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International Journal of Emergency... Nov 2023Big cat bites are highly lethal due to the enormous bite force of these animals. This article reviews the morphology of these types of injuries and key points of...
BACKGROUND
Big cat bites are highly lethal due to the enormous bite force of these animals. This article reviews the morphology of these types of injuries and key points of management through a survival case at a Japanese safari park.
CASE PRESENTATION
We report the case of a 26-year-old female keeper who was attacked by a tiger. She was quickly transported to our university hospital by ambulance helicopter. The keeper was severely bitten on the head and face and had wounds all over her body. Craniofacial repair was performed by emergency surgery. She suffered mild facial nerve paralysis and trismus because of being bitten by the tiger and is currently recovering.
CONCLUSIONS
A multidisciplinary approach of the severe tiger bites successfully treated a young woman cosmetically and mentally. Animal farms and zoos that keep tigers should take strict measures to avoid direct confrontation with tigers.
PubMed: 37926823
DOI: 10.1186/s12245-023-00556-3 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2023() is an immobile, anaerobic, Gram-negative coccobacillus fermenting bacterium. This pathogen is commonly prevalent in the upper airways of healthy pets, such as cats... (Review)
Review
() is an immobile, anaerobic, Gram-negative coccobacillus fermenting bacterium. This pathogen is commonly prevalent in the upper airways of healthy pets, such as cats and dogs, but was also confirmed in domestic cattle, rabbits, pigs, birds, and various wild animals. Infection in humans occurs as a result of biting, scratching, or licking by animals and contact with nasopharyngeal secretions. Inflammation at the site of infection develops within the first day from the injury. It is usually confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue but, in particular situations, may spread to other organs and manifest as a severe systemic infection. Careful history-taking and microbiological confirmation of the infection enable diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Any wound resulting from an animal bite should be disinfected. The preferred and highly effective treatment against local infection is penicillin or its derivatives. The prognosis for infections depends on the infected site and the patient's comorbidities.
PubMed: 37887726
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101210 -
Journal of Advanced Veterinary and... Sep 2023This research aimed to assess the prevalence of caprine pasteurellosis, isolate and identify pasteurellosis ( and ) in pneumonic goats, and discover the main bacterial... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
This research aimed to assess the prevalence of caprine pasteurellosis, isolate and identify pasteurellosis ( and ) in pneumonic goats, and discover the main bacterial cause of pneumonia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
One hundred and five samples (94 nasal swabs and 11 lung tissues) from goats suspected of having pneumonia were taken and transferred aseptically to the laboratory. Following the processing of the collected samples, spp. was isolated with the aid of plate culture methods. Biochemical characteristics were used to identify all bacterial isolates, which were then verified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was also carried out to evaluate the sensitivity profiles of various antibiotics. The serotype-specific antigen (PHSSA) gene was used to identify isolates of , and the KMT1 gene was used to identify isolates of .
RESULTS
From the 105 clinically suspicious samples, 51 (48.57%) were identified to be through bacteriological testing and also by PCR targeting the gene. Of these, 47.87% (45/94) were nasal swabs, and 54.55% (6/11) were lung tissues. Among confirmed samples, 70.59% (36/51) were identified as and 29.41% (15/51) were identified as . Resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, oxytetracycline, gentamicin, and ceftriaxone was found in 50%-83% of the isolates. In addition, PCR identified the PHSSA and KMT1 genes from isolates of and , respectively.
CONCLUSION
The present study revealed that and primarily caused pasteurellosis in pneumonic goats in Bangladesh. However, when treating these animals, the proper choice of antimicrobials should be made to control this disease.
PubMed: 37969786
DOI: 10.5455/javar.2023.j707 -
Theriogenology Aug 2024The vaginal microbiota of the queen (i.e., female cat) has never been described using culture independent methods. The objectives of the present research were to...
The vaginal microbiota of the queen (i.e., female cat) has never been described using culture independent methods. The objectives of the present research were to describe the vaginal microbiota of healthy domestic shorthair queens using both 16S rRNA sequencing and culture, and to assess the effects of age, living environment, and reproductive season on its composition. Thirty queens undergoing elective ovariectomy were included in the study. The vaginal samples were collected just before surgery, from animals under general anaesthesia. Two consecutive mini-swabs were introduced in the queens' vaginal tract. A preliminary study with 10 healthy queens aimed to negate sampling order's effect. Two consecutive samples for sequencing (5 queens, 10 swabs) and culture (5 queens, 10 swabs) were collected, confirming a match (100 % in culture, Bray-Curtis P = 0.96 in sequencing). The experiment included 20 queens that were prospectively grouped based on age (prepubertal N = 10, adult N = 10), living environment (indoor N = 10, outdoor N = 10), and time of the year, whether during the reproductive season (N = 10) or during seasonal anoestrous (N = 10). Bacteria were identified through metataxonomic analysis, amplifying the V1-V2 regions of 16S rRNA gene, and through standard culture followed by MALDI-TOF MS. The feline vaginal microbiota is dominated by Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Actinobacteria. Escherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus, and Pasteurella were the most abundant genera. Although culture underestimated bacterial richness and diversity compared to sequencing, Escherichia and Streptococcus were the most isolated bacteria. No bacterial growth was observed in 15 % of samples (N = 3/20), whereas growth of one or two bacterial species was observed in 64.7 % (N = 11/17) and 35.3 % (N = 6/17) of cases, respectively. No differences in terms of alpha (Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test P = 0.65) and beta diversity (Bray-Curtis, Unweighted and Weighted UniFrac analyses P > 0.5) were observed. Although a difference in alpha diversity based on phylogenetic tree (P = 0.02) was detected between indoor and outdoor queens. In conclusion, mixed and monoculture of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus canis, Staphylococcus felis, and Enterococcus spp. are normal findings within the cat vagina. Age and reproductive season do not influence the feline vaginal microbiota, whereas further research is needed to elucidate the role of the living environment.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Female; Vagina; Microbiota; Bacteria; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Seasons
PubMed: 38772246
DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.05.021 -
Veterinary Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2023Pneumonic pasteurellosis is a respiratory system disease of sheep caused by , and responsible for the low productivity and economic loss resulting from death and...
Isolation and Molecular Detection of and from Clinically Pneumonic Pasteurellosis Cases of Bonga Sheep Breed and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Tests in Selected Areas of Southwest Ethiopian Peoples Regional State, Ethiopia.
BACKGROUND
Pneumonic pasteurellosis is a respiratory system disease of sheep caused by , and responsible for the low productivity and economic loss resulting from death and treatment costs. This study was conducted to isolate and molecularly detect causative agents and antibiotic susceptibility tests from a nasal swab sample of the Bonga sheep breed that was suspected to have pneumonic pasteurellosis in selected areas of Southwest Ethiopian Peoples Regional State.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study design was used along with purposive sampling of nasal swab samples from sheep that were brought to veterinary clinics during the study period. Bacterial isolation and phenotypic characterization were carried out using microbiological and biochemical tests that followed standard microbiological techniques. To molecularly confirm the isolates, and , species-specific PCR primer genes were used. Using the disc diffusion method, molecularly confirmed isolates were subjected to an in vitro antibiotic susceptibility test.
RESULTS
The 85 samples that were scrutinized had an overall isolation rate of 31.76%, whereas the isolates of and had species compositions of 40.7% and 59.25%, respectively. Overall, 12.5% of the and 18.18% of the species were verified from phenotypical isolates using the species-specific PCR primer genes and , respectively. An in vitro antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out on all four PCR-confirmed isolates for seven commonly used antibiotics used to treat ovine pasteurellosis in the study area. It was found that both bacterial species were resistant to chloramphenicol and penicillin G.
CONCLUSION
Using phenotypic and molecular diagnostic techniques, the results of our current inquiry revealed that and are the causative agents of ovine pneumonic pasteurellosis in the study area.
PubMed: 38162823
DOI: 10.2147/VMRR.S435932 -
Glycobiology Oct 2023Pasteurella multocida, an encapsulated gram-negative bacterium, is a significant veterinary pathogen. The P. multocida is classified into 5 serogroups (A, B, D, E, and...
Pasteurella multocida, an encapsulated gram-negative bacterium, is a significant veterinary pathogen. The P. multocida is classified into 5 serogroups (A, B, D, E, and F) based on the bacterial capsular polysaccharide (CPS), which is important for virulence. Serogroups B and E are the primary causative agents of bovine hemorrhagic septicemia that is associated with significant yearly losses of livestock worldwide, primarily in low- and middle-income countries. The P. multocida disease is currently managed by whole-cell vaccination, albeit with limited efficacy. CPS is an attractive antigen target for an improved vaccine: CPS-based vaccines have proven highly effective against human bacterial diseases and could provide longer-term protection against P. multocida. The recently elucidated CPS repeat units of serogroups B and E both comprise a N-acetyl-β-D-mannosaminuronic acid/N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine disaccharide backbone with β-D-fructofuranose (Fruf) side chain, but differ in their glycosidic linkages, and a glycine (Gly) side chain in serogroup B. Interestingly, the Haemophilus influenzae types e and d CPS have the same backbone residues. Here, comparative modeling of P. multocida serogroups B and E and H. influenzae types e and d CPS identifies a significant impact of small structural differences on both the chain conformation and the exposed potential antibody-binding epitopes (Ep). Further, Fruf and/or Gly side chains shield the immunogenic amino-sugar CPS backbone-a possible common strategy for immune evasion in both P. multocida and H. influenzae. As the lack of common epitopes suggests limited potential for cross-reactivity, a bivalent CPS-based vaccine may be necessary to provide adequate protection against P. multocida types B and E.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Humans; Pasteurella multocida; Pasteurella Infections; Polysaccharides; Vaccines; Epitopes
PubMed: 37334939
DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad049 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Aug 2023The biotypic and genotypic features of Pasteurella canis isolated from dogs, cats, and humans were clarified by repetitive sequence-based fingerprinting and nucleotide...
Biotypic and genotypic diversity in Pasteurella canis isolated from host animals and humans: differences in trehalose fermentation and nucleotide sequences encoding trehalose-6-phosphate hydrolase (treC).
The biotypic and genotypic features of Pasteurella canis isolated from dogs, cats, and humans were clarified by repetitive sequence-based fingerprinting and nucleotide sequences encoding trehalose-6-phosphate hydrolase (treC). Thirty P. canis and 48 P. multocida isolates were collected from dogs, cats, and humans to perform biotyping. The genotyping of P. canis by fingerprinting was followed by dendrogram construction. The whole-genome sequences (WGSs) were searched for the enzyme-coding nucleotide sequences around the main and adjacent loci constituting the operon. Full-length nucleotide sequences encoding the enzyme were determined using polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. Biotypic results were compared to the dendrogram and nucleotide sequence data. We observed a difference in trehalose fermentation with a positivity rate of 46.7%. Two (A-1/A-2) and three (B-1/B-2/B-3) clades were located on the dendrograms generated based on two repetitive sequence-based fingerprinting techniques, showing no association between trehalose fermentation and the clades. Based on the WGSs, two variants of the gene, namely, a 1,641 bp gene treC and a pseudogene (1,335 bp) of treC with its first 306 nucleotides deleted, were observed. Trehalose-positive isolates harbored treC, whereas trehalose-negative isolates lacked treC with or without the pseudogene. Our observations suggest biotypic and genotypic diversity among the P. canis isolates from animal and human hosts, with respect to trehalose fermentation and treC nucleotide sequences. This is the first report on the diversity of treC nucleotide sequences among these isolates.
Topics: Humans; Dogs; Animals; Base Sequence; Trehalose; Pasteurella Infections; Fermentation; Pasteurella multocida; Genotype; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 37407445
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0165 -
TheScientificWorldJournal 2024species are frequently encountered as serious diseases in small ruminants. It is the main cause of respiratory pasteurellosis in sheep and goats of all age groups.
BACKGROUND
species are frequently encountered as serious diseases in small ruminants. It is the main cause of respiratory pasteurellosis in sheep and goats of all age groups.
METHODS
The cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to April 2023 in Haramaya district, eastern Ethiopia, to isolate and identify and and estimate their prevalence, associated risk factors, and antimicrobial sensitivity of isolates in small ruminants using a purposive sampling method. A total of 384 samples (156 nasal swabs from clinic cases and 228 lung swabs from abattoir cases) were collected. STATA 14 software was used to analyze the data. In addition, multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess an association of risk factors.
RESULTS
Out of the 384 samples examined, 164 were positive for pasteurellosis, resulting in a 42.70% prevalence. Similarly, 63 (38.4%) of the 164 positive results were from nasal swabs, while 101 (61.6%) came from lung samples. accounted for 126 (76.82%) of the isolates, while accounted for 38 (23.17%). Of the 63 nasal swab isolates, 33 (37%) were from goats and 30 (42.8%) were from sheep. And 17 (10.89%) and 46 (29.58%), respectively, were and . Of the 46 (40%) of the 101 (44.3%) isolates of the pneumonic lung, samples were from goats, while 55 (48.47%) were from sheep. In this study, the risk factors (species, age, and body condition score) were found to be significant ( < 0.05). isolates evaluated for antibiotic susceptibility were highly resistant to oxacillin (90.90%), followed by gentamycin (72.72%), and penicillin (63.63%). However, the isolates were highly sensitive to chloramphenicol (90.90%), followed by tetracycline (63.63%), and ampicillin (54.54%).
CONCLUSION
This study showed that and are the common causes of mannheimiosis and pasteurellosis in small ruminants, respectively, and isolates were resistant to commonly used antibiotics in the study area. Thus, an integrated vaccination strategy, antimicrobial resistance monitoring, and avoidance of stress-inducing factors are recommended.
Topics: Animals; Pasteurella multocida; Mannheimia haemolytica; Ethiopia; Sheep; Goats; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cross-Sectional Studies; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Sheep Diseases; Goat Diseases; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Pasteurella Infections
PubMed: 38655561
DOI: 10.1155/2024/5605552 -
One Health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) Dec 2023Transmission of antimicrobial resistant bacteria between people and household pets, such as dogs and cats, is an emerging global public health problem. This scoping... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Transmission of antimicrobial resistant bacteria between people and household pets, such as dogs and cats, is an emerging global public health problem. This scoping review synthesized existing evidence of human-pet bacteria transmission to understand the magnitude and breadth of this issue.
METHODS
The search included specific and generic terms for bacteria, resistance, transmission, pets, and humans. Searches were conducted through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CABI Global Health, Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, Google Scholar. All studies published in English and Mandarin that isolated bacteria from pets (cats and dogs) and humans who had contact with the pets, and reported phenotypic or genotypic antimicrobial sensitivity test results, were included in this review. In cases of bacterial species that are commonly associated with pets, such as and , we also included studies that only isolated bacteria from humans.
RESULTS
After removing duplication, the search captured 9355 studies. A total of 1098 papers were screened in the full-text review, and 562 studies were identified as eligible according to our inclusion criteria. The primary reason for exclusion was the lack of sensitivity testing. The included studies were published between 1973 and 2021. The most common study location was the United States ( = 176, 31.3%), followed by the United Kingdom ( = 53, 9.4%), Japan ( = 29, 5.2%), and Canada ( = 25, 4.4%). Most of the included studies were case reports ( = 367, 63.4%), cross-sectional/prevalence studies ( = 130, 22.4%), and case series ( = 51, 8.8%). Only few longitudinal studies ( = 14, 2.4%), case-control studies ( = 12, 2.1%), and cohort studies (n = 5, 0.9%) were included in our review. Most studies focused on ( = 221, 39.3%), ( = 81, 14.4%), and ( = 52, 8.9%). For the 295 studies that used strain typing methods to compare bacteria from humans and pets, most used DNA banding pattern-based methods ( = 133, 45.1%) and DNA sequencing-based methods ( = 118, 40.0%).
CONCLUSION
Transmission of bacteria could occur in both directions: pets to humans (e.g., and ) and humans to pets (e.g., ). The majority of studies provided a low level of evidence of transmission (e.g., case reports), suggesting that more rigorous longitudinal, cohort, or case-control studies are needed to fully understand the risk of human-pet resistant bacterial transmission.
PubMed: 37448771
DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100593