia sp. MQD-4 and Pestalotiopsis sp. ZZ-1, isolated from Ilex pubescences and...
Biotransformation of ursane-type triterpenoid ilexgenin A by endophytic fungi Lasiodiplodia sp. MQD-4 and Pestalotiopsis sp. ZZ-1, isolated from Ilex pubescences and Callicarpa kwangtungensis respectively, was investigated for the first time. Six previously undescribed metabolites (1-6) with 23-norursane triterpenoids skeleton were isolated and their structures were unambiguously established by the analysis of spectroscopic data and single-crystal X-ray crystallographic experiments. Decarboxylation, oxidation, and hydroxylation reactions were observed on the triterpenoid skeleton. Especially, the decarboxylation of C-23 provided definite evidence to understand the biogenetic process of 23-norursane triterpenoids. Moreover, the qualitative analysis of the extract of I. pubescences showed metabolites 1, 3, 4, and 6 could be detected in the originated plant, indicating biotransformation by endophytic fungi is a practical strategy for the isolation of novel natural products. Finally, all isolates were evaluated for the protective activities against HO-induced HUVECs dysfunction in vitro. Compound 5 could improve the viability of endothelial cells and decrease the level of intracellular ROS.
Topics: Triterpenes; Biotransformation; Endophytes; Molecular Structure; Humans; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; Ilex; Ascomycota; China
PubMed: 38838828
DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106053 -
PLoS Biology Jan 2024Chitin deacetylases (CDAs) emerge as a valuable tool to produce chitosans with a nonrandom distribution of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and glucosamine (GlcN) units. We...
Chitin deacetylases (CDAs) emerge as a valuable tool to produce chitosans with a nonrandom distribution of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and glucosamine (GlcN) units. We hypothesized before that CDAs tend to bind certain sequences within the substrate matching their subsite preferences for either GlcNAc or GlcN units. Thus, they deacetylate or N-acetylate their substrates at nonrandom positions. To understand the molecular basis of these preferences, we analyzed the binding site of a CDA from Pestalotiopsis sp. (PesCDA) using a detailed activity screening of a site-saturation mutagenesis library. In addition, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to get an in-depth view of crucial interactions along the binding site. Besides elucidating the function of several amino acids, we were able to show that only 3 residues are responsible for the highly specific binding of PesCDA to oligomeric substrates. The preference to bind a GlcNAc unit at subsite -2 and -1 can mainly be attributed to N75 and H199, respectively. Whereas an exchange of N75 at subsite -2 eliminates enzyme activity, H199 can be substituted with tyrosine to increase the GlcN acceptance at subsite -1. This change in substrate preference not only increases enzyme activity on certain substrates and changes composition of oligomeric products but also significantly changes the pattern of acetylation (PA) when N-acetylating polyglucosamine. Consequently, we could clearly show how subsite preferences influence the PA of chitosans produced with CDAs.
Topics: Chitosan; Chitin; Polymers; Amidohydrolases; Acetylation
PubMed: 38236907
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002459 -
MycoKeys 2024Chinese yew, Taxuschinensisvar.mairei is an endangered shrub native to south-eastern China and is widely known for its medicinal value. The increased cultivation of...
Chinese yew, Taxuschinensisvar.mairei is an endangered shrub native to south-eastern China and is widely known for its medicinal value. The increased cultivation of Chinese yew has increased the incidence of various fungal diseases. In this study, Pestalotioid fungi associated with needle spot of Chinese yew were isolated from Guangxi Province. Based on morphological examinations and multi-locus (ITS, , ) phylogenies, these isolates were identified to five species, including two new species, and , two potential novel species, sp. 3 and sp. 4, with a known species (), firstly recorded from Chinese yew. These two new species were morphologically and phylogenetically distinct from the extant Pestalotioid species in Chinese yew. Pathogenicity and culture characteristic tests of these five Pestalotioid species were also performed in this study. The pathogenicity test results revealed that sp. 3 can cause diseases in Chinese yew needles. These results have indicated that the diversity of Pestalotioid species associated with Chinese yew was greater than previously determined and provided helpful information for Chinese yew disease diagnosis and management.
PubMed: 38449923
DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.102.113696 -
Food Chemistry Aug 2024Wuyi Rock Tea (WRT) has different characteristics of "rock flavor" due to different production areas. In this study, we investigated the flavor characteristics and key...
Wuyi Rock Tea (WRT) has different characteristics of "rock flavor" due to different production areas. In this study, we investigated the flavor characteristics and key components of "rock flavor" and the influence of microorganisms on the substances by combining metabolomics and microbiomics with the Rougui WRTs from the Zhengyan, Banyan, and Waishan production areas. The results showed that Rougui has a strong floral and fruity aroma, which is mainly brought by hotrienol, and the sweet, smooth, and fresh taste is composed of epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, caffeine, theanine, soluble sugar, and sweet and bitter amino acids. Bacteria Chryseobacterium, Pedobacter, Bosea, Agrobacterium, Stenotrophomonas, and Actinoplanes mainly influence the production of hotrienol, epicatechin gallate, and theanine. Fungi Pestalotiopsis, Fusarium, Elsinoe, Teichospora and Tetracladium mainly influence the production of non-volatile compounds. This study provides a reference for the biological formation mechanism of the characteristic aroma of WRT's "rock falvor".
Topics: Metabolomics; Bacteria; Flavoring Agents; Tea; Taste; Camellia sinensis; Fungi; Odorants; Humans
PubMed: 38648695
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139376 -
Journal of Natural Products Jan 2024One novel rearranged pimarane diterpenoid, pestanoid A (), and two reported molecules, nodulisporenones A () and B (), were discovered from sp. NBUF145 fungus...
One novel rearranged pimarane diterpenoid, pestanoid A (), and two reported molecules, nodulisporenones A () and B (), were discovered from sp. NBUF145 fungus associated with a 62 m deep mesophotic ("twilight") zone Chalinidae sponge. The structures of - were identified by spectrometry, spectroscopy, quantum-chemical calculations, and X-ray crystallography. Compounds and inhibited bone marrow monocyte osteoclastogenesis with the IC values 4.2 ± 0.2 μM and 3.0 ± 0.4 μM, respectively, without observed cytotoxicity. Both and suppressed the receptor activator of NF-kB ligand-induced MAPK and NF-κB signaling by inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK1/2-JNK1/2-p38 MAPKs and NF-κB nuclear translocation.
Topics: Osteogenesis; Osteoclasts; NF-kappa B; Pestalotiopsis; Macrophages; Abietanes; RANK Ligand
PubMed: 38194474
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00892 -
The Journal of General and Applied... Feb 2024Six aromatic secondary metabolites, pestalone (1), emodin (2), phomopsilactone (3), pestalachlorides B (4), C (5), and D (6), were isolated from Pestalotiopsis sp....
Six aromatic secondary metabolites, pestalone (1), emodin (2), phomopsilactone (3), pestalachlorides B (4), C (5), and D (6), were isolated from Pestalotiopsis sp. FKR-0115, a filamentous fungus collected from white moulds growing on dead branches in Minami Daito Island. The efficacy of these secondary metabolites against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with and without meropenem (β-lactam antibiotic) was evaluated using the paper disc method and broth microdilution method. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds (1-6) were characterised using spectroscopic methods, including nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. All six isolated compounds exhibited synergistic activity with meropenem against MRSA. Among the six secondary metabolites, pestalone (1) overcame bacterial resistance in MRSA to the greatest extent.
Topics: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Meropenem; Pestalotiopsis; beta-Lactams; beta-Lactam Resistance; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Benzophenones
PubMed: 37302827
DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2023.06.001 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2024Black spot needle blight is a minor disease in Mongolian Scots pine ( var. ) caused by , but it can cause economic losses in severe cases. Sodium pheophorbide a (SPA),...
Black spot needle blight is a minor disease in Mongolian Scots pine ( var. ) caused by , but it can cause economic losses in severe cases. Sodium pheophorbide a (SPA), an intermediate product of the chlorophyll metabolism pathway, is a compound with photoactivated antifungal activity, which has been previously shown to inhibit the growth of . In this study, SPA significantly reduced the incidence and disease index and enhanced the chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzyme activities of var. . To further study the molecular mechanism of the inhibition, we conducted a comparative proteomic analysis of mycelia with and without SPA treatment. The cellular proteins were obtained from mycelial samples and subjected to a tandem mass tag (TMT)-labelling LC-MS/MS analysis. Based on the results of de novo transcriptome assembly, 613 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) ( < 0.05) were identified, of which 360 were upregulated and 253 downregulated. The 527 annotated DEPs were classified into 50 functional groups according to Gene Ontology and linked to 256 different pathways using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database as a reference. A joint analysis of the transcriptome and proteomics results showed that the top three pathways were Amino acid metabolism, Carbohydrate metabolism, and Lipid metabolism. These results provide new viewpoints into the molecular mechanism of the inhibition of by SPA at the protein level and a theoretical basis for evaluating SPA as an antifungal agent to protect forests.
PubMed: 38392774
DOI: 10.3390/jof10020102