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Journal of Conservative Dentistry and... 2023Apexification procedure with Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine as apical plugs along with the incorporation of medicaments such as silver zeolite,...
Evaluation of calcium ion release from apical plugs formed by Biodentine and MTA with and without incorporation of triple antibiotic powder and modified triple antibiotic powder (cefaclor) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry - An study.
INTRODUCTION
Apexification procedure with Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine as apical plugs along with the incorporation of medicaments such as silver zeolite, chlorhexidine, and triple antibiotic powder (TAP) is a new area of research that is gradually gaining momentum in dentistry.
AIM
The study aimed to evaluate and compare the calcium released from the apical plugs formed by MTA and Biodentine with and without incorporation of 2% TAP and 2% modified triple antibiotic powder (mTAP).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ninety single-rooted teeth were randomly divided ( = 15) into two experimental groups with three subgroups (n = 5) each based on the composition of apical plugs (4 mm) as follows: Group A: Biodentine - Subgroup 1: Biodentine, Subgroup 2: Biodentine + 2% TAP, and Subgroup 3: Biodentine + 2% modified TAP and Group B: MTA - Subgroup 1: MTA, Subgroup 2: MTA + 2% TAP, and Subgroup 3: MTA + 2% modified TAP. Each sample tooth was then immersed in 10 mL of deionized water. Evaluation of calcium release was done on days 7, 15, and 30 using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance and a Tukey's test.
RESULTS
Calcium ion release was maximum for Biodentine compared to MTA and was greater with materials incorporated with TAP and mTAP than materials alone at days 7, 15, and 30.
CONCLUSION
The incorporation of 2% TAP and 2% mTAP resulted in increased calcium ions released from MTA and Biodentine which helps in faster apexification.
PubMed: 38292368
DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_250_23 -
Journal of Conservative Dentistry and... 2023This study evaluated the prevalence, configurations, and correlation of isthmuses at coronal, middle, and apical root 3 in mandibular molars of the Indian population...
OBJECTIVES
This study evaluated the prevalence, configurations, and correlation of isthmuses at coronal, middle, and apical root 3 in mandibular molars of the Indian population using micro-computed tomography μCT).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
One hundred and five permanent mandibular molar teeth were scanned under μCT. The axial sections were analyzed at the coronal, middle, and apical thirds of the root for isthmus types and classified according to Hsu and Kim's classification. Descriptive statistics for each isthmus type were calculated. The correlations between the apical, middle, and coronal thirds of the root were determined using Pearson's correlation coefficient.
RESULTS
Type IV isthmus was the most common in the coronal third of the mesial root of mandibular 1 molar (42.9%), while Type V was prevalent in the coronal third of the mesial root of 2 molar (42.9%). Type I isthmus was found to be highly prevalent in the middle 3 (71.4%) and apical 3 (61.9%) of mesial roots of 1 molars, and in the middle 3 (71.4%) and apical 3 (42.9%) of mesial roots of 2 molars. Type V isthmus was the most prevalent in all the thirds of the distal roots of both 1 and 2 molars, ranging from 40% to 50%. Furthermore, a strong correlation of 0.965 ( < 0.01) was found between the isthmuses in the apical and middle thirds of roots.
CONCLUSION
There are variations in the prevalence and type of isthmuses across different sections of the root, including the presence of atypical isthmuses. Micro-CT with high-resolution imaging and three-dimensional reconstruction is crucial for investigating root canal morphology. Clinicians could benefit from considering demographic characteristics to better predict the presence of isthmus variations.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
The isthmus configurations and frequency differ at each section of mandibular teeth.
PubMed: 38292355
DOI: 10.4103/JCDE.JCDE_52_23 -
American Journal of Physiology. Lung... Aug 2023Bronchoconstriction is the main physiological event in asthma, which leads to worsened clinical symptoms and generates mechanical stress within the airways. Virus...
Bronchoconstriction is the main physiological event in asthma, which leads to worsened clinical symptoms and generates mechanical stress within the airways. Virus infection is the primary cause of exacerbations in people with asthma, however, the impact that bronchoconstriction itself on host antiviral responses and viral replication is currently not well understood. Here we demonstrate how mechanical forces generated during bronchoconstriction may suppress antiviral responses at the airway epithelium without any difference in viral replication. Primary bronchial epithelial cells from donors with asthma were differentiated at the air-liquid interface. Differentiated cells were apically compressed (30 cmHO) for 10 min every hour for 4 days to mimic bronchoconstriction. Two asthma disease models were developed with the application of compression, either before ("poor asthma control model," = 7) or following ("exacerbation model," = 4) rhinovirus (RV) infection. Samples were collected at 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h postinfection (hpi). Viral RNA, interferon (IFN)-β, IFN-λ, and host defense antiviral peptide gene expressions were measured along with IFN-β, IFN-λ, TGF-β, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-8 protein expression. Apical compression significantly suppressed RV-induced IFN-β protein from 48 hpi and IFN-λ from 72 hpi in the poor asthma control model. There was a nonsignificant reduction of both IFN-β and IFN-λ proteins from 48 hpi in the exacerbation model. Despite reductions in antiviral proteins, there was no significant change in viral replication in either model. Compressive stress mimicking bronchoconstriction inhibits antiviral innate immune responses from asthmatic airway epithelial cells when applied before RV infection. Bronchoconstriction is the main physiological event in asthma, which leads to worsened clinical symptoms and generates mechanical stress within the airways. Virus infection is the primary cause of exacerbations in people with asthma, however, the impact of bronchoconstriction on host antiviral responses and viral replication is unknown. We developed two disease models, in vitro, and found suppressed IFN response from cells following the application of compression and RV-A1 infection. This explains why people with asthma have deficient IFN response.
Topics: Humans; Rhinovirus; Immunity, Innate; Asthma; Antiviral Agents; Epithelial Cells; Picornaviridae Infections
PubMed: 37280545
DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00074.2022 -
Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters Aug 2023Chronic apical periodontitis is a prevalent oral disease characterized by bone loss, and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the...
Chronic apical periodontitis is a prevalent oral disease characterized by bone loss, and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of the serine protease GZMA in osteoclasts during chronic apical periodontitis. To address this, we employed crRNA/Cas13d to inhibit GZMA expression and examined its impact on osteoclast behavior. Our findings revealed that GZMA plays a significant role in promoting osteoclast cell proliferation while inhibiting cell apoptosis. Additionally, the inhibition of GZMA led to a notable increase in miR-25-3p expression, which, in turn, downregulated the expression of TGF-β. Consequently, the reduction in TGF-β expression led to a decrease in PAR1 expression within the PARs pathway. These results suggest that GZMA might serve as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic apical periodontitis. Furthermore, our study highlights the potential of targeting GZMA using crRNA/Cas13d as a valuable approach for future therapeutic interventions.
Topics: Humans; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats; Osteoclasts; Apoptosis; RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Periapical Periodontitis; Granzymes
PubMed: 37626297
DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00477-2 -
Cureus Nov 2023The main goal of root canal treatment is to eliminate the infection in the complex root canal system for the long-term preservation of a functional tooth. Proper... (Review)
Review
The main goal of root canal treatment is to eliminate the infection in the complex root canal system for the long-term preservation of a functional tooth. Proper debridement of the root canal system, especially in the apical portion, is essential for successful root canal treatment. The complexity of the canal anatomy in the apical region plays a crucial role in reducing the microbial load. Therefore, clinicians must have a thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the root canal system and its variations, especially in the apical portion. Root canal configurations in cross-section have been classified as round, oval, long oval, flattened, or irregularly shaped. Treating oval, long oval, flattened, or irregularly shaped canals is challenging and should be approached differently than a circular canal. Recognizing the root canal shape and apical anatomy determines the different strategies to be used in cleaning, shaping, and obturation to achieve the best result of root canal treatment. The recent development of the instrumentation system improves the treatment outcome for clinicians and patients. This review aimed to discuss the definition, prevalence, and instrumentation for cleaning and shaping in the apical area with the complexity of root canal systems. Therefore, with the aid of this review, we can better understand the variations in the anatomy of the root canal, especially at the apical portion.
PubMed: 38111413
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49024 -
Cells & Development Mar 2024The basement membrane (BM) demarcating epithelial tissues undergoes rapid expansion to accommodate tissue growth and morphogenesis during embryonic development. To...
The basement membrane (BM) demarcating epithelial tissues undergoes rapid expansion to accommodate tissue growth and morphogenesis during embryonic development. To facilitate the secretion of bulky BM proteins, their mRNAs are polarized basally in the follicle epithelial cells of the Drosophila egg chamber to position their sites of production close to their deposition. In contrast, we observed the apical rather than basal polarization of all major BM mRNAs in the outer epithelial cells adjacent to the BM of mouse embryonic salivary glands using single-molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH). Moreover, electron microscopy and immunofluorescence revealed apical polarization of both the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus, indicating that the site of BM component production was opposite to the site of deposition. At the apical side, BM mRNAs colocalized with ER, suggesting they may be co-translationally tethered. After microtubule inhibition, the BM mRNAs and ER became uniformly distributed rather than apically polarized, but they remained unchanged after inhibiting myosin II, ROCK, or F-actin, or after enzymatic disruption of the BM. Because Rab6 is generally required for Golgi-to-plasma membrane trafficking of BM components, we used lentivirus to express an mScarlet-tagged Rab6a in salivary gland epithelial cultures to visualize vesicle trafficking dynamics. We observed extensive bidirectional vesicle movements between Golgi at the apical side and the basal plasma membrane adjacent to the BM. Moreover, we showed that these vesicle movements depend on the microtubule motor kinesin-1 because very few vesicles remained motile after treatment with kinesore to compete for cargo-binding sites on kinesin-1. Overall, our work highlights the diverse strategies that different organisms use to secrete bulky matrix proteins: while Drosophila follicle epithelial cells strategically place their sites of BM protein production close to their deposition, mouse embryonic epithelial cells place their sites of production at the opposite end. Instead of spatial proximity, they use the microtubule cytoskeleton to mediate this organization as well as for the apical-to-basal transport of BM proteins.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Basement Membrane; Kinesins; RNA, Messenger; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Microtubules; Epithelial Cells; Drosophila; Endoplasmic Reticulum
PubMed: 38103869
DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203898 -
Journal of Experimental Botany Aug 2023The process of apical dominance by which the apical bud/shoot tip of the plant inhibits the outgrowth of axillary buds located below has been studied for more than a...
The process of apical dominance by which the apical bud/shoot tip of the plant inhibits the outgrowth of axillary buds located below has been studied for more than a century. Different approaches were used over time, with first the physiology era, the genetic era, and then the multidisciplinary era. During the physiology era, auxin was thought of as the master regulator of apical dominance acting indirectly to inhibit bud outgrowth via unknown secondary messenger(s). Potential candidates were cytokinin (CK) and abscisic acid (ABA). The genetic era with the screening of shoot branching mutants in different species revealed the existence of a novel carotenoid-derived branching inhibitor and led to the significant discovery of strigolactones (SLs) as a novel class of plant hormones. The re-discovery of the major role of sugars in apical dominance emerged from modern physiology experiments and involves ongoing work with genetic material affected in sugar signalling. As crops and natural selection rely on the emergent properties of networks such as this branching network, future work should explore the whole network, the details of which are critical but not individually sufficient to solve the 'wicked problems' of sustainable food supply and climate change.
Topics: Plant Shoots; Plant Growth Regulators; Cytokinins; Indoleacetic Acids; Abscisic Acid; Sugars; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
PubMed: 37076257
DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad137 -
Journal of Imaging Nov 2023To examine root canal morphology of mandibular second premolars (Mn2P) of a mixed Swiss-German population by means of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Root canal...
To examine root canal morphology of mandibular second premolars (Mn2P) of a mixed Swiss-German population by means of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Root canal configuration (RCC) of 102 Mn2P were investigated using micro-CT unit (CT 40; SCANCO Medical AG, Brüttisellen, Switzerland) with 3D software imaging (VGStudio Max 2.2; Volume Graphics GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany), described with a four-digit system code indicating the main root canal from coronal to apical thirds and the number of main foramina. A total of 12 different RCCs were detected. 1-1-1/1 (54.9%) was most frequently observed RCC, followed by 1-1-1/2 (14.7%), 1-1-2/2 (10.8%), 1-2-2/2 (4.9%), 1-1-3/3 (3.9%), 1-1-1/3 (2.9%), 2-1-1/1 (2.9%) and less frequently 1-1-2/3, 1-2-1/2, 2-1-2/2, 1-1-2/5, 1-1-1/4 with each 1.0%. No accessory foramina were present in 35.3%, one in 35.3%, two in 21.6%, three and four in 2.9%, and five in 2.0%. In 55.9% Mn2Ps, accessory root canals were present in apical third and 8.8% in middle third of a root. Connecting canals were observed less frequently (6.9%) in apical and 2.9% in the middle third, no accessory/connecting canals in coronal third. Every tenth tooth showed at least or more than three main foramina. Almost two thirds of the sample showed accessory root canals, predominantly in apical third. The mainly single-rooted sample of Mn2Ps showed less frequent morphological diversifications than Mn1Ps.
PubMed: 38132675
DOI: 10.3390/jimaging9120257 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2024The shoot apical meristem (SAM) gives rise to the aerial structure of plants by producing lateral organs and other meristems. The SAM is responsible for plant... (Review)
Review
The shoot apical meristem (SAM) gives rise to the aerial structure of plants by producing lateral organs and other meristems. The SAM is responsible for plant developmental patterns, thus determining plant morphology and, consequently, many agronomic traits such as the number and size of fruits and flowers and kernel yield. Our current understanding of SAM morphology and regulation is based on studies conducted mainly on some angiosperms, including economically important crops such as maize () and rice (), and the model species Arabidopsis (). However, studies in other plant species from the gymnosperms are scant, making difficult comparative analyses that help us understand SAM regulation in diverse plant species. This limitation prevents deciphering the mechanisms by which evolution gave rise to the multiple plant structures within the plant kingdom and determines the conserved mechanisms involved in SAM maintenance and operation. This review aims to integrate and analyze the current knowledge of SAM evolution by combining the morphological and molecular information recently reported from the plant kingdom.
Topics: Meristem; Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Zea mays; Plants; Oryza; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Shoots
PubMed: 38338798
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031519 -
Turkish Archives of Otorhinolaryngology Sep 2023This study investigated the impact of different local corticosteroid applications on impedance measurements in patients with cochlear implants.
OBJECTIVE
This study investigated the impact of different local corticosteroid applications on impedance measurements in patients with cochlear implants.
METHODS
The study was designed as a controlled, randomized, and prospective study in which 34 consecutive patients who had undergone cochlear implant surgery were divided into three groups. The first group received intracochlear dexamethasone, in the second group the middle ear cavity was filled with dexamethasone, and the third group did not receive dexamethasone. Intraoperative, postoperative 1 week, 1 month, 3 month, 6-month neural response telemetry, and impedances were measured. The measurements were compared by electrode groups representing the different regions of cochlea like basal (1-7), middle (8-13), and apical (14-22) regions.
RESULTS
The intergroup analysis showed no statistically significant differences in impedance measurements of the basal, middle, and apical regions (p>0.05). However, the impedances were lower in the two dexamethasone groups, especially in the basal and middle parts. Sixth month impedances were also lower in the dexamethasone groups. There was apparent stability in the impedance of the basal region with the intracochlear application during the first week.
CONCLUSION
Local dexamethasone applications had a potentially positive impact on the impedance of the basal and middle regions. Patients had lower impedances than the control group during follow-up and at the endpoint. The increase in the apical region may indicate that dexamethasone was not reaching the apical zone in local applications.
PubMed: 38020414
DOI: 10.4274/tao.2023.2023-6-4