-
Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach,... Aug 2023Diffractive optical networks provide rich opportunities for visual computing tasks. Here, data-class-specific transformations that are all-optically performed between...
Diffractive optical networks provide rich opportunities for visual computing tasks. Here, data-class-specific transformations that are all-optically performed between the input and output fields-of-view (FOVs) of a diffractive network are presented. The visual information of the objects is encoded into the amplitude (A), phase (P), or intensity (I) of the optical field at the input, which is all-optically processed by a data-class-specific diffractive network. At the output, an image sensor-array directly measures the transformed patterns, all-optically encrypted using the transformation matrices preassigned to different data classes, i.e., a separate matrix for each data class. The original input images can be recovered by applying the correct decryption key (the inverse transformation) corresponding to the matching data class, while applying any other key will lead to loss of information. All-optical class-specific transformations covering A → A, I → I, and P → I transformations using various image datasets are numerically demonstrated. The feasibility of this framework is also experimentally validated by fabricating class-specific I → I transformation diffractive networks and is successfully tested at different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, i.e., 1550 nm and 0.75 mm wavelengths. Data-class-specific all-optical transformations provide a fast and energy-efficient method for image and data encryption, enhancing data security and privacy.
PubMed: 37186024
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202212091 -
Physical Review Letters Nov 2023The prevalence of quantum crosstalk in current quantum devices poses challenges for achieving high-fidelity quantum logic operations and reliable quantum processing....
The prevalence of quantum crosstalk in current quantum devices poses challenges for achieving high-fidelity quantum logic operations and reliable quantum processing. Through quantum control theory, we develop an analytical condition for achieving crosstalk-robust single-qubit control of multiqubit systems. We examine the effects of quantum crosstalk via a cumulant expansion and develop a condition to suppress the leading order contributions to the dynamics. The efficacy of the condition is illustrated in the domains of quantum state preservation and noise characterization through the development of crosstalk-robust dynamical decoupling and quantum noise spectroscopy (QNS) protocols. Using the IBM Quantum Experience, crosstalk-robust state preservation is demonstrated on 27 qubits, where up to a 3.5× improvement in coherence decay is observed for single-qubit product and multipartite entangled states. Through the use of noise injection, we demonstrate crosstalk-robust dephasing QNS on a seven qubit processor, where a 10^{4} improvement in reconstruction accuracy over alternative protocols is found. Together, these experiments highlight the significant impact the crosstalk suppression condition can have on improving multiqubit characterization and control on current quantum devices.
PubMed: 38072604
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.210802 -
Advanced Science (Weinheim,... Mar 2024Soft metamaterials have attracted extensive attention due to their remarkable properties. These materials hold the potential to program and control the morphing behavior...
Soft metamaterials have attracted extensive attention due to their remarkable properties. These materials hold the potential to program and control the morphing behavior of soft machines, however, their combination is limited by the poor reprogrammability of metamaterials and incompatible communication between them. Here, printable and recyclable soft metamaterials possessing reprogrammable embedded intelligence to regulate the morphing of soft machines are introduced. These metamaterials are constructed from interconnected and periodically arranged logic unit cells that are able to perform compound logic operations coupling multiplication and negation. The scalable computation capacity of the unit cell empowers it to simultaneously process multiple fluidic signals with different types and magnitudes, thereby allowing the execution of sophisticated and high-level control operations. By establishing the laws of physical Boolean algebra and formulating a universal design route, soft metamaterials capable of diverse logic operations can be readily created and reprogrammed. Besides, the metamaterials' potential of directly serving as fluidic processors for soft machines is validated by constructing a soft latched demultiplexer, soft controllers capable of universal and customizable morphing programming, and a reprogrammable processor without reconnection. This work provides a facile way to create reprogrammable soft fluidic control systems to meet on-demand requirements in dynamic situations.
PubMed: 38161221
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305501 -
Journal of Experimental Botany Jul 2023The fascination produced by the possibility of engineering plants with augmented capabilities has accompanied plant biotechnology since its origins. This prospect has... (Review)
Review
The fascination produced by the possibility of engineering plants with augmented capabilities has accompanied plant biotechnology since its origins. This prospect has become even more relevant in present times under the pressure imposed by climate change and population growth. Today's plant biotechnologists approach this challenge with the tools of synthetic biology, which facilitate the assembly of synthetic gene circuits (SGCs) from their modular components. Transcriptional SGCs take environmental or endogenous inputs and operate them using transcriptional signals in ways that do not necessarily occur in nature, generating new physiological outputs. Many genetic components have been developed over the years that can be employed in the design and construction of plant SGCs. This review aims to provide an updated view of the components available, proposing a general scheme that facilitates the classification of circuit components in sensor, processor, and actuator modules. Following this analogy, we review the latest advances in the design of SGCs and discuss the main challenges ahead.
Topics: Genes, Synthetic; Gene Regulatory Networks; Biotechnology; Plants; Synthetic Biology
PubMed: 37204924
DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad167 -
Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics... Jan 2024We introduce Branched Latent Neural Maps (BLNMs) to learn finite dimensional input-output maps encoding complex physical processes. A BLNM is defined by a simple and...
We introduce Branched Latent Neural Maps (BLNMs) to learn finite dimensional input-output maps encoding complex physical processes. A BLNM is defined by a simple and compact feedforward partially-connected neural network that structurally disentangles inputs with different intrinsic roles, such as the time variable from model parameters of a differential equation, while transferring them into a generic field of interest. BLNMs leverage latent outputs to enhance the learned dynamics and break the curse of dimensionality by showing excellent in-distribution generalization properties with small training datasets and short training times on a single processor. Indeed, their in-distribution generalization error remains comparable regardless of the adopted discretization during the testing phase. Moreover, the partial connections, in place of a fully-connected structure, significantly reduce the number of tunable parameters. We show the capabilities of BLNMs in a challenging test case involving biophysically detailed electrophysiology simulations in a biventricular cardiac model of a pediatric patient with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The model includes a 1D Purkinje network for fast conduction and a 3D heart-torso geometry. Specifically, we trained BLNMs on 150 in silico generated 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) while spanning 7 model parameters, covering cell-scale, organ-level and electrical dyssynchrony. Although the 12-lead ECGs manifest very fast dynamics with sharp gradients, after automatic hyperparameter tuning the optimal BLNM, trained in less than 3 hours on a single CPU, retains just 7 hidden layers and 19 neurons per layer. The resulting mean square error is on the order of on an independent test dataset comprised of 50 additional electrophysiology simulations. In the online phase, the BLNM allows for 5000x faster real-time simulations of cardiac electrophysiology on a single core standard computer and can be employed to solve inverse problems via global optimization in a few seconds of computational time. This paper provides a novel computational tool to build reliable and efficient reduced-order models for digital twinning in engineering applications. The Julia implementation is publicly available under MIT License at https://github.com/StanfordCBCL/BLNM.jl.
PubMed: 37872974
DOI: 10.1016/j.cma.2023.116499 -
Neuroscience Research Nov 2023The retinal neuronal circuit is the first stage of visual processing in the central nervous system. The efforts of scientists over the last few decades indicate that the... (Review)
Review
The retinal neuronal circuit is the first stage of visual processing in the central nervous system. The efforts of scientists over the last few decades indicate that the retina is not merely an array of photosensitive cells, but also a processor that performs various computations. Within a thickness of only ∼200 µm, the retina consists of diverse forms of neuronal circuits, each of which encodes different visual features. Since the discovery of direction-selective cells by Horace Barlow and Richard Hill, the mechanisms that generate direction selectivity in the retina have remained a fascinating research topic. This review provides an overview of recent advances in our understanding of direction-selectivity circuits. Beyond the conventional wisdom of direction selectivity, emerging findings indicate that the retina utilizes complicated and sophisticated mechanisms in which excitatory and inhibitory pathways are involved in the efficient encoding of motion information. As will become evident, the discovery of computational motifs in the retina facilitates an understanding of how sensory systems establish feature selectivity.
Topics: Retinal Ganglion Cells; Retina; Visual Perception; Central Nervous System; Visual Pathways; Motion Perception
PubMed: 37352934
DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.06.003 -
Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE Aug 2023Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells represent a promising immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of various malignant and non-malignant diseases. CAR-T cells...
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells represent a promising immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of various malignant and non-malignant diseases. CAR-T cells are genetically modified T cells that express a chimeric protein that recognizes and binds to a cell surface target, resulting in the killing of the target cell. Traditional CAR-T cell manufacturing methods are labor-intensive, expensive, and may carry the risk of contamination. The CliniMACS Prodigy, an automated cell processor, allows for manufacturing cell therapy products at a clinical scale in a closed system, minimizing the risk of contamination. Processing occurs semi-automatically under the control of a computer and thus minimizes human involvement in the process, which saves time and reduces variability and errors. This manuscript and video describes the T cell transduction (TCT) process for manufacturing CAR-T cells using this processor. The TCT process involves CD4+/CD8+ T cell enrichment, activation, transduction with a viral vector, expansion, and harvest. Using the Activity Matrix, a functionality that allows ordering and timing of these steps, the TCT process can be customized extensively. We provide a walk-through of CAR-T cell manufacturing in compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) and discuss required release testing and preclinical experiments that will support an Investigational New Drug (IND) application. We demonstrate the feasibility and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using a semi-automatic process for clinical CAR-T cell manufacturing. Finally, we describe an ongoing investigator-initiated clinical trial that targets pediatric B-cell malignancies [NCT05480449] as an example of how this manufacturing process can be applied in a clinical setting.
Topics: Child; Humans; Receptors, Chimeric Antigen; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cell Membrane; B-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 37607096
DOI: 10.3791/65488 -
The Journal of International Advanced... Nov 2023RONDO 2 is a lightweight, compact, wirelessly charged, and fully integrated single-unit speech processor. Single-unit processors provide an effective and convenient...
BACKGROUND
RONDO 2 is a lightweight, compact, wirelessly charged, and fully integrated single-unit speech processor. Single-unit processors provide an effective and convenient alternative to behind-the-ear processors for adults. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate if RONDO 2 is suitable for and did not compromise the hearing performance of young children in everyday life.
METHODS
Thirteen children aged -lt;4 years were fitted with the RONDO 2 speech processor at the first activation of the cochlear implant. They were evaluated with the LittlEARS® Auditory Questionnaire, LittlEARS® Early Speech Production Questionnaire, and the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale 12 pre-implantation. In addition to these measures, they were evaluated with the Audio Processor Satisfaction Questionnaire post-implantation. Duration of daily use and troubleshooting data were acquired. Evaluation occurred at 4 time points: before implantation and 1, 3, and 12 months post-initial activation.
RESULTS
Ten out of 13 children continued using RONDO 2 after the study. Twelve months after implantation, they used it on average 11.6 hours per day and had an average Audio Processor Satisfaction Questionnaire score of 9.1 out of 10. Average hearing performance scores continuously improved throughout the follow-up period across measures. Twelve months after implantation, the mean scores were 30.1 out of 35 for the LittlEARS® Auditory Questionnaire, 19.9 out of 27 for the LittlEARS® Early Speech Production Questionnaire, and 7.4 out of 10 for the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale 12.
CONCLUSION
Participants demonstrated high levels of satisfaction and good hearing performance with RONDO 2, which indicates that this single-unit processor could be a viable and comfortable alternative to behind-the-ear processors in young children, although larger controlled experiments are warranted.
Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Child, Preschool; Cochlear Implants; Cochlear Implantation; Hearing; Speech Perception; Hearing Tests
PubMed: 38088315
DOI: 10.5152/iao.2023.22979 -
Nature Communications May 2024Frequency combs, specialized laser sources emitting multiple equidistant frequency lines, have revolutionized science and technology with unprecedented precision and...
Frequency combs, specialized laser sources emitting multiple equidistant frequency lines, have revolutionized science and technology with unprecedented precision and versatility. Recently, integrated frequency combs are emerging as scalable solutions for on-chip photonics. Here, we demonstrate a fully integrated superconducting microcomb that is easy to manufacture, simple to operate, and consumes ultra-low power. Our turnkey apparatus comprises a basic nonlinear superconducting device, a Josephson junction, directly coupled to a superconducting microstrip resonator. We showcase coherent comb generation through self-started mode-locking. Therefore, comb emission is initiated solely by activating a DC bias source, with power consumption as low as tens of picowatts. The resulting comb spectrum resides in the microwave domain and spans multiple octaves. The linewidths of all comb lines can be narrowed down to 1 Hz through a unique coherent injection-locking technique. Our work represents a critical step towards fully integrated microwave photonics and offers the potential for integrated quantum processors.
PubMed: 38740761
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48224-1 -
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing :... 2024We present a plug-and-play Image Signal Processor (ISP) for image enhancement to better produce diverse image styles than the previous works. Our proposed method,...
We present a plug-and-play Image Signal Processor (ISP) for image enhancement to better produce diverse image styles than the previous works. Our proposed method, ContRollable Image Signal Processor (CRISP), explicitly controls the parameters of the ISP that determine output image styles. ISP parameters for high-quality (HQ) image styles are encoded into low-dimensional latent codes, allowing fast and easy style adjustments. We empirically show that CRISP covers a wide range of image styles with high efficiency. On the MIT-Adobe FiveK dataset, CRISP can very closely estimate the reference styles produced by human experts and achieves better MOS with diverse image styles. Compared with the state-of-the-art method, our ISP comprises only 19 parameters, allowing CRISP to have 2× smaller parameters and 100× reduced FLOPs for an image output. CRISP outperforms previous works in PSNR and FLOPs with several scenarios for style adjustments.
PubMed: 37603486
DOI: 10.1109/TIP.2023.3305816