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Applied and Environmental Microbiology Jul 2023SARS-CoV-2 is primarily a respiratory virus that can potentially be transmitted through fomites. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and peracetic acid (PAA) are widely used...
SARS-CoV-2 is primarily a respiratory virus that can potentially be transmitted through fomites. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and peracetic acid (PAA) are widely used disinfectants on surfaces in diverse settings such as hospitals and food production facilities. The objectives of this study were to investigate the virucidal efficacy of NaOCl and PAA against SARS-CoV-2 using the ASTM standard methods. In the suspension assay, NaOCl and PAA (5, 50, and 200 ppm) were tested against SARS-CoV-2 in the presence/absence of soil load after 1 min of contact time. In the carrier assay, NaOCl and PAA were tested at 200, 400, 600, and 1,000 ppm for 1 min and 200 and 1,000 ppm for 5 and 10 min. Stainless steel (SS) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) disks were used as carriers. The virus was suspended in soil load and the disinfectants were prepared in 300 ppm of hard water. Virus quantification was done by TCID50 assay using Vero-E6 cell line. NaOCl and PAA were effective (> 3 log reduction in infectious virus) at 50 ppm in the absence of soil load. However, in the presence of soil load, 200 ppm was required for > 3 log reduction in virus infectivity. In contrast, NaOCl and PAA at 200 ppm and with a 1-min contact time were not effective against SARS-CoV-2 on either SS or HDPE surfaces. PAA at 200 ppm for 10 min was effective against SARS-CoV-2 on SS and HDPE surfaces, whereas NaOCl required 1,000 ppm for 10 min to be effective against SARS-CoV-2 on both surfaces. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended the use of chlorine-based products such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at 1,000 ppm for a minimum of 1 min to disinfect environmental surfaces. However, this recommendation was not based on validated studies on the actual SARS-CoV-2 itself. In fact, over half of the chemical disinfectants, including many peracetic acid products, listed in EPA List N were approved based on "kills a harder-to-kill pathogen" without further validation on SARS-CoV-2. Research on SARS-CoV-2 is restricted to BSL3 laboratories and the urgency of tackling the pandemic might explain the lack of studies on the actual virus. Our results show that the WHO recommendation of 1 min contact time with 1,000 ppm NaOCl is not effective against SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces. Also, our results indicate that PAA is effective against SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces and can be used as safer and more environmentally friendly alternative to NaOCl at a lower concentration.
Topics: Humans; Sodium Hypochlorite; Peracetic Acid; SARS-CoV-2; Pandemics; Polyethylene; COVID-19; Disinfectants
PubMed: 37347194
DOI: 10.1128/aem.00622-23 -
Environmental Science & Technology Nov 2023Peroxyacids (POAs) are a promising alternative to chlorine for reducing the formation of disinfection byproducts. However, their capacity for microbial inactivation and...
Peroxyacids (POAs) are a promising alternative to chlorine for reducing the formation of disinfection byproducts. However, their capacity for microbial inactivation and mechanisms of action require further investigation. We evaluated the efficacy of three POAs (performic acid (PFA), peracetic acid (PAA), and perpropionic acid (PPA)) and chlor(am)ine for inactivation of four representative microorganisms ( (Gram-negative bacteria), (Gram-positive bacteria), MS2 bacteriophage (nonenveloped virus), and Φ6 (enveloped virus)) and for reaction rates with biomolecules (amino acids and nucleotides). Bacterial inactivation efficacy (in anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) effluent) followed the order of PFA > chlorine > PAA ≈ PPA. Fluorescence microscopic analysis indicated that free chlorine induced surface damage and cell lysis rapidly, whereas POAs led to intracellular oxidative stress through penetrating the intact cell membrane. However, POAs (50 μM) were less effective than chlorine at inactivating viruses, achieving only ∼1-log PFU removal for MS2 and Φ6 after 30 min of reaction in phosphate buffer without genome damage. Results suggest that POAs' unique interaction with bacteria and ineffective viral inactivation could be attributed to their selectivity toward cysteine and methionine through oxygen-transfer reactions and limited reactivity for other biomolecules. These mechanistic insights could inform the application of POAs in water and wastewater treatment.
Topics: Disinfectants; Virus Inactivation; Chlorine; Peracetic Acid; Disinfection; Bacteria; Water Purification
PubMed: 36995048
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09824 -
Microbiology Insights 2023Pathogenic viruses have been abundant and diverse in wastewater, reflecting the pattern of infection in humans. Human feces, urine, and perhaps other washouts that... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Pathogenic viruses have been abundant and diverse in wastewater, reflecting the pattern of infection in humans. Human feces, urine, and perhaps other washouts that frequently circulate in sewage systems may contaminate wastewater with SARS-CoV-2. It's crucial to effectively disinfect wastewater since poorly handled wastewater could put the population at risk of infection.
AIMS
To emphasize the presence and spread of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage (wastewater) through viral shedding from the patients to detect the virus in the population using wastewater-based epidemiology. Also, to effectively manage the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and reduce the spread of the virus in the population using disinfectants is highlighted.
METHODS
We evaluated articles from December 2019 to August 2022 that addressed SARS-CoV-2 shedding in wastewater and surveillance through wastewater-based epidemiology. We included the papers on wastewater disinfection for the elimination of SARS-CoV-2. Google Scholar, PubMed, and Research4Life are the three electronic databases from which all of the papers were retrieved.
RESULTS
It is possible for viral shedding to get into the wastewater. The enumeration of viral RNA from it can be used to monitor virus circulation in the human community. SARS-CoV-2 can be removed from wastewater by using modern disinfection techniques such as sodium hypochlorite, liquid chlorine, chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid, and ultraviolet light.
CONCLUSION
SARS-CoV-2 burden estimates at the population level can be obtained via longitudinal examination of wastewater, and SARS-CoV-2 can be removed from the wastewater through disinfection.
PubMed: 37745090
DOI: 10.1177/11786361231201598 -
Journal of Food Protection Nov 2023Produce-borne outbreaks of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) linked to preharvest water emphasize the need for efficacious water treatment options. This...
Produce-borne outbreaks of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) linked to preharvest water emphasize the need for efficacious water treatment options. This study quantified reductions of STEC and generic E. coli in preharvest agricultural water using commercially available sanitizers. Water was collected from two sources in Virginia (pond, river) and inoculated with either a seven-strain STEC panel or environmental generic E. coli strain TVS 353 (∼9 log CFU/100 mL). Triplicate inoculated water samples were equilibrated to 12 or 32°C and treated with peracetic acid (PAA) or chlorine (Cl) [low (PAA:6ppm, Cl:2-4 ppm) or high (PAA:10 ppm, Cl:10-12 ppm) residual concentrations] for an allotted contact time (1, 5, or 10 min). Strains were enumerated, and a log-linear model was used to characterize how treatment combinations influenced reductions. All Cl treatment combinations achieved a ≥3 log CFU/100 mL reduction, regardless of strain (3.43 ± 0.25 to 7.05 ± 0.00 log CFU/100 mL). Approximately 80% (19/24) and 67% (16/24) of PAA treatment combinations achieved a ≥3 log CFU/100 mL for STEC and E. coli TVS 353, respectively. The log-linear model showed contact time (10 > 5 > 1 min) and sanitizer type (Cl > PAA) had the greatest impact on STEC and E. coli TVS 353 reductions (p < 0.001). E. coli TVS 353 in water samples was more resistant to sanitizer treatment (p < 0.001) indicating applicability as a good surrogate. Results demonstrated Cl and PAA can be effective agricultural water treatment strategies when sanitizer chemistry is managed. These data will assist with the development of in-field validation studies and may identify suitable candidates for the registration of antimicrobial pesticide products for use against foodborne pathogens in preharvest agricultural water treatment.
Topics: Peracetic Acid; Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli; Chlorine; Colony Count, Microbial; Anti-Infective Agents; Food Microbiology
PubMed: 37783289
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100172 -
Poultry Science Oct 2023The most significant occurrence of food-borne diseases is due to Campylobacter and Salmonella contamination from chicken meat, and for this reason, strict regulations... (Review)
Review
The most significant occurrence of food-borne diseases is due to Campylobacter and Salmonella contamination from chicken meat, and for this reason, strict regulations about strategies to improve the control of food pathogens are imposed by food safety authorities. Despite the efforts of poultry industry since the beginning of risk analysis and critical control point to reduce the burden of food-borne illness, technological barriers along the way are increasingly necessary to ensure safe food. The aim of this review was to carry out a scientific approach to the influence of peracetic acid (PAA) as an antimicrobial and its toxicological safety, in particular the stabilizer used in the formulation of PAA, 1-hydroxyethylidene 1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), suggesting the possibility of researching the residual HEDP in meat, which would allow the approval of the PAA by the health authorities of several countries that still restrict it. This review also aims to ascertain the effectiveness of PAA, in different cuts and carcasses, by different application methods, comparing the effectiveness of this antimicrobial with other antimicrobials, and its exclusive or combined use, for the decontamination of poultry carcasses and raw parts. The literature results support the popularity of PAA as an effective intervention against pathogenic bacteria during poultry processing.
Topics: Animals; Peracetic Acid; Chickens; Etidronic Acid; Anti-Infective Agents; Campylobacter; Meat; Poultry; Foodborne Diseases; Food Microbiology; Food Handling
PubMed: 37634267
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103003 -
Environmental Science & Technology Nov 2023Metal-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) with peracetic acid (PAA) have been extensively studied to degrade micropollutants (MPs) in wastewater. Mn(II) is a...
Metal-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) with peracetic acid (PAA) have been extensively studied to degrade micropollutants (MPs) in wastewater. Mn(II) is a commonly used homogeneous metal catalyst for oxidant activation, but it performs poorly with PAA. This study identifies that the biodegradable chelating ligand picolinic acid (PICA) can significantly mediate Mn(II) activation of PAA for accelerated MP degradation. Results show that, while Mn(II) alone has minimal reactivity toward PAA, the presence of PICA accelerates PAA loss by Mn(II). The PAA-Mn(II)-PICA system removes various MPs (methylene blue, bisphenol A, naproxen, sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine, and trimethoprim) rapidly at neutral pH, achieving >60% removal within 10 min in clean and wastewater matrices. Coexistent HO and acetic acid in PAA play a negligible role in rapid MP degradation. In-depth evaluation with scavengers and probe compounds (-butyl alcohol, methanol, methyl phenyl sulfoxide, and methyl phenyl sulfone) suggested that high-valent Mn species (Mn(V)) is a likely main reactive species leading to rapid MP degradation, whereas soluble Mn(III)-PICA and radicals (CHC(O)O and CHC(O)OO) are minor reactive species. This study broadens the mechanistic understanding of metal-based AOPs using PAA in combination with chelating agents and indicates the PAA-Mn(II)-PICA system as a novel AOP for wastewater treatment.
Topics: Peracetic Acid; Hydrogen Peroxide; Wastewater; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Oxidation-Reduction
PubMed: 37224105
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00765 -
Journal of Clinical and Experimental... Apr 2024The aim of this review was to assess the evidence regarding the most commonly used chelating agents in terms of efficacy, erosive potential, cytotoxicity, interaction,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The aim of this review was to assess the evidence regarding the most commonly used chelating agents in terms of efficacy, erosive potential, cytotoxicity, interaction, antimicrobial effect, impact on sealers adhesion, and release of growth factors.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
MEDLINE (PubMed) database, Cochrane Library and Scopus were searched up to January 14, 2023, including studies with one or more of the following chelating agents: 17% EDTA, 9% and 18% HEDP, 10% and 20% citric acid, 2%-2.25% peracetic acid and 7% maleic acid. In addition, the reference lists of all selected articles were also checked to identify additional relevant studies. Articles published in English and available in full-text were selected. The quality of studies was assessed using the modified CONSORT checklist guide and the Cochrane Collaboration tool.
RESULTS
The electronic search yielded 538 citations, 56 of which were included. The articles included had moderate and low evidence values. Among 56 articles included, 55 were in vitro studies and one was a randomized clinical trial. Among the in vitro studies, 15 evaluated efficacy and dentin erosion, 12 evaluated interaction with other endodontic irrigants, 9 tested antimicrobial effect, 4 evaluated cytotoxicity in hamster and rat lung cells, 9 evaluated intervention in adhesion of filling materials and 8 focused on release of growth factors and on behavior of stem cells in regenerative endodontic. The RCT tested antimicrobial effect.
CONCLUSIONS
17% EDTA is the most effective in smear layer removal and in releasing growth factors on regenerative endodontics. However, the current incorporation of 9% and 18% etidronic acid has shown optimal results due to its compatibility with sodium hypochlorite and its capability on avoiding smear layer formation through a continuous chelation action. Despite these preliminary findings, methodological standardization between studies is required and in vivo studies are necessary to confirm in vitro studies. Chelating Agents, Smear Layer, Systematic Review, Endodontics, Root Canal Irrigants.
PubMed: 38725809
DOI: 10.4317/jced.60989 -
Environmental Science & Technology Nov 2023Peracetic acid (PAA) and performic acid (PFA) are two major peroxyacid (POA) oxidants of growing usage. This study reports the first systematic evaluation of PAA, PFA,...
Peracetic acid (PAA) and performic acid (PFA) are two major peroxyacid (POA) oxidants of growing usage. This study reports the first systematic evaluation of PAA, PFA, and chlorine for their disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation potential in wastewater with or without high halide (i.e., bromide or iodide) concentrations. Compared with chlorine, DBP formation by PAA and PFA was minimal in regular wastewater. However, during 24 h disinfection of saline wastewater, PAA surprisingly produced more brominated and iodinated DBPs than chlorine, while PFA effectively kept all tested DBPs at bay. To understand these phenomena, a kinetic model was developed based on the literature and an additional kinetic investigation of POA decay and DBP (e.g., bromate, iodate, and iodophenol) generation in the POA/halide systems. The results show that PFA not only oxidizes halides 4-5 times faster than PAA to the corresponding HOBr or HOI but also efficiently oxidizes HOI/IO to IO, thereby mitigating iodinated DBP formation. Additionally, PFA's rapid self-decay and slow release of HO limit the HOBr level over the long-term oxidation in bromide-containing water. For saline water, this paper reveals the DBP formation potential of PAA and identifies PFA as an alternative to minimize DBPs. The new kinetic model is useful to optimize oxidant selection and elucidate involved DBP chemistry.
Topics: Peracetic Acid; Disinfection; Hydrogen Peroxide; Wastewater; Chlorine; Bromides; Oxidants; Chlorides; Halogenation; Water Purification; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Disinfectants
PubMed: 37489812
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00670 -
Journal of Animal Science and... Jun 2023Antimicrobial alternatives are urgently needed, including for poultry production systems. In this study, we tested the potential broad-range antimicrobial alternative...
Encapsulated peracetic acid as a valid broad-spectrum antimicrobial alternative, leading to beneficial microbiota compositional changes and enhanced performance in broiler chickens.
BACKGROUND
Antimicrobial alternatives are urgently needed, including for poultry production systems. In this study, we tested the potential broad-range antimicrobial alternative peracetic acid, delivered in feed via the hydrolysis of encapsulated precursors through a 28-day study using 375 Ross 308 broiler chickens. We tested two peracetic acid concentrations, 30 and 80 mg/kg on birds housed on re-used litter, and we evaluated the impact of both levels on gut microbial communities, bacterial concentration, antimicrobial resistance genes relative abundance and growth performance when compared to control birds housed on either clean or re-used litter.
RESULTS
Body weight gain and feed conversion ratio improved in peracetic acid fed birds. At d 28, birds given 30 mg/kg of peracetic acid had a decreased Firmicutes and an increased Proteobacteria abundance in the jejunum, accompanied by an increase in Bacillus, Flavonifractor and Rombustia in the caeca, and a decreased abundance of tetracycline resistance genes. Chicken given 80 mg/kg of peracetic acid had greater caecal abundance of macrolides lincosamides and streptogramins resistance genes. Growth performance on clean litter was reduced compared to re-used litter, which concurred with increased caecal abundance of Blautia, decreased caecal abundance of Escherichia/Shigella, Anaerostipes and Jeotgalicoccus, and greater gene abundance of vancomycin, tetracycline, and macrolides resistance genes.
CONCLUSIONS
Peracetic acid could be used as a safe broad-spectrum antimicrobial alternative in broilers. Encapsulated precursors were able to reduce the bacterial concentration in the jejunum whilst promoting the proliferation of probiotic genera in the caeca, especially at the low peracetic acid concentrations tested, and improve growth performance. Moreover, our findings offer further insights on potential benefits of rearing birds on re-used litter, suggesting that the latter could be associated with better performance and reduced antimicrobial resistance risk compared to clean litter rearing.
PubMed: 37291646
DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00881-w -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023Berries are highly perishable and susceptible to spoilage, resulting in significant food and economic losses. The use of chemicals in traditional postharvest protection... (Review)
Review
Berries are highly perishable and susceptible to spoilage, resulting in significant food and economic losses. The use of chemicals in traditional postharvest protection techniques can harm both human health and the environment. Consequently, there is an increasing interest in creating environmentally friendly solutions for postharvest protection. This article discusses various approaches, including the use of "green" chemical compounds such as ozone and peracetic acid, biocontrol agents, physical treatments, and modern technologies such as the use of nanostructures and molecular tools. The potential of these alternatives is evaluated in terms of their effect on microbial growth, nutritional value, and physicochemical and sensorial properties of the berries. Moreover, the development of nanotechnology, molecular biology, and artificial intelligence offers a wide range of opportunities to develop formulations using nanostructures, improving the functionality of the coatings by enhancing their physicochemical and antimicrobial properties and providing protection to bioactive compounds. Some challenges remain for their implementation into the food industry such as scale-up and regulatory policies. However, the use of sustainable postharvest protection methods can help to reduce the negative impacts of chemical treatments and improve the availability of safe and quality berries.
PubMed: 37685092
DOI: 10.3390/foods12173159