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Chemical Research in Toxicology Sep 2022Exposure to organophosphorus pesticides (OP) can have chronic adverse effects that are independent of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, the classic target for acute OP...
Exposure to organophosphorus pesticides (OP) can have chronic adverse effects that are independent of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, the classic target for acute OP toxicity. In pure proteins, the organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos oxon induces a cross-link between lysine and glutamate (or aspartate) with loss of water. Tubulin is particularly sensitive to OP-induced cross-linking. Our goal was to explore OP-induced cross-linking in a complex protein sample, MAP-rich tubulin from and to test 8 OP for their capacity to promote isopeptide cross-linking. We treated 100 μg of MAP-rich tubulin with 100 μM chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos oxon, methamidophos, paraoxon, diazinon, diazoxon, monocrotophos, or dichlorvos. Each sample was separated using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and stained with Coomassie blue. Five gel slices (at about 30, 50, 150, and 300 kDa, and the top of the separating gel) were removed from the lanes for each of the eight OP samples and from untreated control lanes. These gel slices were subjected to in-gel trypsin digestion. MSMS fragmentation spectra of the tryptic peptides were examined for isopeptide cross-links. Sixteen spectra yielded convincing evidence for isopeptide cross-linked peptides. Ten were from the chlorpyrifos oxon reaction, 1 from dichlorvos, 1 from paraoxon, 1 from diazinon, and 3 from diazoxon. It was concluded that catalysis of protein cross-linking is a general property of organophosphorus pesticides and pesticide metabolites. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD034529.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Aspartic Acid; Chlorpyrifos; Diazinon; Dichlorvos; Glutamates; Lysine; Monocrotophos; Organophosphorus Compounds; Paraoxon; Peptides; Pesticides; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Trypsin; Tubulin; Water
PubMed: 36048166
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00194 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Elite Edition) Jan 2020Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes memory and cognitive deficits. The present study was carried out to evaluate the...
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes memory and cognitive deficits. The present study was carried out to evaluate the protective effects of fucoidan in monocrotophos induced AD in Drosophila melanogaster. In silico studies showed that fucoidan exhibited binding energy of -9.3 kcal with proteins. Consistent with this, fucoidan, in a dose and time-dependent fashion, had inhibitory activity against cholinergic and monoamine-metabolized enzymes in vitro. Fucoidan inhibited the increase in total mRNA and protein in monocrotophos fed flies and prevented changes in biochemicals, neurochemicals and latency time of locomotor, learning and memory induced by monocrotophos. Together, the findings show that fucoidan serves a neuroprotective effect in Alzheimer's disease model in D. melanogaster.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Animals; Brain; Computer Simulation; Disease Models, Animal; Drosophila melanogaster; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Maze Learning; Molecular Docking Simulation; Monocrotophos; Neuroprotective Agents; Neurotransmitter Agents; PC12 Cells; Polysaccharides; Rats
PubMed: 31585867
DOI: 10.2741/E855 -
Veterinary World Feb 2016A role of thyroid disruption in developmental neurotoxicity of monocrotophos (MCP) and lead is studied.
AIM
A role of thyroid disruption in developmental neurotoxicity of monocrotophos (MCP) and lead is studied.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 24 female rats after conception were randomized into four groups of six each and treated as follows: Group I - Sham was administered distilled water orally. Group II - A positive control was administered methyl methimazole at 0.02% orally in drinking water. Group III - MCP orally at 0.3 mg/kg and Group IV - Lead acetate at 0.2% orally in drinking water. The drug was administered from gestation day 3 through post-natal day 21 in all the groups. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, thyroid profile (thyroid stimulating hormone, T3 and T4), neurodevelopment (brain wet weights, DNA, RNA and protein), and neurobehavioral (elevated plus maze, photoactometry, and Morris water maze) parameters were assessed in pups. A histopathology of thyroid of dams and brain of progeny was conducted.
RESULTS
Inhibition of AChE was <20%. Thyroid profile decreased in the treatment groups. Neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioral parameters did not reveal any significant changes. Thyroid architecture was affected significantly with MCP and lead. Cortical layers too were affected. The three layers of cerebellum either had abnormal arrangement or decreased cellularity in all treated groups relating to thyroid disruption.
CONCLUSION
MCP and lead might have affected the development of cerebrum and cerebellum via thyroid disruption leading to developmental neurotoxicity.
PubMed: 27051198
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.133-141 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023Seaweeds, also known as marine macroalgae, are renewable biological resources that are found worldwide and possess a wide variety of secondary metabolites, including...
Seaweeds, also known as marine macroalgae, are renewable biological resources that are found worldwide and possess a wide variety of secondary metabolites, including tannins. Drifted brown seaweed (DBSW) is particularly rich in tannins and is regarded as biological trash. The cotton leaf hopper (Distant) has caused both quantitative and qualitative losses in cotton production. Drifted brown seaweeds (DBSWs) were used in this study to extract, qualitatively profile, and quantify the levels of total tannins, condensed tannins, hydrolyzable tannins, and phlorotannins in the seaweeds; test their insecticidal activity; and determine the mechanism of action. The largest amount of tannin extract was found in Greville (20.62%) using the Soxhlet method (SM). Significantly higher amounts of hydrolyzable tannins ( = 0.005), soluble phlorotannins ( = 0.005), total tannins in the SM ( = 0.003), and total tannins in the cold percolation method ( = 0.005) were recorded in . However, high levels of condensed tannins (CTAs) were observed in (Turner) J. Agardh ( = 0.004). nymphs and adults were examined for oral toxicity (OT) and contact toxicity (CT) against DBSW tannin crude extract and column chromatographic fractions 1 (Rf = 0.86) and 2 (Rf = 0.88). (J.V. Lamouroux) J. Agardh crude tannin was highly effective against using the OT method (LC, 0.044%) when compared with the standard gallic acid (LC, 0.044%) and tannic acid (LC50, 0.122%). Similarly, fraction 2 (LC, 0.007%) showed a greater insecticidal effect against adults in OT than gallic acid (LC, 0.034%) and tannic acid (LC, 0.022%). The mechanism of action results show that adults treated with crude tannin of had significantly decreased amylase, protease ( = 0.005), and invertase ( = 0.003) levels when compared with the detoxification enzymes. The levels of glycosidase, lactate dehydrogenase, esterase, lipase, invertase, and acid phosphate activities ( = 0.005) of were reduced when compared with those of the Vijayneem and chemical pesticide Monocrotophos. In adult insects treated with LC concentrations of tannin fraction 1, the total body protein (9.00 µg/µL) was significantly reduced (OT, LC-0.019%). The SDS-PAGE analysis results also show that tannin fraction 1 (OT and CT), fraction 2 (OT), and fraction 2 (CT) had a significant effect on the total body portion level, appearance, and disappearance of some proteins and polypeptides. This study shows that the selected brown macroalgae can be utilized for the safer management of cotton leaf hoppers.
PubMed: 37765352
DOI: 10.3390/plants12183188 -
Cureus Nov 2023Organophosphorus (OP) poisoning is the most common type of poisoning in India. Amongst the OP, monocrotophos poisoning has the highest lethality and need for mechanical...
Organophosphorus (OP) poisoning is the most common type of poisoning in India. Amongst the OP, monocrotophos poisoning has the highest lethality and need for mechanical ventilation. Monocrotophos is also implicated in causing OP-induced intermediate syndrome, the prevalence of which is 10-40% of all OP poisoning. The other neurological manifestations are delayed neuropathy and neuropsychiatric syndrome. We herein discuss a case of a 58-year-old male who presented with monocrotophos poisoning and intermediate syndrome. During the hospitalisation course, the patient developed hyperammonemic encephalopathy, resulting in difficulty in weaning from mechanical ventilation. After ruling out all possible causes of hyperammonemia, it was attributed to monocrotophos poisoning. The patient improved significantly after initiating lactulose and was successfully weaned off from the ventilator. This report highlights the high index of suspicion of hyperammonemic encephalopathy in monocrotophos toxicity, which can be easily missed due to other commoner neurological manifestations of organophosphorus poisoning.
PubMed: 38073979
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48527 -
PloS One 2019
PubMed: 30875407
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214164 -
The Science of the Total Environment Apr 2024Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and leading cause of death worldwide, whose pathogenesis has been linked to toxic environmental exposures. We... (Review)
Review
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and leading cause of death worldwide, whose pathogenesis has been linked to toxic environmental exposures. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (i) to compile, and group by exposure setting (non-specified general; residential; occupational), environmental factors reported to modulate the risk of developing PD and (ii) to map and geospatially analyze global regions of both research activity and paucity. Among the broader environmental settings, occupational exposures had the highest average odds ratio value at 3.82, followed by general (non-specified or mixed) exposures at 3.07, and residential exposures at 2.36. Occupational exposure to industrial toxins was the highest ranked subset of exposures with an odds ratio of 10.74. Among the studies meeting the inclusion criteria, 75 % were conducted in Europe or the Western United States. The number of individuals partaking per study ranged from a high of 55,585 (Taiwan) to a low of 233 (Faroe Islands), with a mean of n = 14,462. The top three environmental factors associated with high odds ratios for increased risk of developing PD were (i) exposure to dyes (25.33), (ii) methylene chloride (16.5) and specifically in adult men (iii) consumption of fatty whale meat (10.57), which is known to harbor a broad spectrum of so called persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic (PBT) pollutants. Geospatially, the highest odds ratio values were identified in European countries, whereas notable data gaps were revealed for South America, Australia, Africa, and the majority of Asia with the exception of Taiwan. Whereas occupational exposures to industrial chemicals, such as harmful dyes and methylene chloride, ranked highest in risk values, available data suggest notable opportunities for reducing PD cases globally by limiting harmful environmental exposures to a spectrum of toxic chemicals, particularly via the food intake route. Thus, current efforts in improving environmental quality globally by limiting toxic emission may deliver the added benefit of helping to reign in PD. Agents of concern in this respect include pesticides (e.g., paraquat, demeton, monocrotophos), particulate matter associated with air pollution, and a spectrum of organic and inorganic neurotoxins including heavy metals.
PubMed: 38685425
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172838 -
Environmental Health Insights 2022This study assessed concentrations of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from farm-to-fork in Kampala Metropolitan Area, Uganda. A total of 160 samples of fruit...
This study assessed concentrations of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from farm-to-fork in Kampala Metropolitan Area, Uganda. A total of 160 samples of fruit and vegetables collected from farms, markets, streets, restaurants and homes were analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; and Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer for dithiocarbamates. Multiple pesticide residues were detected in majority of the samples (95.6%). The proportions of the most frequently detected pesticides residue classes were organophosphates (91.3%), carbamates (67.5%), pyrethroids (60.0%) dithiocarbamates (48.1%) and neonicotinoids (42.5%). Among organophosphates, propotamophos, acephate, fonofos, monocrotophos and dichlorvos were the most detected active ingredients; aminocarb, methomyl and pirimicarb were the commonly detected carbamates; while imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid and lambda-cyhalothrin, pyrethroid were also highly detected. Twenty-seven pesticide were tested at all stages, of which the concentrations either decreased or increased along the chain. Multiple pesticide residues occurred in commonly consumed fruit and vegetables with decreasing or increasing concentrations from farm-to-fork.
PubMed: 35846167
DOI: 10.1177/11786302221111866 -
Industrial Health Jul 2002Monocrotophos a organophosphate pesticide was administered orally at doses of 1.6, 3.3, 6.6, 10 and 13 mg/kg body weight/day to normal virgin Swiss albino mice for 30... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Monocrotophos a organophosphate pesticide was administered orally at doses of 1.6, 3.3, 6.6, 10 and 13 mg/kg body weight/day to normal virgin Swiss albino mice for 30 days. The vaginal smear and body weight of the mice were recorded daily and mice were sacrificed on 31st day. The ovaries from each animal was serially sectioned and stained for follicular studies. Estrous cycle was affected by showing a significant decrease in the number of estrous cycle and duration of proestrus, estrus and metestrus with concomitant significant increase in the duration of diestrus in all the treated groups, except with 1.6 mg/kg body weight/day monocrotophos treated group. There were significant decrease in the small, medium, large and total number of healthy follicles and increase in the medium, large and total number of atretic follicles with 6.6, 10 and 13 mg/kg body weight/day monocrotophos treatment. However, there were no significant change in the number of healthy and atretic follicles with 1.6 and 3.3 mg/kg/bodyweight/day monocrotophos treatment. There was no change organs weight except for a significant decrease in weight of the ovary with 3.3, 6.6, 10 and 13 mg/kg body weight/day and uterus and body weight with 10 and 13 mg/kg body weight/day monocrotophos treatment. Interruption in estrous cycle, decrease in healthy follicles and increase in atretic follicles may be due to harmonal imbalance or toxic effects of monocrotophos, which adversely effects reproductive function, as it has also analgesic and sedative action.
Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Estrous Cycle; Female; Insecticides; Mice; Monocrotophos; Organ Size; Ovarian Follicle; Ovary; Reference Values
PubMed: 12141371
DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.40.237 -
International Journal of Food Science 2023To assess the contamination of processed chilli pepper and tomatoes, a report over the past four decades since the establishment of the Rapid Alert System for Food and...
To assess the contamination of processed chilli pepper and tomatoes, a report over the past four decades since the establishment of the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) was retrieved and analysed. Out of the 887 notification reports assessed for eligibility, 446 were found regarding chilli pepper and tomato contamination. This study identified India as the country of origin with the highest number of reported cases relating to chilli pepper contamination. Italy and Türkiye were the countries with the highest number of reported cases regarding the exportation of adulterated tomatoes to other countries according to the RASFF report. Unauthorized dyes such as Sudan I, III, IV, orange II, rhodamine B, and para red were reported to have been detected in either chilli pepper or tomato in the supply chain. Almost all unauthorized dyes in this study were found to be more than the range (0.5 to 1 mg/kg) of the detection limit of Sudan dye and other related dyes using analytical methods set by the European Union. Unapproved pesticides by the European Union (EU) found in this study were acetamiprid, chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, methomyl, monocrotophos, omethoate, oxamyl, and thiophanate methyl. The present study indicates the persistence of chilli pepper and tomato contamination with harmful dyes and pesticide residues despite the ban on the use of certain chemicals in the food chain.
PubMed: 36684413
DOI: 10.1155/2023/5337150