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PloS One 2023The current study determines the density of Vibrio spp. and isolates V. cholerae and Vibrio mimicus from fish-anatomical-sites, prawn, crab and mussel samples recovered...
Antibiotic resistance and virulence genes profiling of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio mimicus isolates from some seafood collected at the aquatic environment and wet markets in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.
The current study determines the density of Vibrio spp. and isolates V. cholerae and Vibrio mimicus from fish-anatomical-sites, prawn, crab and mussel samples recovered from fish markets, freshwater and brackish water. Virulence and antibiotic resistance profiling of isolates were carried out using standard molecular and microbiology techniques. Vibrio spp. was detected in more than 90% of samples [134/144] and its density was significantly more in fish than in other samples. Vibrio. cholerae and V. mimicus were isolated in at least one sample of each sample type with higher isolation frequency in fish samples. All the V. cholerae isolates belong to non-O1/non-O139 serogroup. One or more V. cholerae isolates exhibited intermediate or resistance against each of the eighteen panels of antibiotics used but 100% of the V. mimicus were susceptible to amikacin, gentamycin and chloramphenicol. Vibrio cholerae exhibited relatively high resistance against polymyxin, ampicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanate while V. mimicus isolates exhibited relatively high resistance against nitrofurantoin, ampicillin and polymixin. The multiple-antibiotic-resistance-index [MARI] for isolates ranges between 0 and 0.67 and 48% of the isolates have MARI that is >0.2 while 55% of the isolates exhibit MultiDrug Resistance Phenotypes. The percentage detection of acc, ant, drf18, sul1, mcr-1, blasvh, blaoxa, blatem, blaoxa48, gyrA, gyrB and parC resistance-associated genes were 2%, 9%, 14%, 7%, 2%, 25%, 7%, 2%, 2%, 32%, 25% and 27% respectively while that for virulence-associated genes in increasing other was ace [2%], tcp [11%], vpi [16%], ompU [34%], toxR [43%], rtxC [70%], rtxA [73%] and hyla [77%]. The study confirmed the potential of environmental non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae and V. mimicus to cause cholera-like infection and other vibriosis which could be difficult to manage with commonly recommended antibiotics. Thus, regular monitoring of the environment to create necessary awareness for this kind of pathogens is important in the interest of public health.
Topics: Animals; Vibrio cholerae; Vibrio mimicus; South Africa; Virulence; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ampicillin; Polymyxins; Drug Resistance, Microbial
PubMed: 37616193
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290356 -
Cell Reports Feb 2024To maintain an effective barrier, intestinal progenitor cells must divide at a rate that matches the loss of dead and dying cells. Otherwise, epithelial breaches expose...
To maintain an effective barrier, intestinal progenitor cells must divide at a rate that matches the loss of dead and dying cells. Otherwise, epithelial breaches expose the host to systemic infection by gut-resident microbes. Unlike most pathogens, Vibrio cholerae blocks tissue repair by arresting progenitor proliferation in the Drosophila model. At present, we do not understand how V. cholerae circumvents such a critical antibacterial defense. We find that V. cholerae blocks epithelial repair by activating the growth inhibitor bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway in progenitors. Specifically, we show that interactions between V. cholerae and gut commensals initiate BMP signaling via host innate immune defenses. Notably, we find that V. cholerae also activates BMP and arrests proliferation in zebrafish intestines, indicating an evolutionarily conserved link between infection and failure in tissue repair. Our study highlights how enteric pathogens engage host immune and growth regulatory pathways to disrupt intestinal epithelial repair.
Topics: Animals; Zebrafish; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; Drosophila; Vibrio cholerae; Cell Proliferation
PubMed: 38340318
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113750 -
Fish & Shellfish Immunology Sep 2023The common Chinese cuttlefish (Sepiella japonica) is an essential species for stock enhancement by releasing juveniles in the East China Sea now. S. japonica is...
Molecular characterization and expression of twenty interleukin-17 transcripts in the common Chinese cuttlefish (Sepiella japonica) in response to Vibrio harveyi infection.
The common Chinese cuttlefish (Sepiella japonica) is an essential species for stock enhancement by releasing juveniles in the East China Sea now. S. japonica is susceptible to bacterial diseases during parental breeding. In vertebrates, Interleukin-17 (IL-17) cytokine family plays critical roles in both acute and chronic inflammatory responses. In Cephalopoda, few studies have been reported on IL-17 genes so far. In this study, twenty IL-17 transcripts obtained from S. japonica were divided into eight groups (designated as Sj_IL-17-1 to Sj_IL-17-8). Multiple alignment analysis showed that IL-17s in S. japonica and human both contained four β-folds (β1-β4), except for Sj_IL-17-6 with two β-folds (β1 and β2), and the third and fourth β-folds of Sj_IL-17-5 and Sj_IL-17-8 were longer than those of other Sj_IL-17. Protein structure and conserved motifs analysis demonstrated that Sj_IL-17-5 and Sj_IL-17-6 displayed different protein structure with respect to other six Sj_IL-17 proteins. The homology and phylogenetic analysis of amino acids showed that Sj_IL-17-5, Sj_IL-17-6 and Sj_IL-17-8 had low homology with the other five Sj_IL-17s. Eight Sj_IL-17 mRNAs were ubiquitously expressed in ten examined tissues, with dominant expression in the hemolymph. qRT-PCR data showed that the mRNA expression levels of Sj_IL-17-2, Sj_IL-17-3, Sj_IL-17-6, and Sj_IL-17-8 were significantly up-regulated in infected cuttlefishes, and Sj_IL-17-2, Sj_IL-17-6, Sj_IL-17-7, and Sj_IL-17-8 mRNAs Awere significantly up-regulated after bath infection of Vibrio harveyi, suggesting that certain Sj_IL-17s were involved in the immune response of S. japonica against V. harveyi infection. These results implied that Sj_IL-17s were likely to have distinct functional diversification. This study aims to understand the involvement of Sj_IL-17 genes in immune responses of cuttlefish against bacterial infections.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Decapodiformes; Interleukin-17; Phylogeny; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections; China
PubMed: 37423402
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108903 -
The Journal of Biological Chemistry Sep 2023The vertebrate host's immune system and resident commensal bacteria deploy a range of highly reactive small molecules that provide a barrier against infections by...
The vertebrate host's immune system and resident commensal bacteria deploy a range of highly reactive small molecules that provide a barrier against infections by microbial pathogens. Gut pathogens, such as Vibrio cholerae, sense and respond to these stressors by modulating the expression of exotoxins that are crucial for colonization. Here, we employ mass spectrometry-based profiling, metabolomics, expression assays, and biophysical approaches to show that transcriptional activation of the hemolysin gene hlyA in V. cholerae is regulated by intracellular forms of sulfur with sulfur-sulfur bonds, termed reactive sulfur species (RSS). We first present a comprehensive sequence similarity network analysis of the arsenic repressor superfamily of transcriptional regulators, where RSS and hydrogen peroxide sensors segregate into distinct clusters of sequences. We show that HlyU, transcriptional activator of hlyA in V. cholerae, belongs to the RSS-sensing cluster and readily reacts with organic persulfides, showing no reactivity or DNA dissociation following treatment with glutathione disulfide or hydrogen peroxide. Surprisingly, in V. cholerae cell cultures, both sulfide and peroxide treatment downregulate HlyU-dependent transcriptional activation of hlyA. However, RSS metabolite profiling shows that both sulfide and peroxide treatment raise the endogenous inorganic sulfide and disulfide levels to a similar extent, accounting for this crosstalk, and confirming that V. cholerae attenuates HlyU-mediated activation of hlyA in a specific response to intracellular RSS. These findings provide new evidence that gut pathogens may harness RSS-sensing as an evolutionary adaptation that allows them to overcome the gut inflammatory response by modulating the expression of exotoxins.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Exotoxins; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Hemolysin Proteins; Hydrogen Peroxide; Transcriptional Activation; Vibrio cholerae; Disulfides; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Intracellular Space; Mass Spectrometry; Metabolomics; Glutathione Disulfide; Gastrointestinal Microbiome
PubMed: 37567478
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105147 -
MicrobiologyOpen Oct 2023Rifampicin resistance, which is genetically linked to mutations in the RNA polymerase β-subunit gene rpoB, has a global impact on bacterial transcription and cell...
Rifampicin resistance, which is genetically linked to mutations in the RNA polymerase β-subunit gene rpoB, has a global impact on bacterial transcription and cell physiology. Previously, we identified a substitution of serine 522 in RpoB (i.e., RpoB ) conferring rifampicin resistance to Vibrio vulnificus, a human food-borne and wound-infecting pathogen associated with a high mortality rate. Transcriptional and physiological analysis of V. vulnificus expressing RpoB showed increased basal transcription of stress-related genes and global virulence regulators. Phenotypically these transcriptional changes manifest as disturbed osmo-stress responses and toxin-associated hypervirulence as shown by reduced hypoosmotic-stress resistance and enhanced cytotoxicity of the RpoB strain. These results suggest that RpoB-linked rifampicin resistance has a significant impact on V. vulnificus survival in the environment and during infection.
Topics: Humans; Rifampin; Vibrio vulnificus; Bacterial Proteins; Mutation; Virulence; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases
PubMed: 37877661
DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1379 -
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science... Jan 2024Vibrio spp., known human foodborne pathogens, thrive in freshwater, estuaries, and marine settings, causing vibriosis upon ingestion. The rising global vibriosis cases... (Review)
Review
Vibrio spp., known human foodborne pathogens, thrive in freshwater, estuaries, and marine settings, causing vibriosis upon ingestion. The rising global vibriosis cases due to climate change necessitate a deeper understanding of Vibrio epidemiology and human transmission. This review delves into Vibrio contamination in seafood, scrutinizing its sources and pathways. We comprehensively assess the contamination of human-pathogenic Vibrio in the seafood chain, covering raw materials to processed products. A "Farm-to-Fork" approach, aligned with the One Health concept, is essential for grasping the complex nature of Vibrio contamination. Vibrio's widespread presence in natural and farmed aquatic environments establishes them as potential entry points into the seafood chain. Environmental factors, including climate, human activities, and wildlife, influence contamination sources and routes, underscoring the need to understand the origin and transmission of pathogens in raw seafood. Once within the seafood chain, the formation of protective biofilms on various surfaces in production and processing poses significant food safety risks, necessitating proper cleaning and disinfection to prevent microbial residue. In addition, inadequate seafood handling, from inappropriate processing procedures to cross-contamination via pests or seafood handlers, significantly contributes to Vibrio food contamination, thus warranting attention to reduce risks. Information presented here support the imperative for proactive measures, robust research, and interdisciplinary collaboration in order to effectively mitigate the risks posed by human pathogenic Vibrio contamination, safeguarding public health and global food security. This review serves as a crucial resource for researchers, industrials, and policymakers, equipping them with the knowledge to develop biosecurity measures associated with Vibrio-contaminated seafood.
Topics: Humans; Seafood; Farms; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections; Food Contamination
PubMed: 38284576
DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13283 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Oct 2023Cholera is a major public health problem in developing and underdeveloped countries; however, it remains of concern to developed countries such as Australia as...
Cholera is a major public health problem in developing and underdeveloped countries; however, it remains of concern to developed countries such as Australia as international travel-related or locally acquired cholera or diarrheal disease cases are still reported. Cholera is mainly caused by cholera toxin (CT) producing toxigenic O1 and O139 serogroup strains. While most toxigenic cases in Australia are thought to be caused by international-acquired infections, Australia has its own indigenous toxigenic and non-toxigenic O1 and non-O1, non-O139 (NOVC) strains. In Australia, in the 1970s and again in 2012, it was reported that south-east Queensland riverways were a reservoir for toxigenic strains that were linked to local cases. Further surveillance on environmental reservoirs, such as riverways, has not been reported in the literature in the last 10 years. Here we present data from sites previously related to outbreaks and surveillance sampling to detect the presence of using PCR in conjunction with MALDI-TOF and whole-genome sequencing. In this study, we were able to detect NOVC at all 10 sites with all sites having toxigenic non-O1, non-O139 strains. Among 133 NOVC isolates, 22 were whole-genome sequenced and compared with previously sequenced Australian O1 and NOVC strains. None of the samples tested grew toxigenic or non-toxigenic O1 or O139, responsible for epidemic disease. Since NOVC can be pathogenic, continuous surveillance is required to assist in theclinical and envir rapid identification of sources of any outbreaks and to assist public health authorities in implementing control measures. IMPORTANCE is a natural inhabitant of aquatic environments, both freshwater and seawater, in addition to its clinical significance as a causative agent of acute diarrhea and extraintestinal infections. Previously, both toxigenic and non-toxigenic, clinical, and environmental strains have been reported in Queensland, Australia. This study aimed to characterize recent surveillance of environmental NOVC strains isolated from Queensland River waterways to understand their virulence, antimicrobial resistance profile and to place genetic current strains from Australia in context with international strains. The findings from this study suggest the presence of unique toxigenic in Queensland river water systems that are of public health concern. Therefore, ongoing monitoring and genomic characterization of strains from the Queensland environment is important and would assist public health departments to track the source of cholera infection early and implement prevention strategies for future outbreaks. The genomics of environmental could assist us to understand the natural ecology and evolution of this bacterium in natural environments with respect to global warming and climate change.
Topics: Humans; Australia; Cholera; Queensland; Rivers; Travel-Related Illness; Vibrio cholerae
PubMed: 37800954
DOI: 10.1128/aem.00472-23 -
MSphere Aug 2023Marine bacteria face a constant influx of new extracellular DNA (exDNA) due to the massive viral lysis that occurs in the ocean on a daily basis. Generally, biofilms...
Marine bacteria face a constant influx of new extracellular DNA (exDNA) due to the massive viral lysis that occurs in the ocean on a daily basis. Generally, biofilms have shown to be induced by self-secreted exDNA. However, the effect of various types of exDNA with varying lengths, self vs non-self, as well as guanine-cytosine content (GC) content on biofilm formation has not been explored, despite being a critical component of the extracellular polymeric substance. To test the effect of such exDNA on biofilms, a marine bioluminescent bacterium () was isolated from the Sippewissett Salt Marsh, USA, and treated with various types of exDNA. We observed rapid pellicle formation with distinct morphologies only in cultures treated with herring sperm gDNA, another spp. gDNA, and an oligomer of 61-80% GC content. With pH measurements before and after the treatment, we observed a positive correlation between biofilm formation and the change to a more neutral pH. Our study highlights the importance of studying DNA-biofilm interaction by carefully examining the physical properties of the DNA and by varying its content, length, and source. Our observation may serve as the basis for future studies that seek to interrogate the molecular explanation for the various types of exDNA and their effects on biofilm formation. IMPORTANCE Bacteria mostly exist as biofilm, a protective niche that promotes protection from the environment and nutrient uptake. By forming these structures, bacteria have caused recalcitrant antibiotic-resistant infections, contamination of dairy and seafood, and fouling equipment in the industry. A critical component that makes up the extracellular polymeric substances, the structural component of a biofilm, is the extracellular DNA secreted by the bacteria found in the biofilm. However, previous studies on DNA and biofilm formation have neglected the unique properties of nucleic acid and its high diversity. Our study aims at disentangling these DNA properties by monitoring their effect at inducing biofilm formation. By varying length, self vs non-self, and GC percentage, we used various microscopy techniques to visualize the structural composition of a biofilm. We observed DNA-dependent biofilm stimulation in this organism, a novel function of DNA in biofilm biology.
Topics: Male; Humans; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix; Semen; Vibrio; Biofilms; DNA
PubMed: 37387577
DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00035-23 -
Current Opinion in Pediatrics Apr 2024We review current knowledge on the burden, impact and prevention of cholera among children who bear the brunt of cholera outbreaks in sub-Saharan Africa. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
We review current knowledge on the burden, impact and prevention of cholera among children who bear the brunt of cholera outbreaks in sub-Saharan Africa.
RECENT FINDINGS
Several studies have shown that recent outbreaks of cholera among African children are related to minimal progress in basic sanitation and infrastructural development. Poor hygiene practices such as open defecation and indiscriminate disposal of feces are still common in many parts of Africa.
SUMMARY
Cholera case fatality rates in sub-Saharan Africa remain unacceptably high. Children are disproportionately affected and bear the brunt of the disease. Controlling outbreaks of cholera among African children will require a synchronous implementation of the five levels of disease prevention.
Topics: Child; Humans; Cholera; Disease Outbreaks; Africa South of the Sahara; Sanitation; Feces
PubMed: 38299980
DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000001329 -
Molecular Biology Reports Apr 2024Bacterial enteritis has a substantial role in contributing to a large portion of the global disease burden and serves as a major cause of newborn mortality. Despite... (Review)
Review
Bacterial enteritis has a substantial role in contributing to a large portion of the global disease burden and serves as a major cause of newborn mortality. Despite advancements gained from current animal and cell models in improving our understanding of pathogens, their widespread application is hindered by apparent drawbacks. Therefore, more precise models are imperatively required to develop more accurate studies on host-pathogen interactions and drug discovery. Since the emergence of intestinal organoids, massive studies utilizing organoids have been conducted to study the pathogenesis of bacterial enteritis, revealing new mechanisms and validating established ones. In this review, we focus on the advancements of several bacterial pathogenesis mechanisms observed in intestinal organoid/enteroid models, exploring the host response and bacterial effectors during the infection process. Finally, we address the features that warrant additional investigation or could be enhanced in existing organoid models in order to guide future research endeavors.
Topics: Animals; Intestines; Enteritis; Bacterial Infections; Bacteria; Organoids
PubMed: 38622483
DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09495-5