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Journal of Research in Medical Sciences... 2023Across the world, people are exposed to pesticide residues in agricultural products. Various materials are used to deal with effects of these residues. Considering the...
BACKGROUND
Across the world, people are exposed to pesticide residues in agricultural products. Various materials are used to deal with effects of these residues. Considering the wide use of dichlorvos and acetamiprid in crops, pesticide residues in cucumber and its effects on the biochemical parameters of mice were calculated, and the protective role of donkey colostrum (DC) to deal with the pesticide effects was investigated.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Dichlorvos (4 ml/l) and acetamiprid (0.5 g/l) residues, after spraying cucumber plants, were 0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg, respectively. For 60 days, the mentioned doses were used in the drinking water of 4 groups of mice. No substances were added to mice drinking water in the control group while dichlorvos and acetamiprid groups received 0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg of pesticide, respectively, and the mixed group received a combination of two pesticides. In order to investigate the protective role of DC, 0.2 ml of colostrum was given to each of the groups in a similar division and timing.
RESULTS
In the biochemical sector, albumin (control 2.96, dichlorvos 1.86, acetamiprid 2.00, and mix 1.6 g/dl) and total protein levels reduced. Alanine aminotransferase (control 41.8, dichlorvos 56.2, acetamiprid 58.4, and mix 68 iu/l) and aspartate aminotransferase levels increased. In the protective role of colostrum, albumin (control 2.96, dichlorvos 2.74, acetamiprid 2.80, and mix 2.50 g/dl) and alanine aminotransferase changes (control 41.8, dichlorvos 43.4, acetamiprid 46.0, and mix 52.2 iu/l) were recorded ( = 0.0001).
CONCLUSION
Adding pesticides to mice drinking water causes liver disorders and DC can be effective in protecting these damages.
PubMed: 37496647
DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_2_23 -
Cureus Dec 2023Background and objective Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease causing synovium inflammation and functional impairment. Toxoplasmosis is an...
Background and objective Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease causing synovium inflammation and functional impairment. Toxoplasmosis is an intracellular zoonotic parasitic infection and a risk factor in immunosuppressed diseases including RA. The involvement of the cholinergic mechanism is not clear when both diseases exist in combination. This study aimed to examine plasma cholinesterase (ChE) activity in patients suffering from RA with concomitant toxoplasmosis, taking into account the enzyme susceptibility to in vitro inhibitory challenge with the organophosphate dichlorvos in RA patients. Methods This was a case-control study involving 88 RA patients and 61 healthy controls of both genders. The RA patients were allocated into three groups. The first group received no therapy (n=14), the second group received conventional anti-arthritis therapy (n=49), and the third group received conventional + biologic therapy (n=25). Plasma ChE activity was determined by an electrometric method. Plasma samples were screened for infection, using ELISA antibodies IgG and IgM. In vitro inhibition of plasma ChE activity was assessed by incubating the samples with dichlorvos at 0.25 and 0.5 μM. The time-dependent dichlorvos (0.25 μM)-induced plasma ChE inhibition and its kinetics were determined. Results The RA patients comprised 76 (86.4%) females and 12 males (13.6%), whereas healthy controls included 22 (36.1%) females and 39 (63.9%) males. The rates of toxoplasmosis IgG positivity in controls and RA patients were 26.2% and 39.8%, respectively. Plasma ChE activity in patients with RA was significantly higher than that in the control group, by 16%. Plasma ChE values of RA patients with conventional therapy and conventional + biologic therapy were higher than that of the control group, by 18% and 27%, respectively. Odds and risk ratios of elevated plasma ChE activity (20%) in RA patients with therapy indicated that high plasma ChE activity among RA patients with therapy is a risk factor. The plasma ChE activity of IgG-positive RA patients was not significantly different from that of the IgG-negative ones. Dichlorvos at 0.25 and 0.5 μM significantly inhibited in vitro plasma ChE activity in controls and RA patients. The rates of plasma ChE inhibition by dichlorvos were lower in the RA groups with conventional therapy in comparison with those in the control group (77% vs. 91%). Examining the dichlorvos time-dependent ChE inhibition kinetics, RA groups showed increases in the half-life of inhibition by 23.6% to 32.7% and the total inhibition time by 23.5% to 32.5%, together with decreases in the inhibition rate constant by 19% to 24.5%, an indication of reduced inhibition rate of plasma ChE activity compared to that of the control group. Conclusions The autoimmune nature of RA and its chronicity might have contributed to the increase in plasma ChE activity among the patients. This increase in enzyme activity could be a risk factor in RA patients undergoing conventional therapy alone or in combination with biologic therapy; however, the clinical significance of such a condition remains obscure at present. The in vitro inhibition of plasma ChE activity in RA patients suggests reduced susceptibility of the enzyme to ChE inhibition by dichlorvos. Toxoplasmosis was not a risk factor when plasma ChE activity was taken into account among RA patients.
PubMed: 38259372
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50979 -
Heliyon May 2024We developed a novel chromogenic reagent and sensor by selective approach, for the detection and identification of dichlorvos, which we tested with the thin layer...
We developed a novel chromogenic reagent and sensor by selective approach, for the detection and identification of dichlorvos, which we tested with the thin layer chromatography method. For the first time, we reported in situ-generated glyoxal as a hydrolysis product, which then interacts with isoniazid to produce a yellow-colored cyclic compound. We used well-known spectroscopic techniques to confirm the chemical identity of the final product. We initially investigated the reaction using a variety of approaches, followed by attempts to establish the reaction mechanism using Density Functional Theory by Gaussian software.
PubMed: 38813177
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31217 -
Frontiers in Toxicology 2023Organophosphate pesticides are widely used in agriculture, leading to soil, water, and food contamination. Among these compounds is Dichlorvos [O,O-dimethyl...
Organophosphate pesticides are widely used in agriculture, leading to soil, water, and food contamination. Among these compounds is Dichlorvos [O,O-dimethyl O-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)phosphate, DDVP], which is listed as a highly toxic compound by the Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization. Exposure to DDVP can result in nervous, respiratory, hepatic, and reproductive abnormalities, in addition to endocrine disrupting, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects. Little is known about the impacts of DDVP on the reprogramming of lipid metabolism, which is also associated with the development and progression of cancer, since the tumor cells need to recruit, capture, and use fatty acids to compose their building membranes. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the pesticide DDVP on lipid metabolism in the prostate, after chemical induction by the carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). For this, 32 Fischer rats aged 90 days were randomly divided into four experimental groups: Control, DDVP, MNU, and MNU + DDVP. The MNU and MNU + DDVP groups underwent chemical induction with MNU (15 mg/kg) and the DDVP and MNU + DDVP groups received a diet supplemented with DDVP (10 mg/kg). Histopathological analyses of the rat ventral prostate showed 100% incidence of epithelial hyperplasia in the MNU and MNU + DDVP groups. This finding was accompanied by an increase of the epithelial compartment in the MNU + DDVP group. Immunolocalization of important proteins linked to lipid metabolism has been established. In the MNU + DDVP group, Western blotting analyses pointed out an increased expression of the protein LIMP II (Lysosomal Integral Membrane Protein-II), which is correlated with the capture and distribution of lipids in tumor cells. Together, these results indicate that the association of a low dose of DDVP with MNU was able to promote alterations in the morphology and lipid metabolism of the rat ventral prostate, which may be related to tumor progression in this organ.
PubMed: 37469457
DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1207612 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... Mar 2024In the past years, the European Union (EU) has added edible insects to the list of novel foods, allowing an increasing number of insect-based products into the European... (Review)
Review
In the past years, the European Union (EU) has added edible insects to the list of novel foods, allowing an increasing number of insect-based products into the European market. With insects gaining more popularity in the Western world, it is crucial to investigate their chemical food safety. This study aimed at investigating possible isotopic patterns in different edible insect species (n = 52) from Asia, Africa and Europe using stable isotope ratio analysis (SIRA) to provide a framework for future investigations on food authenticity and traceability. Additionally, complementary mass-spectrometric screening approaches were applied to gain a comprehensive overview of contamination levels of current-use pesticides (CUPs) in edible insects, to assess their chemical food safety. SIRA revealed significant differences between countries in δC- (p < 0.001) and δN- (p < 0.001) values. While it was not possible to distinguish between individual countries using principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminative analysis (LDA), the latter could be used to distinguish between larger geographical areas (i.e. Africa, Europe and Asia). In general, African samples had a more distinct isotopic profile compared to European and Asian samples. When comparing the isotopic compositions of samples containing pesticides with samples with no detected pesticides, differences in sulphur compositions could be observed. Additionally, LDA was able to correctly classify the presence of pesticides in a sample with 76% correct classification based on the sulphur composition. These findings show that SIRA could be a useful tool to provide a framework for future investigations on food authenticity and traceability of edible insects. A total of 26 CUPs were detected using suspect screening and an additional 30 CUPS were quantified using target analysis, out of which 9 compounds had a detection frequency higher than 30%. Most detected pesticides were below the maximum residue levels (MRLs) for meat, suggesting low contamination levels. However, dichlorvos and fipronil could be detected in the same order of magnitude as the MRLs, even in samples purchased in Europe. These findings indicate a limited chemical risk for edible insects regarding pesticide contamination. Nevertheless, the study also highlights that further and more extensive investigations are needed to give a comprehensive assessment of the chemical risk of edible insects as a novel food source in Europe. With insects recently being potentially more incorporated into daily diets, more attention should be paid to possible chemical hazards to accurately assess their risk and to ensure food safety.
Topics: Animals; Edible Insects; Pesticides; Food; Food Safety; Insecta; Sulfur
PubMed: 38342520
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114020 -
The Science of the Total Environment Feb 2024Widespread use of pesticides globally has led to serious concerns about environmental contamination, particularly with regard to aquatic and soil ecosystems. This work...
Widespread use of pesticides globally has led to serious concerns about environmental contamination, particularly with regard to aquatic and soil ecosystems. This work involved investigating concentrations of 64 pesticides in surface-water and soil samples collected in four provinces along the Mekong River in Cambodia during the dry and rainy seasons (276 samples in total), and conducting semi-structured interviews with local farmers about pesticide use. Furthermore, an ecological risk assessment of the detected pesticides was performed. In total, 56 pesticides were detected in surface water and 43 in soil, with individual pesticides reaching maximum concentrations of 1300 ng/L in the surface-water samples (tebufenozide) and 1100 ng/g dry weight in the soil samples (bromophos-ethyl). The semi-structured interviews made it quite evident that the instructions that farmers are provided regarding the use of pesticides are rudimentary, and that overuse is common. The perceived effect of pesticides was seen as an end-point, and there was a limited process of optimally matching pesticides to pests and crops. Several pesticides were used regularly on the same crop, and the period between application and harvest varied. Risk analysis showed that bromophos-ethyl, dichlorvos, and iprobenfos presented a very high risk to aquatic organisms in both the dry and rainy seasons, with risk quotient values of 850 for both seasons, and of 67 in the dry season and 78 in the rainy season for bromophos-ethyl, and 49 in the dry season and 16 in the rainy season for dichlorvos. Overall, this work highlights the occurrence of pesticide residues in surface water and soil along the Mekong River in Cambodia, and emphasizes the urgent need for monitoring and improving pesticide practices and regulations in the region.
Topics: Rivers; Water; Soil; Dichlorvos; Cambodia; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Pesticides; Pesticide Residues; Organothiophosphates
PubMed: 38104830
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169312 -
Environmental Science and Ecotechnology Mar 2024When organophosphate pesticides (OPs) are not used and handled in accordance with the current rules and standards, it results in serious threats to the aquatic...
When organophosphate pesticides (OPs) are not used and handled in accordance with the current rules and standards, it results in serious threats to the aquatic environment and human health. is a prospective microalgae-based system for pollutant removal and carbon sequestration. Genetically engineered , designated as the OE line (endogenously expressing purple acid phosphatase 1 [PAP1]), can utilize organic phosphorus for cellular metabolism. However, the competencies and mechanisms of the microalgae-based system (namely the OE line of ) for metabolizing OPs remain to be addressed. In this study, the OE line exhibited the effective biodegradation competencies of 72.12% and 68.2% for 30 mg L of dichlorvos and 50 mg L of glyphosate, accompanied by synergistic accumulations of biomass (0.91 and 0.95 g L) and lipids (32.71% and 32.08%), respectively. Furthermore, the biodiesel properties of the lipids from the OE line manifested a high potential as an alternative feedstock for microalgae-based biofuel production. A plausible mechanism of OPs biodegraded by overexpressed PAP1 is that sufficient inorganic P for adenosine triphosphate and concurrent carbon flux for the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate biosynthesis, which improved the OP tolerance and biodegradation competencies by regulating the antioxidant system, delaying programmed cell death and accumulating lipids via the upregulation of related genes. To sum up, this study demonstrates a potential strategy using a genetically engineered strain of to remove high concentrations of OPs with the simultaneous production of biomass and biofuels, which might provide novel insights for microalgae-based pollutant biodegradation.
PubMed: 37860829
DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100318 -
GeoHealth Apr 2024The Multi-Threat Medical Countermeasure (MTMC) technique is crucial for developing common biochemical signaling pathways, molecular mediators, and cellular processes....
The Multi-Threat Medical Countermeasure (MTMC) technique is crucial for developing common biochemical signaling pathways, molecular mediators, and cellular processes. This study revealed that the Nod-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway may be a significant contributor to the cytotoxicity induced by various organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs). The study demonstrated that exposure to six different types of OPPs (paraoxon, dichlorvos, fenthion, dipterex, dibrom, and dimethoate) led to significant cytotoxicity in BV2 cells, which was accompanied by increased expression of NLRP3 inflammasome complexes (NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1) and downstream inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-18), in which the order of cytotoxicity was dichlorvos > dipterex > dibrom > paraoxon > fenthion > dimethoate, based on the IC values of 274, 410, 551, 585, 2,158, and 1,527,566 μM, respectively. The findings suggest that targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway could be a potential approach for developing broad-spectrum antitoxic drugs to combat multi-OPPs-induced toxicity. Moreover, inhibition of NLRP3 efficiently protected the cells against cytotoxicity induced by these six OPPs, and the expression of NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 decreased accordingly. The order of NLRP3 affinity for OPPs was dimethoate > paraoxon > dichlorvos > dibrom > (fenthion and dipterex) based on values of 89.8, 325, 1,460, and 2,690 μM, respectively. Furthermore, the common molecular mechanism of NLRP3-OPPs was clarified by the presence of toxicity effector groups (benzene ring, nitrogen/oxygen-containing functional group); =O, -O-, or =S (active) groups; and combination residues (Gly271, Asp272). This finding provided valuable insights into exploring the common mechanisms of multiple threats and developing effective therapeutic strategies to prevent OPPs poisoning.
PubMed: 38638206
DOI: 10.1029/2023GH000888 -
Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 2023Pesticides, mainly organophosphates (OP), have been related to increased risk of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and pemphigus foliaceus (PF), nevertheless, their measurement...
BACKGROUND
Pesticides, mainly organophosphates (OP), have been related to increased risk of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and pemphigus foliaceus (PF), nevertheless, their measurement has not been determined in pemphigus patients.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate pesticide exposure and pesticide measurement, comparing PV, PF and control groups in Southeastern Brazil.
METHODS
Information about urban or rural residency and exposure to pesticides at the onset of pemphigus was assessed by questionnaire interview; hair samples from the scalp of PV, PF, and controls were tested for OP and organochlorines (OC) by gas-phase chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.
RESULTS
The minority of PV (2 [7.1%] of 28) and PF (7 [18%] of 39), but none of the 48 controls, informed living in rural areas at the onset of pemphigus (p = 0.2853). PV (33.3%), PF (38.5%), and controls (20%) informed exposure to pesticides (p = 0.186). Twenty-one (14.8%) of 142 individuals tested positive for OP and/or OC: PV (2 [6.3%] of 32) and PF (11 [25.6%] of 43) had similar pesticides contamination as controls (8 [11.9%] of 67) (p = 0.4928; p = 0.0753, respectively), but PF presented higher contamination than PV (p = 0.034). PV did not present any positivity for OP. Three (7%) PF tested positive for both OP and OC. Some PF tested positive for three or four OP, mainly diazinon and dichlorvos.
STUDY LIMITATION
Lack of data for some controls.
CONCLUSION
Although the frequency of PV and PF patients exposed to pesticides was similar, pesticides were more frequently detected in hair samples from PF compared to PV. The cause-effect relationship still needs to be determined.
Topics: Humans; Pemphigus; Brazil; Pesticides; Dichlorvos; Hair
PubMed: 37208226
DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2022.10.010 -
Chemico-biological Interactions Jun 2024It is established that organophosphorus pesticide (OPP) toxicity results from modification of amino acids in active sites of target proteins. OPPs can also modify...
It is established that organophosphorus pesticide (OPP) toxicity results from modification of amino acids in active sites of target proteins. OPPs can also modify unrelated target proteins such as histones and such covalent histone modifications can alter DNA-binding properties and lead to aberrant gene expression. In the present study, we report on non-enzymatic covalent modifications of calf thymus histones adducted to selected OPPs and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in vitro using a bottom-up proteomics method approach. Histones were not found to form detectable adducts with the two tested OPFRs but were avidly modified by a few of the seven OPPs that were tested in vitro. Dimethyl phosphate (or diethyl phosphate) adducts were identified on Tyr, Lys and Ser residues. Most of the dialkyl phosphate adducts were identified on Tyr residues. Methyl and ethyl modified histones were also detected. Eleven amino residues in histones showed non-enzymatic covalent methylation by exposure of dichlorvos and malathion. Our bottom-up proteomics approach showing histone-OPP adduct formation warrants future studies on the underlying mechanism of chronic illness from exposure to OPPs.
PubMed: 38844256
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111095