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SLAS Technology Dec 2023Cholera is a waterborne disease caused by Vibrio cholerae bacteria generally transmitted through contaminated food or water sources. Although it has been eradicated in... (Review)
Review
Cholera is a waterborne disease caused by Vibrio cholerae bacteria generally transmitted through contaminated food or water sources. Although it has been eradicated in most Western countries, cholera continues to be a highly transmitted and lethal disease in several African and Southeast Asian countries. Unfortunately, current diagnostic methods for cholera have challenges including high cost or delayed diagnoses that can lead to increased disease transmission during pandemics, while current treatments such as therapeutic drugs and vaccines have limited efficacy against drug-resistant serogroups of Vibrio cholerae. As such, new solutions that can treat cholera in an efficient manner that avoids Vibrio cholerae's adaptive immunity are needed. Nanoparticles (NPs) are a suitable platform for enhancing current theranostic tools because of their biocompatibility and ability to improve drug circulation and targeting. Nanoparticle surfaces can also be modified with various protein receptors targeting cholera toxins produced by Vibrio cholerae. This review will address recent developments in diagnostics, therapeutics, and prevention against cholera particularly focusing on the use of metal-based nanoparticles and organic nanoparticles. We will then discuss future directions regarding nanoparticle research for cholera.
Topics: Humans; Cholera; Vibrio cholerae; Metal Nanoparticles
PubMed: 37925157
DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2023.10.006 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Oct 2023Polymicrobial infections threaten the health of humans and animals but remain understudied in natural systems. We recently described the Pacific Oyster Mortality...
Polymicrobial infections threaten the health of humans and animals but remain understudied in natural systems. We recently described the Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome (POMS), a polymicrobial disease affecting oyster production worldwide. In the French Atlantic coast, the disease involves coinfection with ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) and virulent . However, it is unknown whether consistent populations are associated with POMS in different regions, how contribute to POMS, and how they interact with OsHV-1 during pathogenesis. By connecting field-based approaches in a Mediterranean ecosystem, laboratory infection assays and functional genomics, we uncovered a web of interdependencies that shape the structure and function of the POMS pathobiota. We show that and are predominant in OsHV-1-diseased oysters and that OsHV-1 drives the partition of the community observed in the field. However only synergizes with OsHV-1 by promoting mutual growth and accelerating oyster death. shows high-virulence potential and dampens oyster cellular defenses through a type 3 secretion system, making oysters a more favorable niche for microbe colonization. In addition, produces a key siderophore called vibrioferrin. This important resource promotes the growth of , which cooccurs with in diseased oysters, and behaves as a cheater by benefiting from metabolite sharing. Our data show that cooperative behaviors contribute to synergy between bacterial and viral coinfecting partners. Additional cheating behaviors further shape the polymicrobial consortium. Controlling cooperative behaviors or countering their effects opens avenues for mitigating polymicrobial diseases.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Ecosystem; Biological Assay; Coinfection; Cooperative Behavior; Ostreidae
PubMed: 37751557
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305195120 -
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences Mar 2024Vibrio species are common inhabitants of aquatic environments and have been described in connection with fish and human diseases. Six Vibrio species were isolated from...
Vibrio species are common inhabitants of aquatic environments and have been described in connection with fish and human diseases. Six Vibrio species were isolated from diseased freshwater and ornamental fish in Poland. The strains were identified based on morphological and biochemical characteristics and confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) as V. albensis (n=3) from Gymnocephalus cernua, Sander lucioperca, Paracheirodon innesi, and Xiphophorus hellerii; V. mimicus (n=1) from Xiphophorus maculatus; and V. vulnificus (n=1) from Nematobrycon palmeri. This is the first time that Vibrio species have been isolated and described from ornamental fish in Poland. The isolates were resistant to ampicillin (83.3%), gentamicin (16.6%), ciprofloxacin (16.6%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (16.6%), and chloramphenicol (16.6%). The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was 0.00-0.08 for V. albensis, 0.17 for V. mimicus, and 0.33 for V. vulnificus. Our study confirmed the presence of potentially pathogenic Vibrio species in freshwater and ornamental fish. Therefore, further monitoring of the presence of Vibrio species, mainly in ornamental fish, is necessary.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Poland; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio; Fishes; Fresh Water
PubMed: 38511636
DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2024.149341 -
Cell Reports Nov 2023Vibrio cholerae is an aquatic bacterium that causes severe and potentially deadly diarrheal disease. Despite the impact on global health, our understanding of host...
Vibrio cholerae is an aquatic bacterium that causes severe and potentially deadly diarrheal disease. Despite the impact on global health, our understanding of host mucosal responses to Vibrio remains limited, highlighting a knowledge gap critical for the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies. Using a natural infection model, we combine physiological and single-cell transcriptomic studies to characterize conventionally reared adult zebrafish guts and guts challenged with Vibrio. We demonstrate that Vibrio causes a mild mucosal immune response characterized by T cell activation and enhanced antigen capture; Vibrio suppresses host interferon signaling; and ectopic activation of interferon alters the course of infection. We show that the adult zebrafish gut shares similarities with mammalian counterparts, including the presence of Best4 cells, tuft cells, and a population of basal cycling cells. These findings provide important insights into host-pathogen interactions and emphasize the utility of zebrafish as a natural model of Vibrio infection.
Topics: Animals; Cholera; Zebrafish; Vibrio cholerae; Intestines; Interferons; Mammals
PubMed: 37948182
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113407 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2023is a gram-negative, opportunistic pathogen common to warm waters worldwide. Human infection is rare and typically affects those residing in coastal areas during the...
BACKGROUND
is a gram-negative, opportunistic pathogen common to warm waters worldwide. Human infection is rare and typically affects those residing in coastal areas during the summer months, but it causes rapid deterioration and is fatal.
METHODS
The medical records of six patients with sepsis caused by infection who were treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University from 2020 to 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. The patient demographics, clinical symptoms, laboratory test results, treatments, and outcomes are summarized.
RESULTS
infection was confirmed by blood or pus culture, 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing, and metagenomic next-generation sequencing. All six patients were male with pre-existing liver diseases and two reported consuming seafood before the onset of symptoms. Of the six patients, four succumbed to the disease, two recovered, and one underwent leg amputation.
CONCLUSION
infection progresses rapidly and is highly fatal, thus prompt and aggressive treatment is necessary. infection should be considered in older (>40 years) patients with a history of liver disease and recent consumption of seafood or exposure to seawater, especially those residing in coastal areas during the summer months.
PubMed: 37469427
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1220526 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Aug 2023
Topics: Humans; Cholera; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 37580086
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.p1831 -
Scientific Reports Sep 2023Vibrio species can cause foodborne infections and lead to serious gastrointestinal illnesses. The purpose of this research was to detect the Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio...
Vibrio species can cause foodborne infections and lead to serious gastrointestinal illnesses. The purpose of this research was to detect the Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw milk, dairy products, and water samples. Also, it investigated the virulence factors, antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation in isolated bacteria. Conventional and molecular approaches were used to identify the isolates in this study. Vibrio species were detected in 5% of the samples. Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were isolated from 1.25 and 1.5%, respectively, of the total samples. Penicillin resistance was detected in all strains of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, with a MAR index ranging from 0.16 to 0.5. Four isolates were moderate biofilm producer and three of them were MDR. When Vibrio cholerae was screened for virulence genes, ctxAB, hlyA, and tcpA were found in 80, 60, and 80% of isolates, respectively. However, tdh + /trh + associated-virulence genes were found in 33.3% of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates.
Topics: Vibrio cholerae; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Biofilms; Cell Aggregation; Water
PubMed: 37717062
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42334-4 -
Microorganisms Apr 2024Bacteria in the genus are ubiquitous in estuarine and coastal waters. Some species (including and are known human pathogens causing ailments like cholera, diarrhea,...
Bacteria in the genus are ubiquitous in estuarine and coastal waters. Some species (including and are known human pathogens causing ailments like cholera, diarrhea, or septicemia. Notably, can also cause a severe systemic infection (known as vibriosis) in eels raised in aquaculture facilities. Water samples were periodically collected from the estuary of the Asahi River, located in the southern part of Okayama City, Japan. These samples were directly plated onto CHROMagar Vibrio plates, and colonies displaying turquoise-blue coloration were selected. Thereafter, polymerase chain reaction was used to identify and . A total of 30 strains and 194 strains were isolated during the warm season when the water temperature (WT) was higher than 20 °C. Concurrently, an increase in coliforms was observed during this period. Notably, has two genotypes, designated as genotype 1 and genotype 2. Genotype 1 is pathogenic to humans, while genotype 2 is pathogenic to both humans and eels. The loop-mediated isothermal amplification method was developed to rapidly determine genotypes at a low cost. Of the 194 strains isolated, 80 (41.2%) were identified as genotype 1 strains. Among the 41 strains isolated when the WTs were higher than 28 °C, 25 strains (61.0%) belonged to genotype 1. In contrast, of the 32 strains isolated when the WTs were lower than 24 °C, 27 strains (84.4%) belonged to genotype 2. These results suggest that the distribution of the two genotypes was influenced by WT.
PubMed: 38792707
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050877 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Aug 2023Since February 2022, Malawi has experienced a cholera outbreak of >54,000 cases. We investigated 6 cases in South Africa and found that isolates linked to the outbreak...
Since February 2022, Malawi has experienced a cholera outbreak of >54,000 cases. We investigated 6 cases in South Africa and found that isolates linked to the outbreak were Vibrio cholerae O1 serotype Ogawa from seventh pandemic El Tor sublineage AFR15, indicating a new introduction of cholera into Africa from south Asia.
Topics: Humans; Cholera; South Africa; Vibrio cholerae O1; Asia, Southern; Malawi; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 37352549
DOI: 10.3201/eid2908.230750 -
Developmental and Comparative Immunology Nov 2023Lysin motif (LysM) is a functional domain that can bind to peptidoglycans, chitin and their derivatives. The LysM-containing proteins participate in multiple biological...
Lysin motif (LysM) is a functional domain that can bind to peptidoglycans, chitin and their derivatives. The LysM-containing proteins participate in multiple biological processes, such as the hydrolysis of bacterial cell walls and the perception of PAMPs in plants and high animals. In the present study, two genes encoding LysM-containing proteins, designated as LvLysM1 and LvLysM2, were identified in the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and their functions during Vibrio infection were analyzed. The open-reading frame (ORF) of LvLysM1 was 795 bp, only encoding a LysM domain at the N-terminal region. The ORF of LvLysM2 was 834 bp, encoding a LysM domain at the central region and a transmembrane region at the C-terminal region. Both LvLysM1 and LvLysM2 were widely transcribed in all tested shrimp tissues. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that the recombinant protein of LvLysM2 could bind to different bacterial polysaccharides, while LvLysM1 showed no direct binding activity. The transcripts of LvLysMs in gills increased significantly after infection with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. When LvLysM1 or LvLysM2 was knocked down by dsRNA, the mortality of shrimp was significantly increased after infection with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Interestingly, some SNPs existed in these two genes were apparently correlated with the Vp resistance of shrimp. These results suggested that LvLysM1 and LvLysM2 might contribute to the disease resistance of shrimp. The data provide new knowledge about the function of LysM-containing proteins in shrimp and potential genetic markers for disease resistance breeding.
Topics: Animals; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Disease Resistance; Arthropod Proteins; Immunity, Innate; Vibrio Infections; Protein Domains; Penaeidae
PubMed: 37536402
DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104900