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Scientific Reports Nov 2023Phosphate binders (PBs) generally have a high pill burden. Tenapanor selectively inhibits sodium/hydrogen exchanger isoform 3, reducing intestinal phosphate absorption....
Phosphate binders (PBs) generally have a high pill burden. Tenapanor selectively inhibits sodium/hydrogen exchanger isoform 3, reducing intestinal phosphate absorption. Tenapanor is a novel drug administered as a small tablet, twice daily. This multicenter, open-label, single-arm, phase 3 study aimed to evaluate the long-term safety of tenapanor and its efficacy in decreasing PB pill burden. Tenapanor 5 mg twice daily was administered to hemodialysis patients with serum phosphorus level 3.5-7.0 mg/dl at baseline; the dose could be increased up to 30 mg twice daily. Patients could also switch from PBs. The primary endpoint was safety during 52-week administration. The key secondary endpoint was a ≥ 30% reduction in the total pill number of daily PBs and tenapanor from baseline. Of 212 patients starting treatment, 154 completed the study. Diarrhea was the most frequent adverse event, occurring in 135 patients (63.7%); most events were classified as mild (74.8%). No clinically significant changes occurred other than serum phosphorus level. At Week 52/discontinuation, 158/204 patients (77.5%) achieved the key secondary endpoint. Complete switching from PBs to tenapanor was achieved in 50-76 patients (26.7%-41.5%), and 80 patients (51.9%) at Week 8-12 and Week 50, respectively. Serum phosphorus remained generally stable within the target range (3.5-6.0 mg/dl). These findings suggest the long-term safety and tolerability of tenapanor. Tenapanor could reduce or eliminate PB pill burden while controlling serum phosphorus levels.Trial registration: NCT04771780.
Topics: Humans; Hyperphosphatemia; Phosphates; Phosphorus; Renal Dialysis; Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3
PubMed: 37925471
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45080-9 -
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Dec 2023Clinically manifested resistance of bacteria to antibiotics has emerged as a global threat to society and there is an urgent need for the development of novel classes of... (Review)
Review
Clinically manifested resistance of bacteria to antibiotics has emerged as a global threat to society and there is an urgent need for the development of novel classes of antibacterial agents. Recently, the use of phosphorus in antibacterial agents has been explored in quite an unprecedent manner. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the use of phosphorus-containing moieties (phosphonates, phosphonamidates, phosphonopeptides, phosphates, phosphoramidates, phosphinates, phosphine oxides, and phosphoniums) in compounds with antibacterial effect, including their use as β-lactamase inhibitors and antibacterial disinfectants. We show that phosphorus-containing moieties can serve as novel pharmacophores, bioisosteres, and prodrugs to modify pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties. We further discuss the mechanisms of action, biological activities, clinical use and highlight possible future prospects.
Topics: Phosphorus; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamase Inhibitors; Bacteria; Organophosphonates
PubMed: 37939493
DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117512 -
Journal of Materials Chemistry. B Aug 2023Bacterial infections pose a significant threat to human health and a heavy burden on the global healthcare system. Antibiotics are the primary treatment, but they can... (Review)
Review
Bacterial infections pose a significant threat to human health and a heavy burden on the global healthcare system. Antibiotics are the primary treatment, but they can lead to bacterial resistance and adverse side effects. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials such as graphene, MoS, and MXene have emerged as novel antibacterial agents due to their potential to circumvent bacterial resistance. Among the 2D nanomaterials, black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNs) have attracted great research interest due to their excellent biocompatibility. BPNs possess unique properties, such as a high specific surface area, tunable bandgap, and easy surface functionalization, enabling them to combat bacteria through physical disruption of bacterial membranes, photothermal and photodynamic therapies. However, the low preparation efficiency and inevitable oxidative degradation of BPNs have limited their wide application. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in antibacterial research on BPNs, encompassing their preparation methods, structural and physicochemical properties, antibacterial mechanisms, and potential applications. By addressing the challenges and prospects of using BPNs as an alternative to antibiotics, this review provides valuable insights and guidance for utilizing BPNs in shaping the future of antibacterial therapy.
Topics: Humans; Phosphorus; Nanostructures; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 37401343
DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00723e -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Jul 2023Phosphorus (P) in ruminant nutrition is under ongoing scrutiny because of concerns with P in animal waste polluting the environment. Laws aiming at containing the amount... (Review)
Review
Phosphorus (P) in ruminant nutrition is under ongoing scrutiny because of concerns with P in animal waste polluting the environment. Laws aiming at containing the amount of P of animal origin leaching into surface waters are implemented in many parts of the world. Concerns with restricting the dietary P supply to high-producing animals do however persist. Overall, with the current pressure to be as restrictive as possible with the dietary P supply in high-producing dairy cows, a more in-depth understanding of the metabolic effects of P balance disorders in fresh cows is urgently needed.
Topics: Female; Cattle; Animals; Lactation; Phosphorus; Diet; Milk; Animal Feed
PubMed: 37032293
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2023.02.002 -
Microbial Cell Factories Nov 2023Microalgae, capable of accumulating large amounts of lipids, are of great value for biodiesel production. The high cost of such production stimulates the search for... (Review)
Review
Microalgae, capable of accumulating large amounts of lipids, are of great value for biodiesel production. The high cost of such production stimulates the search for cultivation conditions that ensure their highest productivity. Reducing the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in the culture medium is widely used to change the content and productivity of lipids in microalgae. Achieving the right balance between maximum growth and maximum lipid content and productivity is the primary goal of many experimental works to ensure cost-effective biodiesel production from microalgae. The content of nitrogen and phosphorus in nutrient media for algal cultivation after converted to nitrogen (-N) and phosphorus (-P) lies in an extensive range: from 0.007 g L to 0.417 g L and from 0.0003 g L to 0.227 g L and N:P ratio from 0.12:1 to 823.33:1. When studying nutritional stress in microalgae, no single approach is used to determine the experimental concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus. This precludes the possibility of correct interpretation of the data and may lead to erroneous conclusions. This work results from the systematisation of information on using nitrogen and phosphorus restriction to increase the lipid productivity of microalgae of different taxonomic and ecological groups to identify future research directions. The results of 301 experiments were included in the analysis using the principal components method. The investigation considered various divisions and classes: Cyanobacteria, Rhodophyta, Dinophyta, Haptophyta, Cryptophyta, Heterokontophyta/Ochrophyta (Bacillariophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, Xanthophyceae), Chlorophyta, and also the ratio N:P, the time of the experiment, the light intensity during cultivation. Based on the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus existing in various nutrient media, a general scheme for designating the supply of nutrient media for nitrogen (as NO or NH+, N g L) and phosphorus (as РO, P g L) has been proposed: replete -N (˃0.4 g L), moderate -N (0.4-0.2), moderate N-limitation (0.19-0.1), strong N-limitation (˂0.1), without nitrogen (0), replete -Р (˃0.2), moderate -P (0.2-0.02), moderate P-limitation (0.019-0.01), strong P-limitation (˂0.01), without phosphorus (0).
Topics: Microalgae; Phosphorus; Nitrogen; Biofuels; Stramenopiles; Lipids; Biomass
PubMed: 37981666
DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02244-6 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2024Nitrogen and phosphorus play essential roles in ecosystems and organisms. However, with the development of industry and agriculture in recent years, excessive N and P... (Review)
Review
Nitrogen and phosphorus play essential roles in ecosystems and organisms. However, with the development of industry and agriculture in recent years, excessive N and P have flowed into water bodies, leading to eutrophication, algal proliferation, and red tides, which are harmful to aquatic organisms. Biochar has a high specific surface area, abundant functional groups, and porous structure, which can effectively adsorb nitrogen and phosphorus in water, thus reducing environmental pollution, achieving the reusability of elements. This article provides an overview of the preparation of biochar, modification methods of biochar, advancements in the adsorption of nitrogen and phosphorus by biochar, factors influencing the adsorption of nitrogen and phosphorus in water by biochar, as well as reusability and adsorption mechanisms. Furthermore, the difficulties encountered and future research directions regarding the adsorption of nitrogen and phosphorus by biochar were proposed, providing references for the future application of biochar in nitrogen and phosphorus adsorption.
Topics: Phosphorus; Wastewater; Adsorption; Nitrogen; Ecosystem; Charcoal; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 38474517
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051005 -
Environmental Research Jun 2024Phytoremediation has emerged as a common technique for remediating Cd pollution in farmland soil. Moreover, phosphorus, an essential element for plants, can alter the...
Phytoremediation has emerged as a common technique for remediating Cd pollution in farmland soil. Moreover, phosphorus, an essential element for plants, can alter the pectin content of plant cell walls and facilitate the accumulation of Cd in plant tissues, thereby enhancing phytoremediation efficiency. Therefore, pot experiments were conducted in order to investigate the effect of phosphorus levels on Cd extraction, phosphorus transformation and phosphorus-related genes during phytoremediation. The results revealed that an optimal application of suitable phosphate fertilizers elevated the soil's pH and electrical conductivity (EC), facilitated the conversion of soil from insoluble phosphorus into available forms, augmented the release of pertinent enzyme activity, and induced the expression of phosphorus cycling-related genes. These enhancements in soil conditions significantly promoted the growth of ryegrass. When applying phosphorus at a rate of 600 mg/kg, ryegrass exhibited plant height, dry weight, and chlorophyll relative content that were 1.27, 1.26, and 1.18 times higher than those in the control group (P), while the Cd content was 1.12 times greater than that of P. The potentially toxic elements decline ratio and bioconcentration factor were 42.86% and 1.17 times higher than those of P, respectively. Consequently, ryegrass demonstrated the highest Cd removal efficiency under these conditions. Results from redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed a significant correlation among pH, total phosphorus, heavy metal content, phosphorus forms, soil enzyme activity, and phosphorus-related genes. In conclusion, this study suggests applying an optimal amount of suitable phosphate fertilizers can enhance restoration efficiency, leading to a reduction in soil Cd content and ultimately improving the safety of crop production in farmlands.
Topics: Soil Pollutants; Cadmium; Phosphorus; Biodegradation, Environmental; Lolium; Fertilizers; Soil
PubMed: 38460661
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118389 -
Chemosphere Oct 2023Human activities, including industrial and agricultural production, as well as domestic sewage discharge, have led to heavy metal pollution and eutrophication in coastal...
Human activities, including industrial and agricultural production, as well as domestic sewage discharge, have led to heavy metal pollution and eutrophication in coastal waters. This has caused a deficiency of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), but an excess dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) and high concentrations of zinc. However, the impact of high zinc stress and different phosphorus species on primary producers remains unclear. This study examined the impact of different phosphorus species (DIP and DOP) and high zinc stress (1.74 mg L) on the growth and physiology of the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. The results showed that compared to the low zinc treatment (5 μg L), high zinc stress significantly decreased the net growth of T. weissflogii, but the decline was weaker in the DOP group than in the DIP group. Based on changes in photosynthetic parameters and nutrient concentrations, the study suggests that the growth inhibition of T. weissflogii under high zinc stress was likely due to an increase in cell death caused by zinc toxicity, rather than a decrease in cell growth caused by photosynthesis damage. Nonetheless, T. weissflogii was able to reduce zinc toxicity by antioxidant reactions through enhancing activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase and by cationic complexation through enhancing extracellular polymeric substances, particularly when DOP served as the phosphorus source. Furthermore, DOP had a unique detoxification mechanism by producing marine humic acid, which is conducive to complexing metal cations. These results provide valuable insights into the response of phytoplankton to environmental changes in coastal oceans, particularly the effects of high zinc stress and different phosphorus species on primary producers.
Topics: Humans; Diatoms; Zinc; Phosphorus; Phytoplankton; Metals
PubMed: 37364640
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139308 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023Phosphonates are compounds containing a direct carbon-phosphorus (C-P) bond, which is particularly resistant to chemical and enzymatic degradation. They are... (Review)
Review
Phosphonates are compounds containing a direct carbon-phosphorus (C-P) bond, which is particularly resistant to chemical and enzymatic degradation. They are environmentally ubiquitous: some of them are produced by microorganisms and invertebrates, whereas others derive from anthropogenic activities. Because of their chemical stability and potential toxicity, man-made phosphonates pose pollution problems, and many studies have tried to identify biocompatible systems for their elimination. On the other hand, phosphonates are a resource for microorganisms living in environments where the availability of phosphate is limited; thus, bacteria in particular have evolved systems to uptake and catabolize phosphonates. Such systems can be either selective for a narrow subset of compounds or show a broader specificity. The role, distribution, and evolution of microbial genes and enzymes dedicated to phosphonate degradation, as well as their regulation, have been the subjects of substantial studies. At least three enzyme systems have been identified so far, schematically distinguished based on the mechanism by which the C-P bond is ultimately cleaved-i.e., through either a hydrolytic, radical, or oxidative reaction. This review summarizes our current understanding of the molecular systems and pathways that serve to catabolize phosphonates, as well as the regulatory mechanisms that govern their activity.
Topics: Humans; Organophosphonates; Lyases; Bacteria; Phosphorus; Phosphates
PubMed: 37836707
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196863 -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... Dec 2023Microorganisms play a vital role in biological wastewater treatment by converting organic and toxic materials into harmless substances. Understanding microbial... (Review)
Review
Microorganisms play a vital role in biological wastewater treatment by converting organic and toxic materials into harmless substances. Understanding microbial communities' structure, taxonomy, phylogeny, and metabolic activities is essential to improve these processes. Molecular microbial ecology employs molecular techniques to study community profiles and phylogenetic information since culture-dependent approaches have limitations in providing a comprehensive understanding of microbial diversity in a system. Genomic advancements such as DNA hybridization, microarray analysis, sequencing, and reverse sample genome probing have enabled the detailed characterization of microbial communities in wastewater treatment facilities. This mini-review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the diversity of microorganisms in wastewater treatment plants, emphasizing critical microbial processes such as nitrogen and phosphorus removal.
Topics: Wastewater; Phylogeny; Microbiota; Genomics; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Bioreactors; Sewage
PubMed: 37723328
DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01130-y