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Frontiers in Public Health 2021Disinfection is a key element in controlling infections. Fogging, also known as fumigation, is one of the most effective chemical disinfection methods. Peracetic acid...
Disinfection is a key element in controlling infections. Fogging, also known as fumigation, is one of the most effective chemical disinfection methods. Peracetic acid (PAA) is a powerful oxidant with bactericidal and fungicidal properties. The aim of this study is to determine the type of bacteria and fungi present in educational institutions and whether disinfection by PAA fumigation in these institutions is also effective and useful, as demonstrated previously in healthcare centers. This study was carried out in five kindergartens and five primary schools in Bialystok, Poland. Three rooms have been selected in each of these educational institutions, and the disinfection was carried out in 30 rooms in total. Fogging with PAA was performed in selected rooms. Before and after disinfection, samples were collected from four surfaces: walls, tables, doors, and chair backs. Most frequently detected microorganisms in schools and kindergartens were ssp. . In addition, ssp. were the most prevalent in kindergartens, whereas was the most prevalent in schools. Comparison of the bacterial flora of schools and kindergartens showed statistically significant differences in the prevalence of bacteria on different surfaces. A significant decrease in the number of colonies after disinfection was observed on all surfaces ( < 0.05). In addition, the calculated effectiveness of disinfection was 99.7% in kindergartens and 99.3% in schools. The results indicate that fogging of PAA is a highly effective method of surface disinfection in kindergartens and schools.
Topics: Acinetobacter; Actinobacteria; Micrococcaceae; Paracoccus; Peracetic Acid; Schools; Staphylococcus
PubMed: 34604154
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.697917 -
Current Pain and Headache Reports Mar 2021This review aims to provide relevant, aggregate information about a variety of disinfectants and antiseptics, along with potential utility and limitations. While not... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This review aims to provide relevant, aggregate information about a variety of disinfectants and antiseptics, along with potential utility and limitations. While not exhaustive, this review's goal is to add to the body of literature available on this topic and give interventional providers and practitioners an additional resource to consider when performing procedures.
RECENT FINDINGS
In the current SARS-CoV2 epidemiological environment, infection control and costs associated with healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are of paramount importance. Even before the onset of SARS-CoV2, HAIs affected nearly 2million patients a year in the USA and resulted in nearly 90,000 deaths, all of which resulted in a cost to hospitals ranging from US$28 billion to 45 billion. The onset SARS-CoV2, though not spread by an airborne route, has heightened infection control protocols in hospitals and, as such, cast a renewed focus on disinfectants and their utility across different settings and organisms. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of disinfectants used in the inpatient setting.
Topics: Chlorine Compounds; Cross Infection; Disinfectants; Ethanol; Formaldehyde; Glutaral; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Iodophors; Oxides; Peracetic Acid; Phenol; Povidone-Iodine; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Sodium Hypochlorite; Triazines
PubMed: 33693989
DOI: 10.1007/s11916-021-00938-3 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022Chlorinated compounds are usually applied in vegetable sanitization, but there are concerns about their application. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate ultrasound (50...
Chlorinated compounds are usually applied in vegetable sanitization, but there are concerns about their application. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate ultrasound (50 kHz), acetic acid (1000; 2000 mg/L), and peracetic acid (20 mg/L) and their combination as alternative treatments to 200 mg/L sodium dichloroisocyanurate. The overall microbial, physicochemical, and nutritional quality of kale stored at 7 °C were assessed. The impact on Typhimurium was verified by plate-counting and scanning electron microscopy. Ultrasound combined with peracetic acid exhibited higher reductions in aerobic mesophiles, molds and yeasts, and coliforms at 35 °C (2.6; 2.4; 2.6 log CFU/g, respectively). Microbial counts remained stable during storage. The highest reduction in occurred with the combination of ultrasound and acetic acid at 1000 mg/L and acetic acid at 2000 mg/L (2.8; 3.8 log CFU/g, respectively). No synergistic effect was observed with the combination of treatments. The cellular morphology of the pathogen altered after combinations of ultrasound and acetic acid at 2000 mg/L and peracetic acid. No changes in titratable total acidity, mass loss, vitamin C, or total phenolic compounds occurred. Alternative treatments presented equal to or greater efficacies than chlorinated compounds, so they could potentially be used for the decontamination of kale.
Topics: Peracetic Acid; Brassica; Acetic Acid; Disinfectants; Decontamination; Disinfection; Food Microbiology; Colony Count, Microbial; Chlorine Compounds; Salmonella typhimurium; Ascorbic Acid; Chlorine; Food Handling
PubMed: 36296611
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207019 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Jul 2023SARS-CoV-2 is primarily a respiratory virus that can potentially be transmitted through fomites. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and peracetic acid (PAA) are widely used...
SARS-CoV-2 is primarily a respiratory virus that can potentially be transmitted through fomites. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and peracetic acid (PAA) are widely used disinfectants on surfaces in diverse settings such as hospitals and food production facilities. The objectives of this study were to investigate the virucidal efficacy of NaOCl and PAA against SARS-CoV-2 using the ASTM standard methods. In the suspension assay, NaOCl and PAA (5, 50, and 200 ppm) were tested against SARS-CoV-2 in the presence/absence of soil load after 1 min of contact time. In the carrier assay, NaOCl and PAA were tested at 200, 400, 600, and 1,000 ppm for 1 min and 200 and 1,000 ppm for 5 and 10 min. Stainless steel (SS) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) disks were used as carriers. The virus was suspended in soil load and the disinfectants were prepared in 300 ppm of hard water. Virus quantification was done by TCID50 assay using Vero-E6 cell line. NaOCl and PAA were effective (> 3 log reduction in infectious virus) at 50 ppm in the absence of soil load. However, in the presence of soil load, 200 ppm was required for > 3 log reduction in virus infectivity. In contrast, NaOCl and PAA at 200 ppm and with a 1-min contact time were not effective against SARS-CoV-2 on either SS or HDPE surfaces. PAA at 200 ppm for 10 min was effective against SARS-CoV-2 on SS and HDPE surfaces, whereas NaOCl required 1,000 ppm for 10 min to be effective against SARS-CoV-2 on both surfaces. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended the use of chlorine-based products such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at 1,000 ppm for a minimum of 1 min to disinfect environmental surfaces. However, this recommendation was not based on validated studies on the actual SARS-CoV-2 itself. In fact, over half of the chemical disinfectants, including many peracetic acid products, listed in EPA List N were approved based on "kills a harder-to-kill pathogen" without further validation on SARS-CoV-2. Research on SARS-CoV-2 is restricted to BSL3 laboratories and the urgency of tackling the pandemic might explain the lack of studies on the actual virus. Our results show that the WHO recommendation of 1 min contact time with 1,000 ppm NaOCl is not effective against SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces. Also, our results indicate that PAA is effective against SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces and can be used as safer and more environmentally friendly alternative to NaOCl at a lower concentration.
Topics: Humans; Sodium Hypochlorite; Peracetic Acid; SARS-CoV-2; Pandemics; Polyethylene; COVID-19; Disinfectants
PubMed: 37347194
DOI: 10.1128/aem.00622-23 -
International Journal of Environmental... Feb 2022The COVID-19 pandemic made more people aware of the danger of viruses and bacteria, which is why disinfection began to be used more and more often. Epidemiological...
The COVID-19 pandemic made more people aware of the danger of viruses and bacteria, which is why disinfection began to be used more and more often. Epidemiological safety must be ensured not only in gathering places, but also in home and work environments. It is especially challenging in public transportation, which is a perfect environment for the spread of infectious disease. Therefore, the aim of the study was the identification of bacteria in crowded places and the evaluation of the effect of fumigation with peracetic acid (PAA) in public transportation. Inactivation of microorganisms in buses and long-distance coaches was carried out using an automatic commercial fogging device filled with a solution of peracetic acid stabilized with acetic acid (AA) and hydrogen peroxide (HO). Before and after disinfection, samples were taken for microbiological tests. The most prevalent bacteria were and was only present in buses, whereas and were only present in coaches. Statistical analysis showed a significant reduction in the number of microorganisms in samples taken from different surfaces after disinfection in vehicles. The overall effectiveness of disinfection was 81.7% in buses and 66.5% in coaches. Dry fog fumigation with peracetic acid is an effective method of disinfecting public transport vehicles.
Topics: COVID-19; Disinfectants; Fumigation; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Pandemics; Peracetic Acid; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 35270221
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052526 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2020Numerous substances from different chemical sectors, from the pharmaceutical industry to the many consumer products available for everyday usage, can find their way into...
Numerous substances from different chemical sectors, from the pharmaceutical industry to the many consumer products available for everyday usage, can find their way into water intended for human consumption and wastewater, and can have adverse effects on the environment and human health. Thus, the disinfection process is an essential stage in water and wastewater treatment plants to destroy pathogenic microorganisms but it can form degradation byproducts. Sodium hypochlorite is the most common disinfectant, but the most important drawback associated with this kind of compound is the generation of toxic disinfection byproducts. Many studies have been carried out to identify alternative disinfectants, and in the last few years, peracetic acid has been highlighted as a feasible solution, particularly in wastewater treatment. This study compares the transformations of five emerging pollutants (caffeine, tramadol, irbesartan, diclofenac, trazodone) treated with peracetic acid, to evaluate their degradation and the possible formation of byproducts with those obtained with sodium hypochlorite. Although peracetic acid has many advantages, including a wide field of use against microorganisms and a low toxicity towards animal and plant organisms, it is not as effective in the degradation of the considered pollutants. These ones are recovered substantially and are unchanged quantitatively, producing a very low number of byproducts.
Topics: Peracetic Acid; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Sodium Hypochlorite; Wastewater; Water Purification
PubMed: 32414067
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102294 -
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry May 2022Traditional ultrasound (US)-assisted disinfection is only effective during washing. Coating is an effective method to control microbial growth after washing; however,...
Combination of ultrasound-peracetic acid washing and ultrasound-assisted aerosolized ascorbic acid: A novel rinsing-free disinfection method that improves the antibacterial and antioxidant activities in cherry tomato.
Traditional ultrasound (US)-assisted disinfection is only effective during washing. Coating is an effective method to control microbial growth after washing; however, cross-contamination can occur during immersion in the coating aqueous solution. Tap water (TW) rinsing is generally used to remove sanitizer residues after US-assisted washing; however, the Food and Drug Administration stated that rinsing is unnecessary when the peracetic acid (PAA) concentration does not exceed 80 ppm. In this study, we proposed a novel US-assisted hurdle technology of 80 ppm PAA combined with low-frequency US (25 kHz) during washing, followed by US-assisted aerosolization processing (nonimmersion coating). Ascorbic acid (AA), a safe and low-cost agent, was selected as the aerosolization solution. Cherry tomatoes were selected as the model, and the proposed method was compared with traditional US-assisted disinfection methods (US-10 ppm free chlorine washing + TW rinsing and US-5 ppm chlorine dioxide washing + TW rinsing) to analyze the disinfection efficacy and quality changes. During storage, US-PAA + 1%AA facilitated additional 0.7-0.9, 0.6-0.8, 0.7-1.0, and 0.5-1.0 log CFU/g reductions in the counts of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, aerobic mesophilic counts, and molds and yeasts, respectively, as compared with traditional US-assisted methods. Sensory properties, color index, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and weight loss were not negatively affected by any of the treatments. Firmness was slightly reduced after all treatments; however, the firmness of the samples was maintained during storage, in contrast with the decreased firmness observed in the control. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity significantly increased after all treatments. Further analysis of two key enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and 4-coumarate-CoA ligase) involved in phenolic synthesis showed that their levels significantly increased following all treatments, leading to an increase in phenolic content and antioxidant activity. This result also indicated that US-assisted washing could act as an abiotic elicitor to increase nutritional content. Overall, US-PAA + 1%AA treatment served as an effective method for disinfecting produce during washing and for controlling microbial growth after washing without prolonging the processing time, which is an advantage over traditional US-assisted washing.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Colony Count, Microbial; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Food Handling; Food Microbiology; Solanum lycopersicum; Peracetic Acid; Water
PubMed: 35405541
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106001 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2022Cars with air conditioning systems have become the norm, but these systems can be dangerous for human health as a result of the accumulation of different microorganisms,...
Cars with air conditioning systems have become the norm, but these systems can be dangerous for human health as a result of the accumulation of different microorganisms, including pathogenic ones, causing severe allergy or inflammation problems. The novel purpose of this study is 2-fold: on the one hand, to test different disinfection agents on a new area, that is, automobile cabins, and on the other, to compare activity in the gas phase of these agents for disinfection of car air conditioning and cabin surfaces. This study shown that tested disinfectant agents dedicated for decontamination medical areas (agent based on peracetic acid and an agent containing didecyldimethylammonium chloride, 2-phenoxyethanol with cinnamaldehyde) can be successfully used for disinfection car air conditioning and cabin surfaces. Both disinfectants were examined in comparison to a commercial "ready-to-use" spray from a local supermarket dedicated to car air conditioning disinfection. Our research found that very effective agents in this regard were acid stabilized by hydrogen peroxide applied by fumigator, and a combination of didecyldimethylammonium chloride, 2-phenoxyethanol, and cinnamaldehyde applied by atomizer. Tested disinfection procedures of car air conditioning significantly influence the quality of cabin air and surfaces by reducing the amount of microorganisms. The comparison of disinfection properties studied agents in the gas phase reveal statistically significant differences between it effect for disinfection car air conditioning and cabin surfaces. Our research found that very effective agents in this regard were acid stabilized by hydrogen peroxide applied by fumigator, and a combination of didecyldimethylammonium chloride, 2-phenoxyethanol, and cinnamaldehyde applied by atomizer. Tested disinfection procedures of car air conditioning significantly influence the quality of cabin air and surfaces by reducing the amount of microorganisms.
Topics: Disinfectants; Disinfection; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Peracetic Acid
PubMed: 35284381
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.820816 -
Journal of Food Protection Sep 2021This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of two sanitizing agents, chlorine and peracetic acid (PAA), in reducing spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms and...
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of two sanitizing agents, chlorine and peracetic acid (PAA), in reducing spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms and disinfection by-products in the washing stage of three types of minimally processed vegetables: iceberg lettuce, carrots, and baby leaves. These fresh-cut products are consumed uncooked; thus, proper sanitation is essential in preventing foodborne illness outbreaks. The comparison was done at industrial scale with equipment already used in the fresh-cut industry and with washers designed and manufactured for this purpose. Results showed that for washing water hygiene and final product microbial quality, the use of PAA or chlorine had similar efficacy. Different scenarios combining PAA, chlorine, and water were tested, simulating the current industrial processes for each of the tested vegetables. Overall, results confirmed that the use of a sanitizer, PAA or chlorine, in the washing water is effective for the prevention of cross-contamination during the washing process and hence for produce food safety. For final product microbiological quality and shelf life, the use of chlorine or PAA showed no significant differences in lettuce or baby leaves. Chlorinated disinfection by-products in processing water were not formed in significant amounts when washing water was treated with PAA in all scenarios and for all tested vegetables, whereas washing with chlorine (80 mg/L) generated important amounts of trihalomethanes, chlorates, and chlorites. Although chlorates and chlorites were always below the recommended levels or legal limits established for drinking water, trihalomethanes exceeded the legal limits. For perchlorates, values were below the quantification limit in all scenarios. Our results show that PAA is a reliable alternative to chlorine disinfection strategies in the fresh-cut industry.
Topics: Chlorine; Colony Count, Microbial; Disinfectants; Escherichia coli O157; Food Contamination; Food Handling; Food Microbiology; Lactuca; Peracetic Acid; Vegetables
PubMed: 34015109
DOI: 10.4315/JFP-20-448 -
Orthopaedic Surgery Sep 2021To clarify the morphological, biochemical, and biomechanical effects of peracetic acid-ethanol sterilization processing to human hamstring tendon allografts for...
OBJECTIVE
To clarify the morphological, biochemical, and biomechanical effects of peracetic acid-ethanol sterilization processing to human hamstring tendon allografts for different time periods.
METHODS
Thirty-two fresh-frozen human hamstring tendon allografts obtained from an allograft supplier were prepared and incubated in peracetic acid-ethanol solution (PES) containing 1% v/v peracetic acid and 24% v/v ethanol. Specimens were randomly classified into four groups according to the PES processing time (untreated as the control group, 30 min as the PES30 group, 120 min as the PES120 group, and 240 min as the PES240group). Light microscopy with hematoxylin-eosin and toluidine blue were performed, along with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to measure the collagen fibril diameters and their distributions, from which the collagen fibril index (CFI) and mass average diameter (MAD) were calculated. The thermal stability and collagen denaturation were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and collagen denaturation test by α-chymotrypsin. Cyclic loading and failure testing were applied on five tendons from each group, from which the cyclic creep strain, elastic modulus, maximum stress, maximum strain, and strain energy density were calculated.
RESULTS
Tendons in the control, PES30, PES120 groups showed similar regularly aligned collagen fibers in light microscopy images, while the images from the PES240 group revealed relatively disordered and heterogeneous collagen bundles with larger interfiber spaces. TEM analysis showed that the mean diameter (F = 3.09, P = 0.04) was lower in the PES120 group (87.15 ± 4.76 nm) than it was in the control group (99.39 ± 9.19 nm) but not statistically (P = 0.05). Moreover, the CFI value in the PES30 group (65.37 ± 4.14%) was the lowest among groups (all P ≤ 0.01), while no variance existed in density and MAD among groups (F = 2.09, P = 0.13, and F = 0.27, P = 0.85, respectively). The onset temperature (H = 8.74, P = 0.03) and peak temperature (H = 9.97, P = 0.02) were decreased in the PES30 group compared to the control group (P = 0.02 and P = 0.01, respectively), but there were no differences in enthalpy of denaturation among groups (F = 2.20, P = 0.17). The collagen denaturation test revealed lower hydroxyproline concentrations in PES-treated specimens with no statistical differences among groups (H = 8.86, P = 0.07). The maximum stress showed variance (F = 10.52, P < 0.01) that it was higher in PES30 group (68.29 ± 10.86 MPa) compared to the PES120 and the PES240 group, while it was lower in the PES120 group (19.40 ± 4.94 MPa) compared to the control and the PES30 group (all P < 0.05). The strain energy density (F = 7.34, P < 0.01) was over 4 times higher in the PES30 group (7.39 ± 2.51 MPa) than it was in the PES120 group (1.56 ± 0.64 MPa, P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION
PES treatment for 30 min has no adverse effect on the properties of human hamstring tendon allografts, longer processing time could not promise better properties preservation.
PubMed: 34477308
DOI: 10.1111/os.13030