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Cureus Nov 2023Organophosphorus (OP) poisoning is the most common type of poisoning in India. Amongst the OP, monocrotophos poisoning has the highest lethality and need for mechanical...
Organophosphorus (OP) poisoning is the most common type of poisoning in India. Amongst the OP, monocrotophos poisoning has the highest lethality and need for mechanical ventilation. Monocrotophos is also implicated in causing OP-induced intermediate syndrome, the prevalence of which is 10-40% of all OP poisoning. The other neurological manifestations are delayed neuropathy and neuropsychiatric syndrome. We herein discuss a case of a 58-year-old male who presented with monocrotophos poisoning and intermediate syndrome. During the hospitalisation course, the patient developed hyperammonemic encephalopathy, resulting in difficulty in weaning from mechanical ventilation. After ruling out all possible causes of hyperammonemia, it was attributed to monocrotophos poisoning. The patient improved significantly after initiating lactulose and was successfully weaned off from the ventilator. This report highlights the high index of suspicion of hyperammonemic encephalopathy in monocrotophos toxicity, which can be easily missed due to other commoner neurological manifestations of organophosphorus poisoning.
PubMed: 38073979
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48527 -
The Science of the Total Environment Jun 2024Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and leading cause of death worldwide, whose pathogenesis has been linked to toxic environmental exposures. We... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and leading cause of death worldwide, whose pathogenesis has been linked to toxic environmental exposures. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (i) to compile, and group by exposure setting (non-specified general; residential; occupational), environmental factors reported to modulate the risk of developing PD and (ii) to map and geospatially analyze global regions of both research activity and paucity. Among the broader environmental settings, occupational exposures had the highest average odds ratio value at 3.82, followed by general (non-specified or mixed) exposures at 3.07, and residential exposures at 2.36. Occupational exposure to industrial toxins was the highest ranked subset of exposures with an odds ratio of 10.74. Among the studies meeting the inclusion criteria, 75 % were conducted in Europe or the Western United States. The number of individuals partaking per study ranged from a high of 55,585 (Taiwan) to a low of 233 (Faroe Islands), with a mean of n = 14,462. The top three environmental factors associated with high odds ratios for increased risk of developing PD were (i) exposure to dyes (25.33), (ii) methylene chloride (16.5) and specifically in adult men (iii) consumption of fatty whale meat (10.57), which is known to harbor a broad spectrum of so called persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic (PBT) pollutants. Geospatially, the highest odds ratio values were identified in European countries, whereas notable data gaps were revealed for South America, Australia, Africa, and the majority of Asia with the exception of Taiwan. Whereas occupational exposures to industrial chemicals, such as harmful dyes and methylene chloride, ranked highest in risk values, available data suggest notable opportunities for reducing PD cases globally by limiting harmful environmental exposures to a spectrum of toxic chemicals, particularly via the food intake route. Thus, current efforts in improving environmental quality globally by limiting toxic emission may deliver the added benefit of helping to reign in PD. Agents of concern in this respect include pesticides (e.g., paraquat, demeton, monocrotophos), particulate matter associated with air pollution, and a spectrum of organic and inorganic neurotoxins including heavy metals.
Topics: Parkinson Disease; Humans; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Pollutants; Risk Factors; Occupational Exposure
PubMed: 38685425
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172838 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023Seaweeds, also known as marine macroalgae, are renewable biological resources that are found worldwide and possess a wide variety of secondary metabolites, including...
Seaweeds, also known as marine macroalgae, are renewable biological resources that are found worldwide and possess a wide variety of secondary metabolites, including tannins. Drifted brown seaweed (DBSW) is particularly rich in tannins and is regarded as biological trash. The cotton leaf hopper (Distant) has caused both quantitative and qualitative losses in cotton production. Drifted brown seaweeds (DBSWs) were used in this study to extract, qualitatively profile, and quantify the levels of total tannins, condensed tannins, hydrolyzable tannins, and phlorotannins in the seaweeds; test their insecticidal activity; and determine the mechanism of action. The largest amount of tannin extract was found in Greville (20.62%) using the Soxhlet method (SM). Significantly higher amounts of hydrolyzable tannins ( = 0.005), soluble phlorotannins ( = 0.005), total tannins in the SM ( = 0.003), and total tannins in the cold percolation method ( = 0.005) were recorded in . However, high levels of condensed tannins (CTAs) were observed in (Turner) J. Agardh ( = 0.004). nymphs and adults were examined for oral toxicity (OT) and contact toxicity (CT) against DBSW tannin crude extract and column chromatographic fractions 1 (Rf = 0.86) and 2 (Rf = 0.88). (J.V. Lamouroux) J. Agardh crude tannin was highly effective against using the OT method (LC, 0.044%) when compared with the standard gallic acid (LC, 0.044%) and tannic acid (LC50, 0.122%). Similarly, fraction 2 (LC, 0.007%) showed a greater insecticidal effect against adults in OT than gallic acid (LC, 0.034%) and tannic acid (LC, 0.022%). The mechanism of action results show that adults treated with crude tannin of had significantly decreased amylase, protease ( = 0.005), and invertase ( = 0.003) levels when compared with the detoxification enzymes. The levels of glycosidase, lactate dehydrogenase, esterase, lipase, invertase, and acid phosphate activities ( = 0.005) of were reduced when compared with those of the Vijayneem and chemical pesticide Monocrotophos. In adult insects treated with LC concentrations of tannin fraction 1, the total body protein (9.00 µg/µL) was significantly reduced (OT, LC-0.019%). The SDS-PAGE analysis results also show that tannin fraction 1 (OT and CT), fraction 2 (OT), and fraction 2 (CT) had a significant effect on the total body portion level, appearance, and disappearance of some proteins and polypeptides. This study shows that the selected brown macroalgae can be utilized for the safer management of cotton leaf hoppers.
PubMed: 37765352
DOI: 10.3390/plants12183188 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024Tripropyl phosphate (TnPP) is a commonly used organic phosphate flame retardant in the textiles, plastics, and coating industries. Residues are commonly detected in...
Tripropyl phosphate (TnPP) is a commonly used organic phosphate flame retardant in the textiles, plastics, and coating industries. Residues are commonly detected in samples from the environment and food. The availability of certified reference materials (CRMs) is essential to ensure the accuracy and traceability of detection results. In this study, a comprehensive characterization of a CRM for TnPP was carried out, and its purity was evaluated using two distinct methodologies: mass balance (MB) and quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (qNMR). In the MB method, the levels of structurally related organic impurities are 1.37 mg/g. The water content was determined to be 3.16 mg/g, while inorganic impurities were found to be 0.87 mg/g, and no residual organic solvents were detected. Benzoic acid and monocrotophos were chosen as internal standards for H-qNMR and P-qNMR, respectively. The purity of the TnPP CRM was assessed as 994.6 mg/g, 994.1 mg/g, and 993.5 mg/g using MB, H-qNMR, and P-qNMR techniques, respectively. The verified purity of the TnPP CRM was ultimately determined to be 994.1 mg/g, with an expanded uncertainty of 3.4 mg/g (k = 2), ensuring traceability to the International System of Units (SI). This CRM can be effectively utilized for preparing calibration solutions suitable for the routine monitoring of TnPP residues in plastics and food samples.
PubMed: 38731466
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091975 -
Indian Journal of Critical Care... Feb 2024Organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate poisoning are significant concerns in developing nations. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the ChE check mobile, a...
BACKGROUND
Organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate poisoning are significant concerns in developing nations. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the ChE check mobile, a cholinesterase-rapid bedside diagnostic test, in the diagnosis and management of OP and carbamate poisoning.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We conducted this prospective observational study, involving patients with OP and carbamate poisoning over 1 year (June 2016 to June 2017) at a single tertiary care center. Levels of RBC cholinesterase (E-AChE), butyl cholinesterase (BChE), and various other determinants were systematically coded and analyzed.
RESULTS
The study population ( = 60) consisted primarily of males ( = 43; 71.7%), with a mean age of 30.6 (SD: 13.7) years. Monocrotophos ( = 10; 20.4%) and carbofuran ( = 4; 8.1%) were the commonest OP and carbamate compounds, respectively. The median initial atropinization dose was 10 (: 0, 61.5) mg, with a median total administered atropine dose of 116 (IQR: 32, 320) mg. A significant negative correlation was found between E-AChE levels and both the initial atropinization dose (: -0.653, -value < 0.001) and total atropine requirement (: -0.659, -value < 0.001) during admission. An E-AChE cut-off of 4 units/g hemoglobin provided an area under the curve of 0.73 (sensitivity: 80.0%, specificity: 68.6%, -value < 0.001) for predicting moderate to severe peradeniya organophosphorus poisoning.
CONCLUSION
The check mobile device can be a valuable tool for prognosticating patients. There was a significant correlation between low E-AChE levels and the atropine requirement and severity.
HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE
Jha A, Hazra D, Yadav B, Zachariah A, Alex R. Prognostication and Prediction of Outcomes in Patients with Organophosphorus and Carbamate Poisoning: A Prospective Cohort Study. Indian J Crit Care Med 2024;28(2):141-147.
PubMed: 38323266
DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24617