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The Journal of Clinical Investigation Jun 2023Neurons are markedly compartmentalized, which makes them reliant on axonal transport to maintain their health. Axonal transport is important for anterograde delivery of... (Review)
Review
Neurons are markedly compartmentalized, which makes them reliant on axonal transport to maintain their health. Axonal transport is important for anterograde delivery of newly synthesized macromolecules and organelles from the cell body to the synapse and for the retrograde delivery of signaling endosomes and autophagosomes for degradation. Dysregulation of axonal transport occurs early in neurodegenerative diseases and plays a key role in axonal degeneration. Here, we provide an overview of mechanisms for regulation of axonal transport; discuss how these mechanisms are disrupted in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, hereditary spastic paraplegia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease; and discuss therapeutic approaches targeting axonal transport.
Topics: Humans; Axonal Transport; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Neurons; Alzheimer Disease; Parkinson Disease
PubMed: 37259916
DOI: 10.1172/JCI168554 -
Environmental Toxicology and... Aug 2023Microplastics (MPs) are in all environmental compartments, including atmosphere, terrestrial, and aquatic environments as well as in marine organisms, foods, drinking... (Review)
Review
Microplastics (MPs) are in all environmental compartments, including atmosphere, terrestrial, and aquatic environments as well as in marine organisms, foods, drinking water, and indoor and outdoor environments. MPs can enter the human body through the food chain and contaminated environment. Ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact are the routes of their entry into the human body. Recent studies reporting the detection of MPs within the human body have raised concern among the scientific community as the knowledge about human exposure is still very limited and their impact on health is not well-understood yet. In this review article, we briefly cover the reports evidencing MP detection within the human body, e.g., stool, placenta, lungs, liver, sputum, breast milk, and blood. A concise synopsis of sample preparation and analysis of such human matrices is also provided. This article also presents a summary of the effect of MPs on human cell lines and human health.
Topics: Humans; Microplastics; Plastics; Environmental Monitoring; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Food Chain
PubMed: 37391049
DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104204 -
The Journal of Physiological Sciences :... Nov 2023Physiological roles of Cl, a major anion in the body, are not well known compared with those of cations. This review article introduces: (1) roles of Cl in bodily and... (Review)
Review
Physiological roles of Cl, a major anion in the body, are not well known compared with those of cations. This review article introduces: (1) roles of Cl in bodily and cellular functions; (2) the range of cytosolic Cl concentration ([Cl]); (3) whether [Cl] could change with cell volume change under an isosmotic condition; (4) whether [Cl] could change under conditions where multiple Cl transporters and channels contribute to Cl influx and efflux in an isosmotic state; (5) whether the change in [Cl] could be large enough to act as signals; (6) effects of Cl on cytoskeletal tubulin polymerization through inhibition of GTPase activity and tubulin polymerization-dependent biological activity; (7) roles of cytosolic Cl in cell proliferation; (8) Cl-regulatory mechanisms of ciliary motility; (9) roles of Cl in sweet/umami taste receptors; (10) Cl-regulatory mechanisms of with-no-lysine kinase (WNK); (11) roles of Cl in regulation of epithelial Na transport; (12) relationship between roles of Cl and H in body functions.
Topics: Chlorides; Tubulin; Ion Transport; Biological Transport; Sodium; Chloride Channels
PubMed: 37968609
DOI: 10.1186/s12576-023-00889-x -
Microbiome Jun 2023Intestinal inflammation has become a threatening concern in chicken production worldwide and is closely associated with Th17/Treg cell imbalance. Several studies...
BACKGROUND
Intestinal inflammation has become a threatening concern in chicken production worldwide and is closely associated with Th17/Treg cell imbalance. Several studies described that gut microbiota is significantly implicated in chicken growth by modulating intestinal immune homeostasis and immune cell differentiation. Whether reshaping gut microbiota by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) could improve chicken growth by balancing Th17/Treg cells is an interesting question.
RESULTS
Here, the chickens with significantly different body weight from three different breeds (Turpan cockfighting × White Leghorn chickens, white feather chickens, and yellow feather chickens) were used to compare Th17 and Treg cells. qPCR and IHC staining results indicated that Th17 cell-associated transcriptional factors Stat3 and rorγt and cytokines IL-6, IL-17A, and IL-21 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the jejunum of low body weight chickens, while Treg cell-associated transcriptional factor foxp3 and cytokines TGF-β and IL-10 were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the jejunum of low body weight chickens, indicating imbalanced Th17/Treg cells were closely related to chicken growth performance. Transferring fecal microbiota from the healthy donor with better growth performance and abundant Lactobacillus in feces to 1-day-old chicks markedly increased growth performance (P < 0.001), significantly decreased Th17 cell-associated transcriptional factors and cytokines, and increased Treg cell-associated transcriptional factors and cytokines in the jejunum (P < 0.05). Furthermore, FMT increased the abundance of Lactobacillus (FMT vs Con; 84.98% vs 66.94%). Besides, the metabolites of tryptophan including serotonin, indole, and 5-methoxyindoleacetate were increased as well, which activated their receptor aryl-hydrocarbon-receptor (AhR) and expressed more CYP1A2 and IL-22 to maintain Th17/Treg cell balance and immune homeostasis.
CONCLUSION
These findings suggested that imbalanced Th17/Treg cells decreased chicken growth performance, while FMT-reshaped gut microbiota, i.e., higher Lactobacilli, increased chicken growth performance by balancing Th17/Treg cells. Video Abstract.
Topics: Animals; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory; Chickens; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation; Th17 Cells; Jejunum; Cytokines; Body Weight
PubMed: 37344888
DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01569-z