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International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2023Postprandial hyperlipidemia showing postprandial increases in serum triglyceride (TG) is associated with the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease... (Review)
Review
Postprandial hyperlipidemia showing postprandial increases in serum triglyceride (TG) is associated with the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). To diagnose postprandial hyperlipidemia, the oral fat loading test (OFLT) should be performed; however, this test is very time-consuming and is difficult to perform. Elevated serum TG levels reflect an increase in TG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), such as chylomicrons (CM), very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and their remnants (CM remnants [CMRs] and VLDL remnants [VLDLRs]). Understanding of elevation in CMR and/or VLDLR can lead us to understand the existence of postprandial hyperlipidemia. The measurement of apo B48, which is a constituent of CM and CMR; non-fasting TG, which includes TG content in all lipoproteins including CM and CMR; non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), which includes TRLs and low-density lipoprotein; and remnant cholesterol are useful to reveal the existence of postprandial hyperlipidemia. Postprandial hyperlipidemia is observed in patients with familial type III hyperlipoproteinemia, familial combined hyperlipidemia, chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Postprandial hyperlipidemia is closely related to postprandial hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance may be an inducing and enhancing factor for both postprandial hyperlipidemia and postprandial hyperglycemia. Remnant lipoproteins and metabolic disorders associated with postprandial hyperlipidemia have various atherogenic properties such as induction of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. A healthy diet, calorie restriction, weight loss, and exercise positively impact postprandial hyperlipidemia. Anti-hyperlipidemic drugs such pemafibrate, fenofibrate, bezafibrate, ezetimibe, and eicosapentaenoic acid have been shown to improve postprandial hyperlipidemia. Anti-diabetic drugs including metformin, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, pioglitazone, dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 analogues have been shown to ameliorate postprandial hyperlipidemia. Although sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors have not been proven to reduce postprandial hyperlipidemia, they reduced fasting apo B48 and remnant lipoprotein cholesterol. In conclusion, it is important to appropriately understand the existence of postprandial hyperlipidemia and to connect it to optimal treatments. However, there are some problems with the diagnosis for postprandial hyperlipidemia. Postprandial hyperlipidemia cannot be specifically defined by measures such as TG levels 2 h after a meal. To study interventions for postprandial hyperlipidemia with the outcome of preventing the onset of ASCVD, it is necessary to define postprandial hyperlipidemia using reference values such as IGT.
Topics: Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Lipoproteins; Triglycerides; Lipoproteins, VLDL; Atherosclerosis; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 37762244
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813942 -
Medicine and Science in Sports and... Oct 2023Protein ingestion during recovery from exercise has been reported to augment myofibrillar protein synthesis rates, without increasing muscle connective protein synthesis... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
INTRODUCTION
Protein ingestion during recovery from exercise has been reported to augment myofibrillar protein synthesis rates, without increasing muscle connective protein synthesis rates. It has been suggested that collagen protein may be effective in stimulating muscle connective protein synthesis. The present study assessed the capacity of both whey and collagen protein ingestion to stimulate postexercise myofibrillar and muscle connective protein synthesis rates.
METHODS
In a randomized, double-blind, parallel design, 45 young male ( n = 30) and female ( n = 15) recreational athletes (age, 25 ± 4 yr; body mass index, 24.1 ± 2.0 kg·m -2 ) were selected to receive primed continuous intravenous infusions with l -[ring- 13 C 6 ]-phenylalanine and l -[3,5- 2 H 2 ]-tyrosine. After a single session of resistance type exercise, subjects were randomly allocated to one of three groups ingesting either 30 g whey protein (WHEY, n = 15), 30 g collagen protein (COLL, n = 15) or a noncaloric placebo (PLA, n = 15). Blood and muscle biopsy samples were collected over a subsequent 5-h recovery period to assess both myofibrillar and muscle connective protein synthesis rates.
RESULTS
Protein ingestion increased circulating plasma amino acid concentrations ( P < 0.05). The postprandial rise in plasma leucine and essential amino acid concentrations was greater in WHEY compared with COLL, whereas plasma glycine and proline concentrations increased more in COLL compared with WHEY ( P < 0.05). Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates averaged 0.041 ± 0.010, 0.036 ± 0.010, and 0.032 ± 0.007%·h -1 in WHEY, COLL and PLA, respectively, with only WHEY resulting in higher rates when compared with PLA ( P < 0.05). Muscle connective protein synthesis rates averaged 0.072 ± 0.019, 0.068 ± 0.017, and 0.058 ± 0.018%·h -1 in WHEY, COLL, and PLA, respectively, with no significant differences between groups ( P = 0.09).
CONCLUSIONS
Ingestion of whey protein during recovery from exercise increases myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. Neither collagen nor whey protein ingestion further increased muscle connective protein synthesis rates during the early stages of postexercise recovery in both male and female recreational athletes.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Young Adult; Adult; Muscle Proteins; Whey Proteins; Collagen; Muscle, Skeletal; Eating; Polyesters; Postprandial Period; Dietary Proteins
PubMed: 37202878
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003214 -
The Journal of Nutrition Nov 2023Plant-derived proteins are considered to have fewer anabolic properties when compared with animal-derived proteins. The anabolic properties of isolated proteins do not...
BACKGROUND
Plant-derived proteins are considered to have fewer anabolic properties when compared with animal-derived proteins. The anabolic properties of isolated proteins do not necessarily reflect the anabolic response to the ingestion of whole foods. The presence or absence of the various components that constitute the whole-food matrix can strongly impact protein digestion and amino acid absorption and, as such, modulate postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates. So far, no study has compared the anabolic response following ingestion of an omnivorous compared with a vegan meal.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to compare postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates following ingestion of a whole-food omnivorous meal providing 100 g lean ground beef with an isonitrogenous, isocaloric whole-food vegan meal in healthy, older adults.
METHODS
In a randomized, counter-balanced, cross-over design, 16 older (65-85 y) adults (8 males, 8 females) underwent 2 test days. On one day, participants consumed a whole-food omnivorous meal containing beef as the primary source of protein (0.45 g protein/kg body mass; MEAT). On the other day, participants consumed an isonitrogenous and isocaloric whole-food vegan meal (PLANT). Primed continuous L-[ring-C]-phenylalanine infusions were applied with blood and muscle biopsies being collected frequently for 6 h to assess postprandial plasma amino acid profiles and muscle protein synthesis rates. Data are presented as means ± standard deviations and were analyzed by 2 way-repeated measures analysis of variance and paired-samples t tests.
RESULTS
MEAT increased plasma essential amino acid concentrations more than PLANT over the 6-h postprandial period (incremental area under curve 87 ± 37 compared with 38 ± 54 mmol·6 h/L, respectively; P-interaction < 0.01). Ingestion of MEAT resulted in ∼47% higher postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates when compared with the ingestion of PLANT (0.052 ± 0.023 and 0.035 ± 0.021 %/h, respectively; paired-samples t test: P = 0.037).
CONCLUSIONS
Ingestion of a whole-food omnivorous meal containing beef results in greater postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates when compared with the ingestion of an isonitrogenous whole-food vegan meal in healthy, older adults. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05151887.
PubMed: 37972895
DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.11.004 -
Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental Sep 2023Continuous glucose monitoring has become a common adjunct in the management of Diabetes Mellitus. However, there has been a recent trend among individuals without... (Review)
Review
Continuous glucose monitoring has become a common adjunct in the management of Diabetes Mellitus. However, there has been a recent trend among individuals without diabetes using these devices as a means of monitoring their health. The increased visibility of glucose data has allowed users to study the effect lifestyle has upon post-prandial glucose levels. Although post-prandial hyperglycemia is well understood in the setting of diabetes, its impact in individuals without diabetes is less well defined. This article reviews the factors which contribute to post-prandial hyperglycemia in individuals without diabetes and how the data obtained from continuous glucose monitoring can be used to improve an individual's metabolic health.
Topics: Humans; Blood Glucose; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Diabetes Mellitus; Hyperglycemia; Postprandial Period; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
PubMed: 37356796
DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155640 -
Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and... 2023Numerous medical costs are spent each year on treating and preventing the progression of diabetes. The positive effect of apple cider vinegar (ACV) has been shown on...
The improvement effect of apple cider vinegar as a functional food on anthropometric indices, blood glucose and lipid profile in diabetic patients: a randomized controlled clinical trial.
BACKGROUND
Numerous medical costs are spent each year on treating and preventing the progression of diabetes. The positive effect of apple cider vinegar (ACV) has been shown on post-prandial hyperglycemia. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of prolonged consumption of ACV on blood glucose indices and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes.
METHODS
This study was a randomized clinical trial and the participants were adults with type 2 diabetes. Participants were divided into two groups: ACV and control. The ACV group was treated with 30 ml of ACV per day. Both the intervention and control groups received the same recommendation for a healthy diet. Before and after eight weeks, fasting blood glucose, insulin, hemoglobin A1C, insulin resistance, total cholesterol (Chol), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride were measured.
RESULTS
Fasting blood glucose decreased after intervention in both groups, which was only significant in the ACV group (p = 0.01). There was a significant difference in hemoglobin A1C levels between the two groups (p < 0.001) after eight weeks. LDL was decreased in the ACV group (p < 0.001). Total Chol, LDL/HDL and Chol/HDL ratio decreased after the intervention period in the ACV group compared to the control group (p = 0.003, p = 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively).
CONCLUSION
Daily consumption of ACV may have beneficial effects in controlling blood glucose indices and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
http://www.irct.ir, identifier IRCT20140107016123N13.
PubMed: 38028980
DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2023.1288786 -
Journal of Clinical Nursing Sep 2023Older adults frequently suffer from postprandial hypotension, associated with an increased risk of falls, syncope, acute cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Older adults frequently suffer from postprandial hypotension, associated with an increased risk of falls, syncope, acute cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and even death. Researchers use non-pharmacological interventions, but related literature is dispersed and lacks a latest summary.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to map and examine non-pharmacological interventions currently employed to assist older adults with postprandial hypotension and lay a solid foundation for future studies.
METHODS
This study adhered to the JBI methodology for scoping reviews and preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviews. PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, SCOPUS, Chinese Biomedical Journal, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP and WAN FANG Data were retrieved from their inception to 1 August 2022.
RESULTS
Two randomized controlled trials and seven quasi-experimental studies were included. Small meals, exercise interventions, fibre with meals, green tea and water therapy have been reported to prevent postprandial hypotension effectively; however, position changes have been reported to have no impact on postprandial blood pressure decrease. Additionally, the blood pressure determination methods and test meals may affect observed trial effects.
CONCLUSION
Large samples and long-term follow-up studies are needed to prove the efficacy and safety of existing non-pharmacological interventions. Future studies should develop a BP determination method based on the postprandial BP decline trajectory induced by a given test meal to improve the reliability of study results.
RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
This review broadly summarizes existing studies on developing and validating non-pharmacological interventions for older adults with postprandial hypotension. It also analyses special factors that may influence the trial effects. This may provide a useful reference for future research.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Reproducibility of Results; Hypotension; Blood Pressure; Postprandial Period; Meals
PubMed: 37219354
DOI: 10.1111/jocn.16719 -
Revista Espanola de Enfermedades... May 202445 year-old male patient with history of heartburn and regurgitation of non-acid food in the immediate postprandial period, with no symptomatic improvement after...
45 year-old male patient with history of heartburn and regurgitation of non-acid food in the immediate postprandial period, with no symptomatic improvement after anti-acid treatment. The patient underwent an upper endoscopy that was unremarkable. A high-resolution impedance manometry (HRIM) was performed according to Chicago Protocol 4.0, as well as an additional solid test meal, with findings of rumination syndrome (RS) (figure 1). The study was completed with a 24-hour impedance pH monitoring that showed, in the immediate postprandial period, episodes of reflux that reached the proximal sensor followed by a normal swallow (figure 2). Abdominophrenic biofeedback was started with clinical improvement and anti-acid treatment was maintained at once a day. Discussion: RS is diagnosed by a complete clinical history, using the Rome IV or DSM-5 criteria (figure 3). Due to lack of knowledge of the disease and the fact that regurgitation can be present in other conditions including gastroesophageal reflux disease and achalasia, most patients undergo multiple tests and visit several physicians before reaching the diagnosis1. The gold standard investigation for RS, in cases where there are diagnostic doubts, is HRIM with solid meal administration, that shows a sudden increase in intragastric pressure > 30 mmHg concurrent with a drop in impedance and both simultaneous lower and upper esophageal sphincter relaxation, that may or may not be followed by re-swallowing food2. Rumination episodes can appear spontaneously (type 1) or may be preceded by a reflux episode (type 2) or a supragastric belch (type 3)3. 24-hour impedance pH monitoring cannot confirm de diagnosis, but during rumination, in the majority of episodes, the refluxed material reaches the proximal esophagus2.
PubMed: 38775393
DOI: 10.17235/reed.2024.10413/2024 -
The Journal of Experimental Biology Aug 2023Transient thermophily in ectothermic animals is a common response during substantial physiological events. For example, ectotherms often elevate body temperature after...
Transient thermophily in ectothermic animals is a common response during substantial physiological events. For example, ectotherms often elevate body temperature after ingesting a meal. In particular, the increase in metabolism during the postprandial response of pythons - known as specific dynamic action - is supported by a concurrent increase in preferred temperature. The objective of this study was to determine whether hydration state influences digestion-related behavioral thermophily. Sixteen (8 male and 8 female) Children's pythons (Antaresia childreni) with surgically implanted temperature data loggers were housed individually and provided with a thermal gradient of 25-45°C. Body temperature was recorded hourly beginning 6 days prior to feeding and for 18 days post-feeding, thus covering pre-feeding, postprandial and post-absorptive stages. Each snake underwent this 24 day trial twice, once when hydrated and once when dehydrated. Our results revealed a significant interaction between temperature preference, digestive stage and hydration state. Under both hydrated and dehydrated conditions, snakes similarly increased their body temperature shortly after consuming a meal, but during the later days of the postprandial stage, snakes selected significantly lower (∼1.5°C) body temperature when they were dehydrated compared with when they were hydrated. Our results demonstrate a significant effect of hydration state on postprandial thermophily, but the impact of this dehydration-induced temperature reduction on digestive physiology (e.g. passage time, energy assimilation) is unknown and warrants further study.
Topics: Animals; Female; Male; Temperature; Boidae; Postprandial Period; Snakes
PubMed: 37455645
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245925 -
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine May 2024Functional dyspepsia is defined as persistent symptoms of postprandial bloating, early satiety, or pain in the center of the upper abdomen, without findings on upper... (Review)
Review
Functional dyspepsia is defined as persistent symptoms of postprandial bloating, early satiety, or pain in the center of the upper abdomen, without findings on upper endoscopy such as peptic ulcer disease to explain these symptoms. It is common, affecting up to 30% of the global population, but it often goes undiagnosed for years. There are 2 subtypes: epigastric pain syndrome (burning and pain) and postprandial distress syndrome (bloating and satiety). The authors discuss how to diagnose and treat both subtypes.
Topics: Humans; Dyspepsia; Abdominal Pain; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 38692696
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.91a.23062 -
Nutrients Apr 2024The detrimental impacts of postprandial hyperglycemia on health are a critical concern, and exercise is recognized a pivotal tool in enhancing glycemic control after a... (Review)
Review
The detrimental impacts of postprandial hyperglycemia on health are a critical concern, and exercise is recognized a pivotal tool in enhancing glycemic control after a meal. However, current exercise recommendations for managing postprandial glucose levels remain fairly broad and require deeper clarification. This review examines the existing literature aiming to offer a comprehensive guide for exercise prescription to optimize postprandial glycemic management. Specifically, it considers various exercise parameters (i.e., exercise timing, type, intensity, volume, pattern) for crafting exercise prescriptions. Findings predominantly indicate that moderate-intensity exercise initiated shortly after meals may substantially improve glucose response to a meal in healthy individuals and those with type 2 diabetes. Moreover, incorporating short activity breaks throughout the exercise session may provide additional benefits for reducing glucose response.
Topics: Humans; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Exercise; Exercise Therapy; Glycemic Control; Hyperglycemia; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 38674861
DOI: 10.3390/nu16081170