-
Tree Physiology Feb 2024In the context of the resource allocation hypothesis regarding the trade-off between growth and defence, compared with native species, invasive species generally...
In the context of the resource allocation hypothesis regarding the trade-off between growth and defence, compared with native species, invasive species generally allocate more energy to growth and less energy to defence. However, it remains unclear how global change and nutrient enrichment will influence the competition between invasive species and co-occurring native species. Here, we tested whether nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) addition under elevated CO2 causes invasive species (Mikania micrantha and Chromolaena odorata) to produce greater biomass, higher growth-related compounds and lower defence-related compounds than native plants (Paederia scandens and Eupatorium chinense). We grew these native and invasive species with similar morphology with the addition of N and P under elevated CO2 in open-top chambers. The addition of N alone increased the relative growth rate (RGR) by 5.4% in invasive species, and its combination with P addition or elevated CO2 significantly increased the RGR of invasive species by 7.5 or 8.1%, respectively, and to a level higher than that of native species (by 14.4%, P < 0.01). Combined N + P addition under elevated CO2 decreased the amount of defence-related compounds in the leaf, including lipids (by 17.7%) and total structural carbohydrates (by 29.0%), whereas it increased the growth-related compounds in the leaf, including proteins (by 75.7%), minerals (by 9.6%) and total non-structural carbohydrates (by 8.5%). The increased concentrations of growth-related compounds were possibly associated with the increase in ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase content and mineral nutrition (magnesium, iron and calcium), all of which were higher in the invasive species than in the native species. These results suggest that rising atmospheric CO2 concentration and N deposition combined with nutrient enrichment will increase the growth of invasive species more than that of native species. Our result also suggests that invasive species respond more readily to produce growth-related compounds under an increased soil nutrient availability and elevated CO2.
Topics: Introduced Species; Carbon Dioxide; Phosphorus; Nitrogen; Nutrients; Carbohydrates
PubMed: 38102760
DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad150 -
Journal of Plant Research May 2024The present review explains briefly the importance of phosphorus in the biological activities and states that the most phosphorus of living organisms is absorbed by... (Review)
Review
The present review explains briefly the importance of phosphorus in the biological activities and states that the most phosphorus of living organisms is absorbed by plants from the soil. Next, previous studies on the mechanisms of phosphate uptake by plants are reviewed as H-dependent or Na-dependent co-transport systems and the phosphate environment in which plants grow is discussed. The evolution of transporter genes and their regulation mechanisms of expression is discussed in relation to the phosphorus environment.
Topics: Phosphates; Plants; Biological Transport; Phosphorus; Soil; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
PubMed: 38517655
DOI: 10.1007/s10265-024-01520-9 -
Plant, Cell & Environment Jul 2023In soil, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) meet the roots of both host and presumed nonhost plants, but the interactional mechanisms of AMF with and functional...
In soil, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) meet the roots of both host and presumed nonhost plants, but the interactional mechanisms of AMF with and functional relevance for nonhost plants is little known. Here we show AMF can colonize an individually grown nonhost plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, and suppress the growth of Arabidopsis and two nonhost Brassica crops. This inhibitory effect increased with increasing AMF inoculum density, and was independent of AMF species or nutrient availability. C isotope labeling and physiological analyses revealed no significant carbon-phosphorus exchange between Arabidopsis and AMF, indicating a lack of nutritional function in this interaction. AMF colonization activated the danger-associated peptide Pep-PEPR signaling pathway, and caused clear defense responses in Arabidopsis. The impairment of Pep-PEPR signaling in nonhost plants greatly compromised AMF-triggered defensive responses and photosynthesis suppression, leading to higher colonization rates and reduced growth suppression upon AMF inoculation. Pretreatment with Pep peptide decreased AMF colonization, and largely substituted for AMF-induced growth suppression in nonhosts, confirming that the Pep-PEPR pathway is a key participant in resistance to AMF colonization and in mediating growth suppression of nonhost plants. This work greatly increases our knowledge about the functional relevance of AMF and their mechanisms of interactions with nonhost plants.
Topics: Humans; Mycorrhizae; Arabidopsis; Phosphorus; Carbon; Fungi; Plant Roots; Peptides; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 37151160
DOI: 10.1111/pce.14600 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Aug 2023Ecological ditches are a typical ecological facility for controlling road stormwater runoff pollution; they mainly remove harmful pollutants from runoff through plant...
Ecological ditches are a typical ecological facility for controlling road stormwater runoff pollution; they mainly remove harmful pollutants from runoff through plant absorption, retention and sedimentation, ecological adsorption, and microbial action. In this paper, according to the transport form of rainwater in the ditches, the removal effects of two different types of ditches on nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metals, and other pollutants were simulated under three conditions of rainfall, slow flow, and still water, respectively, and their operating characteristics were analyzed. The results showed that the removal rate of TN in the two ecological ditches under slow flow conditions showed a downward trend as a whole with the increase of hydraulic load, and the suitable hydraulic load for TN removal should be selected as 0.3 m/(m day). Under the simulated rainfall conditions, the TN removal rates of no. 1 and no. 2 ditches were 26.1-37.2% and 24.9 ~ 52.5%, respectively, and the TP removal rates were 44.6 ~ 63.3% and 36.1 ~ 62.1%. After 19.4 h and 22.1 h in the static state, the TP concentration in no. 1 ditch and no. 2 ditch reached the surface V water standard, and the average removal rate of TP was 74.7% and 53.7%, respectively. This paper provides a reference for selecting suitable parameters and optimizing the operational performance of ecological ditches to reduce runoff pollutants more effectively.
Topics: Water Pollutants, Chemical; Environmental Pollutants; Water Movements; Water; Rain; Phosphorus; Nitrogen; Environmental Monitoring; China
PubMed: 37488381
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28809-x -
Journal of Environmental Management Aug 2023Food waste is rich in nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and can be integrated with bioponics, a closed-loop agricultural system that combines hydroponics with...
Food waste is rich in nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and can be integrated with bioponics, a closed-loop agricultural system that combines hydroponics with biological nutrient recovery. Vermicompost leachate (VCL) supplementation has been shown to improve the co-composting of organic waste (i.e., compost quality) and the biodegradation of organic compounds. Thus, VCL has high potential for enhancing nutrient availability in bioponics from food waste. However, the understanding of nitrogen and phosphorus availability in food waste-based bioponics is limited, both with and without VCL. In this study, food waste derived from cafeteria vegetable waste was used as the substrate (500 g dry wt./system) in bioponics to grow lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) for two consecutive cycles (35 days/cycle) without substrate replacement. VCL was applied weekly (1-5% v/v) and compared to the control without VCL. The results showed that the food waste in bioponics provided nitrogen and phosphorus for plant growth (15.5-65.8 g/lettuce head). Organic-degrading and nutrient-transforming bacteria (Hydrogenispora, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Ruminiclostridium_1, Cellvibrio, Thauera, Hydrogenophaga, and Bacillus) were predominantly found in plant roots and residual food waste. VCL addition significantly increased nitrate, phosphate, and chemical oxygen demand levels in bioponics, owing to the nutrients in VCL and the enhancement of keystone microorganisms responsible for organic degradation and nutrient cycling (e.g., Ellin6067, Actinomyces, and Pirellula). These findings suggest that nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon concentrations in an ecosystem of nutrient-transforming and organic-degrading microbes are key in managing nutrient recovery from food waste in bioponics.
Topics: Phosphorus; Food; Refuse Disposal; Nitrogen; Microbiota; Soil
PubMed: 37086642
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117860 -
Chemosphere Oct 2023This study provides a comparative investigation of phosphorus removal between anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (AAO) and high-concentration powder carrier bio-fluidized bed (HPB)...
This study provides a comparative investigation of phosphorus removal between anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (AAO) and high-concentration powder carrier bio-fluidized bed (HPB) in the same full-scale wastewater treatment plant. The results showed that the total phosphorus removal of HPB was 71.45%-96.71%. Compared with AAO, the total phosphorus removal of HPB can be increased by a maximum of 15.73%. The mechanisms of enhanced phosphorus removal by HPB include the followings. Biological phosphorus removal was significant. The anaerobic phosphorus release capacity of HPB was enhanced and polyphosphate (Poly-P) in the excess sludge of HPB was 1.5 times higher than that of AAO. The relative abundance of Candidatus Accumulibacter was 5 times higher than that of AAO, and oxidative phosphorylation and butanoate metabolism were enhanced. The analysis of phosphorus distribution showed that cyclone separation increased the chemical phosphorus precipitation (Chem-P) in the excess sludge by 16.96% to avoid accumulation in the biochemical tank. The phosphorus adsorbed by extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) in the recycled sludge was stripped, and the EPS bound-P in the excess sludge increased by 1.5 times. This study demonstrated the feasibility of HPB to improve the phosphorus removal efficiency for domestic wastewater.
Topics: Sewage; Powders; Phosphorus; Metagenomics; Cyclonic Storms; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix; Denitrification; Bioreactors; Nitrogen; Waste Disposal, Fluid
PubMed: 37414297
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139353 -
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Nov 2023Reservoir cascade systems have attracted the attention of scientists worldwide. The present study investigates the cascade of five reservoirs (R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5)...
Reservoir cascade systems have attracted the attention of scientists worldwide. The present study investigates the cascade of five reservoirs (R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5) along a 192-km water channel system located in the state of Ceará, in the Brazilian semiarid region. This cascade system was implemented in 2012 to promote water availability and security to the capital of Ceará and the strategic industry and port complex of the region. However, these reservoirs have faced a progressive degradation of water quality, which has resulted in intense eutrophication and high-water treatment costs. The study evaluates the dynamics of water quality from 2013 to 2021 along this reservoir cascade (from R1 to R5). The results revealed that water quality did not improve along the cascade system, differently from previous studies on reservoirs interconnected by natural rivers. This was attributed to the low water residence time and low capacity of pollutant removal along the man-made water channel system, as well as to the high internal phosphorus loads of the reservoirs. Multiple regression models involving the explanatory variables of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, chlorophyll-a, cyanobacteria, transparency, rainfall, and volume from upstream reservoirs were obtained to determine total phosphorus concentration in downstream reservoirs, considering different combinations of reservoir pairs in the cascade and different time delays. A clear trend of R decline with the distance between the upstream and downstream reservoirs was observed. For example, the R values for the correlations adjusted between R1 and R2 (48 km), R1 and R3 (172 km), R1 and R4 (178 km), and R1 and R5 (192 km) were 0.66, 0.32, 0.22, and 0.12, respectively. On the other hand, the adoption of time delays of the order of the cumulative residence times of the reservoirs promoted a significant improvement in the R values. For instance, the best correlation adjusted between R1 and R5 improved from R = 0.12 to 0.69 by considering a time delay of 21 months. This suggests that previous data from upstream reservoirs can be used to predict current and future total phosphorus concentration in downstream reservoirs. The results from this study are important to better understand the spatiotemporal dynamics of water quality in reservoir cascade systems and thus improve water resources management, especially in drylands.
Topics: Aquaporins; China; Chlorophyll A; Environmental Monitoring; Eutrophication; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Water Quality
PubMed: 38030894
DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12155-z -
Water Research Aug 2023The expansion of algal bloom in surface waters is a global problem in the freshwater ecosystem. Differential reactivity of organic phosphorus (P) compounds from organic...
The expansion of algal bloom in surface waters is a global problem in the freshwater ecosystem. Differential reactivity of organic phosphorus (P) compounds from organic debris, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediment towards hydrolysis can dictate the extent of supply often limited inorganic P (P) for algal growth, thereby controlling the extent of bloom. Here, we combined solution P-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (P NMR), sequential extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis, and 16S rRNA measurements to characterize speciation and biogeochemical cycling of P in Lake Erhai, China. Lower ratios of diester-P/monoester-P in SPM in January (mean 0.09) and July (0.14) than that in April (0.29) reflected the higher degree of diester-P remineralization in cold and warm months. Both HO-P and P were significantly higher in SPM (mean 1580 mg ·kg and 1618 mg ·kg) than those in sediment (mean 8 mg ·kg and 387 mg ·kg). In addition, results from enzymatic hydrolysis experiments demonstrated that 61% P in SPM and 58% in sediment in the HO, NaHCO, and NaOH extracts could be hydrolyzed. These results suggested that HO-P and P from SPM were the primarily bioavailable P sources for algae. Changes of P contents (particularly HO-P) in algae and alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) during the observation periods were likely to be controlled by the strategies of P uptake and utilization of algae. P remobilization/remineralization from SPM likely resulted from algae and bacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas). Collectively, these results provide important insights that SPM P could sustain the algal blooms even if the dissolved P was depleted in the water column.
Topics: Phosphorus; Ecosystem; Lakes; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Geologic Sediments; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Eutrophication; Particulate Matter
PubMed: 37262944
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120134 -
Waste Management (New York, N.Y.) Dec 2023Land application of biomass materials and their products of thermal treatment (biochars and ashes) can offset the unsustainable use of soluble P fertilisers. However,...
Land application of biomass materials and their products of thermal treatment (biochars and ashes) can offset the unsustainable use of soluble P fertilisers. However, few evaluations of P fertiliser potential have systematically addressed diverse biomass types with contrasting P contents. This paper evaluates the relative P fertiliser potential of four P-rich biowastes (animal bone, poultry manure, pig slurry, and a municipal sewage sludge) and three low-P, plant-based materials (reeds [Phragmites australis L.], rice husks [Oryza sativa L.] and cocoa prunings [Theobroma cacao L.]) and their biochars and ashes. We utilised three complementary approaches: P extractability in single solvents (2% formic and citric acids, and 1 M neutral ammonium citrate); sequential chemical P fractionation, and P dissolution/desorption kinetics. In most cases, pyrolysis and incineration of the P-rich biowastes increased P extractability (% TP) in the single solvents, whilst decreasing water-soluble P. For pig slurry, for example, pyrolysis reduced water-soluble P 20-fold, with corresponding increases observed not only in the solvent-extractable P but also in the pool of potentially plant available, NaHCO-Pi fraction (e.g., 17 to 35% TP). These complementary datasets were also evident for the low-P feedstocks and thermal products; e.g., pyrolysis increased the NaHCO-Pi fraction in reed feedstock from 6 to 15% TP. For all biomass feedstocks, biochars and ashes, pseudo-second order P-release kinetics provided the best fit with the experimental data. The data demonstrate scope for using pyrolysis to upgrade the P fertiliser value of a wide range of biomass materials whilst reducing their environmental impact.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Phosphorus; Fertilizers; Incineration; Pyrolysis; Charcoal; Sewage; Water; Solvents
PubMed: 37952467
DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.10.012 -
Environmental Research Sep 2023Change of hydrodynamic conditions is a key factor inducing sedimentation, water eutrophication and algal blooms in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). How to mitigate...
Change of hydrodynamic conditions is a key factor inducing sedimentation, water eutrophication and algal blooms in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). How to mitigate sedimentation and phosphorus (P) retention by improving hydrodynamic conditions in the Three Gorges Reservoir area (TGRA) is an urgent issue in the study of sediment and water environment. In this study, a Hydrodynamic-Sediment-Water quality model for the whole TGRA is proposed considering sediment and P inputs from numerous tributaries, and a new reservoir operation method namely the tide-type operation method (TTOM) is used to investigate the large-scale sediment and P transport in the TGR based on the model. Results indicate that the TTOM can reduce sedimentation and total phosphorus (TP) retention in the TGR. Compared with the actual operation method (AOM), sediment outflow and sediment export ratio (E) of the TGR increased about 17.13% and 1%-3% in 2015-2017, and sedimentation decreased about 3% under the TTOM. TP retention flux and retention rate (RE) decreased about 13.77% and 2%-4%. The flow velocity (V) and sediment carrying capacity (S*) increased about 40% in the local reach. Larger daily water level fluctuation at dam site is more conducive to reducing sedimentation and TP retention in the TGR. Sediment inputs from the Yangtze River, Jialing River, Wu River and other tributaries account for 59.27%, 11.21%, 3.81% and 25.70% of the total sediment inflow during 2015-2017, and TP inputs were 65.96%, 10.01%, 17.40% and 6.63%. In the paper, an innovative method is proposed to reduce sedimentation and P retention in the TGR under the given hydrodynamic conditions and related quantitative contribution driven by the proposed method is analyzed. The work is favorable for expanding the understanding of the hydrodynamic and nutrition flux changes in the TGR, and provides a new perspective for water environment protection and reasonable operation of large reservoirs.
Topics: Phosphorus; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Environmental Monitoring; Eutrophication; Water Quality; Rivers; China
PubMed: 37308070
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116386