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Environmental Analysis, Health and... Jun 2022Pesticides notwithstanding their benefits in agriculture pose threats to non-target fauna such as amphibians. This study examined the avoidance responses of tadpoles of...
Pesticides notwithstanding their benefits in agriculture pose threats to non-target fauna such as amphibians. This study examined the avoidance responses of tadpoles of the African common toad, Amietophrynus regularis, exposed to Dichlorvos and Paraquat under a non-forced multi-compartmented exposure system (NFS) and estimated the Population Immediate Decline (PID) by integrating avoidance and lethal responses. The NFS was designed to allow the free movement of tadpoles across six compartments in order to elucidate the ability of aquatic organisms to detect and potentially avoid contaminated environments at will. The tadpoles (n=3 per compartment/concentration; 18 per system) were exposed to gradients of Dichlorvos (0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/L) and Paraquat (0, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 mg/L) in quadruplicates with their distribution recorded every 20 mins for 3 h. 48 h acute toxicity tests under forced exposure system (FS) was performed using the same range of concentrations. Acute toxicity (48 h) response in the FS tests was dose dependent with LC50 values of 0.79 mg/L and 6.46 mg/L recorded for Dichlorvos and Paraquat, respectively. The mean percentage distribution of tadpoles recorded for Dichlorvos and Paraquat was about 11% and 0% in the highest concentrations (2.0 and 20.0 mg/L) to 58% and 69% in compartments with no contaminants (control), respectively. PID was primarily driven by avoidance responses rather than mortality. These findings are of conservation interest as it elucidates the potential of both pesticides to impair local distribution of amphibians and cause biodiversity loss.
PubMed: 35878925
DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2022017 -
Toxicology Reports 2017The aim of the study was to determine the effects of taurine in rats exposed to subacute dichlorvos toxicity. Fifty rats were weighed and assigned into five groups of...
The aim of the study was to determine the effects of taurine in rats exposed to subacute dichlorvos toxicity. Fifty rats were weighed and assigned into five groups of ten rats each. The groups received: distilled water, soya oil (1 ml/kg), taurine (50 mg/kg), dichlorvos (10 mg/kg) and the combination treatment group received taurine first and then dichlorvos 30 min later. The treatments were administered once daily by oral gavage for 4 weeks. The rats were euthanized and blood samples were collected after the termination of the study. Serum samples were analysed for malondialdehyde concentration and activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase). Dichlorvos increased malondialdehyde concentration and reduced the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase. There was attenuation of malondialdehyde concentration and improvement of activities of superoxide dismutase (P = 0.0273) and catalase (P < 0.0001) in rats treated with taurine. It is postulated that taurine ameliorated dichlorvos-induced oxidative stress through the reduction of malondialdehyde concentration and the enhancement of activities of antioxidant enzymes.
PubMed: 28959675
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.08.001 -
Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences Apr 2022Dichlorvos, an organophosphate insecticide, induces side effects on normal tissues. On the other hand, Royal jelly (RJ) with antioxidant activities has many medical...
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Dichlorvos, an organophosphate insecticide, induces side effects on normal tissues. On the other hand, Royal jelly (RJ) with antioxidant activities has many medical benefits including liver toxicity. In this study, we investigated the role of RJ in improving dichlorvos adverse impact on the liver of male rats.
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
Forty-eight male rats were randomly divided into 8 groups (n = 6); receiving by gavage normal saline (0.09%), dichlorvos (4 mg/kg/day), RJ (50, 100, 150 mg/kg/day; RJ 1, 2, 3) or dichlorvos + RJs, daily for 28 consecutive days. At the end of experiments, histopathology alterations, apoptosis induction, and biochemical factors related to the liver were evaluated.
FINDINGS/RESULTS
There was a significant reduction in the number of hepatocytes and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels in the dichlorvos group compared to the control group, whereas these parameters in the dichlorvos + RJs groups, were significantly increased compared to the dichlorvos group. Central vein diameter, liver enzymes (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase) serum levels of nitric oxide, and apoptotic index were significantly higher in the dichlorvos group than in the control, while these parameters were decreased in the dichlorvos + RJs groups versus the dichlorvos group.
CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS
RJ at 50 mg/kg protected dichlorvos-induced liver damage in rats. Dichlorvos- hepatitis mechanism could be oxidative induction as long as antioxidant reduction leads to apoptosis in this organ, while RJ due to its antioxidant potential suppresses this hazardous cellular and molecular process.
PubMed: 35280838
DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.335178 -
International Journal of Environmental... May 2021Dichlorvos (,-dimethyl -(2,2-dichlorovinyl)phosphate, DDVP) is a widely acknowledged broad-spectrum organophosphorus insecticide and acaracide. This pesticide has been... (Review)
Review
Dichlorvos (,-dimethyl -(2,2-dichlorovinyl)phosphate, DDVP) is a widely acknowledged broad-spectrum organophosphorus insecticide and acaracide. This pesticide has been used for more than four decades and is still in strong demand in many developing countries. Extensive application of DDVP in agriculture has caused severe hazardous impacts on living systems. The International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization considered DDVP among the list of 2B carcinogens, which means a certain extent of cancer risk. Hence, removing DDVP from the environment has attracted worldwide attention. Many studies have tested the removal of DDVP using different kinds of physicochemical methods including gas phase surface discharge plasma, physical adsorption, hydrodynamic cavitation, and nanoparticles. Compared to physicochemical methods, microbial degradation is regarded as an environmentally friendly approach to solve several environmental issues caused by pesticides. Till now, several DDVP-degrading microbes have been isolated and reported, including but not limited to , , , , , , , , and . Moreover, the possible degradation pathways of DDVP and the transformation of several metabolites have been fully explored. In addition, there are a few studies on DDVP-degrading enzymes and the corresponding genes in microorganisms. However, further research relevant to molecular biology and genetics are still needed to explore the bioremediation of DDVP. This review summarizes the latest development in DDVP degradation and provides reasonable and scientific advice for pesticide removal in contaminated environments.
Topics: Biodegradation, Environmental; Dichlorvos; Insecticides; Trichoderma
PubMed: 34071247
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115789 -
Environmental Analysis, Health and... Sep 2020Non-target aquatic organisms such as fish may be impacted by agricultural activities through the run-off of pesticides from farms into aquatic ecosystems. In this study,...
Non-target aquatic organisms such as fish may be impacted by agricultural activities through the run-off of pesticides from farms into aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the genotoxic (erythrocytic micronuclei) and histological effects of sublethal concentrations (1% and 10% of 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) values) of two pesticides (dichlorvos and paraquat) were evaluated in Clarias gariepinus (the African Sharptooth Catfish) for 28 days. The 96-h LC50 of dichlorvos and paraquat against fingerlings of C. gariepinus was 730 µg/L and 50 µg/L, respectively. There was a significant dose-dependent increase (p<0.05) in micronuclei in the erythrocytes of exposed C. gariepinus (2.00±0.82 ‰ to 3.25±1.26 ‰ for dichlorvos and 2.25±0.96 ‰ to 4.75±0.96 ‰ for paraquat) compared to control (0.75±0.96 ‰) by day 28. Gill histological alterations such as mild to severe necrosis and blunting of secondary lamellae were observed in C. gariepinus exposed to higher sublethal concentrations of both pesticides. This study showed that non-target aquatic organisms like C. gariepinus may be at risk of adverse biological effects from exposure to pesticides from non-point sources. We recommend environmental monitoring and sensitization on responsible pesticide use to stakeholders. This will forestall potential adverse ecological effects in aquatic ecosystems.
PubMed: 32791577
DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2020013 -
Chemical Research in Toxicology Sep 2022Exposure to organophosphorus pesticides (OP) can have chronic adverse effects that are independent of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, the classic target for acute OP...
Exposure to organophosphorus pesticides (OP) can have chronic adverse effects that are independent of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, the classic target for acute OP toxicity. In pure proteins, the organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos oxon induces a cross-link between lysine and glutamate (or aspartate) with loss of water. Tubulin is particularly sensitive to OP-induced cross-linking. Our goal was to explore OP-induced cross-linking in a complex protein sample, MAP-rich tubulin from and to test 8 OP for their capacity to promote isopeptide cross-linking. We treated 100 μg of MAP-rich tubulin with 100 μM chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos oxon, methamidophos, paraoxon, diazinon, diazoxon, monocrotophos, or dichlorvos. Each sample was separated using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and stained with Coomassie blue. Five gel slices (at about 30, 50, 150, and 300 kDa, and the top of the separating gel) were removed from the lanes for each of the eight OP samples and from untreated control lanes. These gel slices were subjected to in-gel trypsin digestion. MSMS fragmentation spectra of the tryptic peptides were examined for isopeptide cross-links. Sixteen spectra yielded convincing evidence for isopeptide cross-linked peptides. Ten were from the chlorpyrifos oxon reaction, 1 from dichlorvos, 1 from paraoxon, 1 from diazinon, and 3 from diazoxon. It was concluded that catalysis of protein cross-linking is a general property of organophosphorus pesticides and pesticide metabolites. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD034529.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Aspartic Acid; Chlorpyrifos; Diazinon; Dichlorvos; Glutamates; Lysine; Monocrotophos; Organophosphorus Compounds; Paraoxon; Peptides; Pesticides; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Trypsin; Tubulin; Water
PubMed: 36048166
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00194 -
Journal of Research in Medical Sciences... 2023Across the world, people are exposed to pesticide residues in agricultural products. Various materials are used to deal with effects of these residues. Considering the...
BACKGROUND
Across the world, people are exposed to pesticide residues in agricultural products. Various materials are used to deal with effects of these residues. Considering the wide use of dichlorvos and acetamiprid in crops, pesticide residues in cucumber and its effects on the biochemical parameters of mice were calculated, and the protective role of donkey colostrum (DC) to deal with the pesticide effects was investigated.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Dichlorvos (4 ml/l) and acetamiprid (0.5 g/l) residues, after spraying cucumber plants, were 0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg, respectively. For 60 days, the mentioned doses were used in the drinking water of 4 groups of mice. No substances were added to mice drinking water in the control group while dichlorvos and acetamiprid groups received 0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg of pesticide, respectively, and the mixed group received a combination of two pesticides. In order to investigate the protective role of DC, 0.2 ml of colostrum was given to each of the groups in a similar division and timing.
RESULTS
In the biochemical sector, albumin (control 2.96, dichlorvos 1.86, acetamiprid 2.00, and mix 1.6 g/dl) and total protein levels reduced. Alanine aminotransferase (control 41.8, dichlorvos 56.2, acetamiprid 58.4, and mix 68 iu/l) and aspartate aminotransferase levels increased. In the protective role of colostrum, albumin (control 2.96, dichlorvos 2.74, acetamiprid 2.80, and mix 2.50 g/dl) and alanine aminotransferase changes (control 41.8, dichlorvos 43.4, acetamiprid 46.0, and mix 52.2 iu/l) were recorded ( = 0.0001).
CONCLUSION
Adding pesticides to mice drinking water causes liver disorders and DC can be effective in protecting these damages.
PubMed: 37496647
DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_2_23 -
Biomedicines Jul 2022Acylpeptide hydrolase (APEH) is a serine protease involved in amino acid recycling from acylated peptides (exopeptidase activity) and degradation of oxidized proteins...
Acylpeptide hydrolase (APEH) is a serine protease involved in amino acid recycling from acylated peptides (exopeptidase activity) and degradation of oxidized proteins (endoproteinase activity). This enzyme is inhibited by dichlorvos (DDVP), an organophosphate compound used as an insecticide. The role of APEH in spermatogenesis has not been established; therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the distribution and activity profile of APEH during this process. For this purpose, cryosections of male reproductive tissues (testis and epididymis) and isolated cells (Sertoli cells, germ cells, and spermatozoa) were obtained from adult rats in order to analyze the intracellular localization of APEH by indirect immunofluorescence. In addition, the catalytic activity profiles of APEH in the different male reproductive tissues and isolated cells were quantified. Our results show that APEH is homogeneously distributed in Sertoli cells and early germ cells (spermatocytes and round spermatids), but this pattern changes during spermiogenesis. Specifically, in elongated spermatids and spermatozoa, APEH was localized in the acrosome and the principal piece. The exopeptidase activity was higher in the germ cell pool, compared to sperm and Sertoli cells, while the endoproteinase activity in epididymal homogenates was higher compared to testis homogenates at 24 h of incubation. In isolated cells, this activity was increased in Sertoli and germ cell pools, compared to spermatozoa. Taken together, these results indicate that APEH is differentially distributed in the testicular epithelium and undergoes re-localization during spermiogenesis. A possible role of APEH as a component of a protection system against oxidative stress and during sperm capacitation is discussed.
PubMed: 35884896
DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071591 -
Interdisciplinary Toxicology Aug 2018Pesticides are used in agriculture and in domestic pest control. Dichlorvos, an organophosphate, is a predominant pesticide used in domestic insect control in developing... (Review)
Review
Pesticides are used in agriculture and in domestic pest control. Dichlorvos, an organophosphate, is a predominant pesticide used in domestic insect control in developing countries. Acute and prolonged exposure may lead to death, genotoxic, neurological, reproductive, carcinogenic, immunological, hepatic, renal, respiratory, metabolic, dermal and other systemic effects. Its toxicity is due to the ability of the compound to inhibit acetyl cholinesterase at cholinergic junction of the nervous system. This study is a review of the toxicological effects of dichlorvos in a public health perspective.
PubMed: 31719784
DOI: 10.2478/intox-2018-0009 -
Toxics Dec 2018The execution of agricultural activities on an industrial scale has led to indiscriminate deposition of toxic xenobiotics, including organophosphates, in the biome. This...
The execution of agricultural activities on an industrial scale has led to indiscriminate deposition of toxic xenobiotics, including organophosphates, in the biome. This has led to intoxication characterized by deleterious oxidative and neuronal changes. This study investigated the consequences of oxidative and neurogenic disruptions that follow exposure to a combination of two organophosphates, chlorpyrifos (CPF) and dichlorvos (DDVP), on neuro-cognitive performance and anxiety-like behaviors in rats. Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats (150⁻170 g) were randomly divided into four groups, orally exposed to normal saline (NS), DDVP (8.8 mg/kg), CPF (14.9 mg/kg), and DDVP + CPF for 14 consecutive days. On day 10 of exposure, anxiety-like behavior and amygdala-dependent fear learning were assessed using open field and elevated plus maze paradigms, respectively, while spatial working memory was assessed on day 14 in the Morris water maze paradigm, following three training trials on days 11, 12, and 13. On day 15, the rats were euthanized, and their brains excised, with the hippocampus and amygdala removed. Five of these samples were homogenized and centrifuged to analyze nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, total reactive oxygen species (ROS), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and the other three were processed for histology (cresyl violet stain) and proliferative markers (Ki67 immunohistochemistry). Marked ( ≤0.05) loss in body weight, AChE depletion, and overproduction of both NO and ROS were observed after repeated exposure to individual and combined doses of CPF and DDVP. Insults from DDVP exposure appeared more severe owing to the observed greater losses in the body weights of exposed rats. There was also a significant ( ≤0.05) effect on the cognitive behaviors recorded from the exposed rats, and these deficits were related to the oxidative damage and neurogenic cell loss in the hippocampus and the amygdala of the exposed rats. Taken together, these results provided an insight that oxidative and neurogenic damage are central to the severity of neuro-cognitive dysfunction and increased anxiety-like behaviors that follow organophosphate poisoning.
PubMed: 30513797
DOI: 10.3390/toxics6040071