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Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2024Seed storage underpins global agriculture and the seed trade and revealing the mechanisms of seed aging is essential for enhancing seed longevity management. Safflower...
Seed storage underpins global agriculture and the seed trade and revealing the mechanisms of seed aging is essential for enhancing seed longevity management. Safflower is a multipurpose oil crop, rich in unsaturated fatty acids that are at high risk of peroxidation as a contributory factor to seed aging. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for safflower seed viability loss are not yet elucidated. We used controlled deterioration (CDT) conditions of 60% relative humidity and 50 °C to reduce germination in freshly harvested safflower seeds and analyzed aged seeds using biochemical and molecular techniques. While seed malondialdehyde (MDA) and fatty acid content increased significantly during CDT, catalase activity and soluble sugar content decreased. KEGG analysis of gene function and qPCR validation indicated that aging severely impaired several key functional and biosynthetic pathways including glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, antioxidant activity, and DNA replication and repair. Furthermore, exogenous sucrose and diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate (DA-6) treatment partially promoted germination in aged seeds, further demonstrating the vital role of impaired sugar and fatty acid metabolism during the aging and recovery processes. We concluded that energy metabolism and genetic integrity are impaired during aging, which contributes to the loss of seed vigor. Such energy metabolic pathways as glycolysis, fatty acid degradation, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) are impaired, especially fatty acids produced by the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols during aging, as they are not efficiently converted to sucrose via the glyoxylate cycle to provide energy supply for safflower seed germination and seedling growth. At the same time, the reduced capacity for nucleotide synthesis capacity and the deterioration of DNA repair ability further aggravate the damage to DNA, reducing seed vitality.
PubMed: 38475505
DOI: 10.3390/plants13050659 -
Microorganisms Oct 2023Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is perceived to protect the body from metabolic diseases. This study was conducted to determine the effect () on CLA production and...
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is perceived to protect the body from metabolic diseases. This study was conducted to determine the effect () on CLA production and sensory characteristics of cheddar cheese. can convert linoleic acid (LA) to CLA. To increase CLA in cheddar cheese and monitor the conversion of LA to CLA by , the LA content of cheese milk (3.4% fat) was increased by partially replacing fat with safflower oil (85% LA of oil) at 0, 3, 6, and 9% concentrations (T, T, T, and T). Furthermore, 10 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL (8 log CFU mL) was added in all treatments along with traditional cheddar cheese culture ( ssp. and ssp. ). After 30 days of ripening, in T, T, T, and T was 6.75, 6.72, 6.65, and 6.55 log CFU g. After 60 days of ripening, in T, T, T, and T was 6.35, 6.27, 6.19, and 6.32 log CFU g. After 60 days of ripening, in T, T, T, and T was 6.41, 6.25, 6.69, and 6.65 log CFU g. GC-MS analysis showed that concentrations of CLA in the 90 days' control, T, T, T, and T were 1.18, 2.73, 4.44, 6.24, and 9.57 mg/100 g, respectively. HPLC analysis revealed that treatments containing and LA presented higher concentrations of organic acids than the control sample. The addition of safflower oil at all concentrations did not affect cheese composition, free fatty acids (FFA), and the peroxide value (POV) of cheddar cheese. Color flavor and texture scores of experimental cheeses were not different from the control cheese. It was concluded that and safflower oil can be used to increase CLA production in cheddar cheese.
PubMed: 37894271
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102613 -
Dietary flaxseed oil induces production of adiponectin in visceral fat and prevents obesity in mice.Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.) Jan 2024Induction of obesity by dietary fats and oils differs according to the type of fat. Adiponectin is believed to be related to obesity prevention. We hypothesized that...
Induction of obesity by dietary fats and oils differs according to the type of fat. Adiponectin is believed to be related to obesity prevention. We hypothesized that flaxseed oil is important for preventing obesity and producing adiponectin. To clarify this hypothesis, we investigated the relationship between obesity and different fat sources in mice fed diets with 6 types of fat and oils. C57BL/6J mice were given a control diet containing 5% corn oil or a high-fat diet containing 20% of either lard, palm oil, rapeseed oil, oleate-rich safflower oil, corn oil, or flaxseed oil for 14 weeks. In another experiment, mice were given a control diet and rosiglitazone (10 mg/kg body weight) by oral gavage for 1 week. At the end of study, plasma adiponectin and expression of fatty acid metabolism-related factors in white and brown adipose tissue and the liver were measured. Dietary flaxseed oil, which is rich in α-linolenic acid, did not induce obesity. Flaxseed oil resulted in increased β-oxidation-related factors in epididymal white adipose tissue, decreased fatty acid synthesis-related factors in the liver, and thermogenesis-related factor in brown adipose tissue following increase of plasma adiponectin. The results suggested that increase in plasma adiponectin after intake of flaxseed oil may be due to altered expression of AdipoQ and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in epididymal white adipose tissue. Flaxseed oil increased expression of adiponectin in visceral fat and regulated obesity-controlling fatty acid metabolism-related factors in white adipose tissue and liver, and thermogenesis-related factor in brown adipose tissue.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Linseed Oil; Adiponectin; Flax; Corn Oil; Intra-Abdominal Fat; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Obesity; Diet, High-Fat; alpha-Linolenic Acid
PubMed: 38039598
DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.11.004 -
BMC Genomics May 2024Domesticated safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a widely cultivated edible oil crop. However, despite its economic importance, the genetic basis underlying key...
Domesticated safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a widely cultivated edible oil crop. However, despite its economic importance, the genetic basis underlying key traits such as oil content, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and flowering time remains poorly understood. Here, we present the genome assembly for C. tinctorius variety Jihong01, which was obtained by integrating Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) and BGI-SEQ500 sequencing results. The assembled genome was 1,061.1 Mb, and consisted of 32,379 protein-coding genes, 97.71% of which were functionally annotated. Safflower had a recent whole genome duplication (WGD) event in evolution history and diverged from sunflower approximately 37.3 million years ago. Through comparative genomic analysis at five seed development stages, we unveiled the pivotal roles of fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2) and fatty acid desaturase 6 (FAD6) in linoleic acid (LA) biosynthesis. Similarly, the differential gene expression analysis further reinforced the significance of these genes in regulating LA accumulation. Moreover, our investigation of seed fatty acid composition at different seed developmental stages unveiled the crucial roles of FAD2 and FAD6 in LA biosynthesis. These findings offer important insights into enhancing breeding programs for the improvement of quality traits and provide reference resource for further research on the natural properties of safflower.
Topics: Carthamus tinctorius; Genome, Plant; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Fatty Acid Desaturases; Seeds; Genomics; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Molecular Sequence Annotation
PubMed: 38783193
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10405-z -
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry : PPB Jan 2024The physiological and biochemical responses of salt-stressed safflower to elevated CO remain inadequately known. This study investigated the interactive effects of high...
The physiological and biochemical responses of salt-stressed safflower to elevated CO remain inadequately known. This study investigated the interactive effects of high CO concentration (700 ± 50 vs. 400 ± 50 μmol mol) and salinity stress levels (0.4, 6, and 12 dS m, NaCl) on growth and physiological properties of four safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes, under open chamber conditions. Results showed that the effects of CO on biomass of shoot and grains depend on salt stress and plant genotype. Elevated CO conditions increased shoot dry weight under moderate salinity stress and decreased it under severe stress. The increased CO concentration also increased the safflower genotypes' relative water content and their K/Na concentrations. Also enriched CO increased total carotenoid levels in safflower genotypes and improved membrane stability index by reducing HO levels. In addition, increased CO level led to an increase in seed oil content, under both saline and non-saline conditions. This effect was particularly pronounced under severe saline conditions. Under conditions of high CO and salinity, the Koseh genotype exhibited higher grain weight and seed oil content than other genotypes. This advantage is due to the higher relative water content, maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), and K/Na, as well as the lower Na and HO concentrations. Results indicate that the high CO level mitigated the destructive effect of salinity on safflower growth by reducing Na uptake and increasing the Fv/Fm, total soluble carbohydrates, and membrane stability index. This finding can be used in safflower breeding programs to develop cultivars that can thrive in arid regions with changing climatic conditions.
Topics: Carthamus tinctorius; Carbon Dioxide; Hydrogen Peroxide; Plant Breeding; Water; Plant Oils
PubMed: 38070243
DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108242 -
ACS Omega Apr 2024To meet the growing demand for high-purity lactic acid (LA) for biocompatible and biodegradable polymers, LA recovery by green techniques has been attracting the...
To meet the growing demand for high-purity lactic acid (LA) for biocompatible and biodegradable polymers, LA recovery by green techniques has been attracting the attention. This study focuses on the evaluation of vegetable oils as organic phase diluents in complex extraction of LA with an aliphatic tertiary amine extractant, trioctylamine (TOA). Eight vegetable oils were tested, and their performances were evaluated individually and compared with those obtained using 1-octanol. Extraction yields with these oils were similar; however, efficiencies with safflower oil (SFO) were slightly higher than those obtained with other oils tested. Efficiency with SFO + TOA varied inversely with temperature and pH; however, it increased with higher LA and TOA concentrations. Within the ranges of parameters investigated, the highest yield in SFO was 66% and was achieved at the highest TOA (1.0 M) and LA (1.5 M) concentrations. The efficiency obtained in 1-octanol under the identical conditions was 76%. Thus, the yields obtained with SFO + TOA and 1-octanol + TOA were comparable under most of the conditions tested, especially at the higher LA concentrations, which is preferred for commercial production. Following that, >99% of the LA was transferred from the organic phase to the (second) aqueous phase using NaOH (1.0 M) as a stripping agent. The organic phase was tested in subsequent extractions, and yields comparable to those obtained in the first uses were achieved. This study demonstrated that vegetable oils have the potential to be used as organic phase diluents during complex extraction of LA.
PubMed: 38645318
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07988 -
Nutrients Mar 2024Altered intestinal health is also associated with the incidence and severity of many chronic inflammatory conditions, which could be attenuated via dietary -3 PUFA...
Effect of Lifelong Exposure to Dietary Plant and Marine Sources of -3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Morphologic and Gene Expression Biomarkers of Intestinal Health in Early Life.
Altered intestinal health is also associated with the incidence and severity of many chronic inflammatory conditions, which could be attenuated via dietary -3 PUFA interventions. However, little is known about the effect of lifelong exposure to -3 PUFA from plant and marine sources (beginning in utero via the maternal diet) on early life biomarkers of intestinal health. Harems of C57Bl/6 mice were randomly assigned to one of three isocaloric AIN-93G modified diets differing in their fat sources consisting of the following: (i) 10% safflower oil (SO, enriched in -6 PUFA), (ii) 3% flaxseed oil + 7% safflower oil (FX, plant-based -3 PUFA-enriched diet), or (iii) 3% menhaden fish oil + 7% safflower oil (MO, marine-based -3 PUFA-enriched diet). Mothers remained on these diets throughout pregnancy and offspring (n = 14/diet) continued on the same parental diet until termination at 3 weeks of age. In ileum, villi:crypt length ratios were increased in both the FX and MO dietary groups compared to SO ( < 0.05). Ileum mRNA expression of critical intestinal health biomarkers was increased by both -3 PUFA-enriched diets including and compared to SO ( < 0.05), whereas only the FX diet increased mRNA expression of and ( < 0.05) and only the MO diet increased mRNA expression of ( < 0.05). In the proximal colon, both the FX and MO diets increased crypt lengths compared to SO ( < 0.05), whereas only the MO diet increased goblet cell numbers compared to SO ( < 0.05). Further, the MO diet increased proximal colon mRNA expression of and ( < 0.05) and both MO and FX increased mRNA expression of compared to SO ( < 0.05). Collectively, these results demonstrate that lifelong exposure to dietary -3 PUFA, beginning in utero, from both plant and marine sources, can support intestinal health development in early life. The differential effects between plant and marine sources warrants further investigation for optimizing health.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Pregnancy; Female; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Safflower Oil; Fish Oils; Diet; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Biomarkers; Gene Expression; RNA, Messenger; Fatty Acids
PubMed: 38474847
DOI: 10.3390/nu16050719 -
Cancer Prevention Research... May 2024Several studies have indicated a strong link between obesity and the risk of breast cancer. Obesity decreases gut microbial biodiversity and modulates...
Several studies have indicated a strong link between obesity and the risk of breast cancer. Obesity decreases gut microbial biodiversity and modulates Bacteroidetes-to-Firmicutes proportional abundance, suggesting that increased energy-harvesting capacity from indigestible dietary fibers and elevated lipopolysaccharide bioavailability may promote inflammation. To address the limited evidence linking diet-mediated changes in the gut microbiota to breast cancer risk, we aimed to determine how diet affects the microbiome and breast cancer risk. Female 3-week-old BALB/c mice were fed six different diets (control, high-sugar, lard, coconut oil, lard+flaxseed oil, and lard+safflower oil) for 10 weeks. Fecal 16s sequencing was performed for each group. Diet shifted fecal microbiome populations and modulated mammary gland macrophage infiltration. Fecal conditioned media shifted macrophage polarity and inflammation. In our DMBA-induced breast cancer model, diet differentially modulated tumor and mammary gland metabolism. We demonstrated how dietary patterns change metabolic outcomes, and gut microbiota, which may contribute to breast tumor risk. Furthermore, we showed the influence of diet on metabolism, inflammation, and macrophage polarity. This study suggests that dietary-microbiome interactions are key mediators of breast cancer risk.
PubMed: 38701438
DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-24-0055 -
Biomedical Research (Tokyo, Japan) 2024Fish oil (FO) is rich in the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. It has been demonstrated that FO intake possesses lipid-lowering properties. Conversely, a high-cholesterol...
Fish oil (FO) is rich in the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. It has been demonstrated that FO intake possesses lipid-lowering properties. Conversely, a high-cholesterol (CH) diet promotes lipid accumulation in the liver and induces fatty liver. This study investigated the effects of FO feeding on hepatic lipid accumulation induced by high-cholesterol feeding in KK mice. All experimental diets had a fat energy ratio of 25%, the SO group had all fat sources as safflower oil (SO), the 12.5 FO group had half of the SO replaced with FO, and the 25 FO group had all of the SO replaced with FO, each with or without 2 weight % (wt%) cholesterol (SO/CH, 12.5 FO/CH, and 25 FO/CH groups, respectively), for 8 weeks. The hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the 25 FO/CH group than in the SO/CH group. The hepatic mRNAs of fatty acid synthesis-related genes were downregulated by the FO feeding groups. In view of importance to establish the benefit of FO for preventing severe NAFLD, our results suggest that FO intake prevents excessive hepatic fat accumulation induced by a high-cholesterol diet in obese KK mice through the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Fish Oils; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Cholesterol; Fatty Acids; Obesity
PubMed: 38325844
DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.45.33 -
Tropical Animal Health and Production Feb 2024The aim of the current study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of safflower seed (SS) on the growth performance and hematological parameters of...
The aim of the current study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of safflower seed (SS) on the growth performance and hematological parameters of broiler birds along with the physicochemical, textural and sensory attributes of chicken meat. A total of 200 male chickens (7-days-old) were distributed into 5 groups (40 chickens in each) with 5 replicates of 8 chicks in a 42-day experiment. Each group was allocated to one of 5 dietary treatments, i.e., 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% SS. The experimental diets were formulated for starter (7 to 21 days) and finisher (22 to 42 days) phases. Inclusion of SS in the diet improved growth performances in treatment groups between 7 and 42 days. The highest and lowest body weights were observed at the 5% SS and 0% SS levels, respectively. The physicochemical attributes of breast and thigh meat were found (P > 0.05) except for crude fat. The crude fat was significantly (P < 0.05) increased with increasing levels of SS in the diet. The inclusion of SS in the diet did not negatively impact the textural properties, i.e., hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, chewiness, and shear force of breast and thigh meat. There was no significant difference in the sensory parameters of cooked chicken meat with increasing levels of SS in the diet. The results demonstrated a significant (P < 0.01) improvement in hematological parameters in the blood samples of broiler chickens fed diet supplemented with various levels of SS for five weeks. These findings suggest that, SS may be used as an oil seed for broiler chicken feed.
Topics: Animals; Male; Carthamus tinctorius; Chickens; Dietary Supplements; Meat; Seeds
PubMed: 38411734
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03927-x