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Journal of Clinical Medicine Jun 2023The residual risk for arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease after optimal statin treatment may amount to 50% and is the consequence of both immunological and lipid... (Review)
Review
The residual risk for arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease after optimal statin treatment may amount to 50% and is the consequence of both immunological and lipid disturbances. Regarding the lipid disturbances, the role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) and their remnants has come to the forefront in the past decade. Triglycerides (TGs) stand as markers of the remnants of the catabolism of TRLs that tend to contain twice as much cholesterol as compared to LDL. The accumulation of circulating TRLs and their partially lipolyzed derivatives, known as "remnants", is caused mainly by ineffective triglyceride catabolism. These cholesterol-enriched remnant particles are hypothesized to contribute to atherogenesis. The aim of the present narrative review is to briefly summarize the main pathways of TRL metabolism, bringing to the forefront the newly discovered role of apolipoproteins, the key physiological function of lipoprotein lipase and its main regulators, the importance of the fluxes of these particles in the post-prandial period, their catabolic rates and the role of apo CIII and angiopoietin-like proteins in the partition of TRLs during the fast-fed cycle. Finally, we provide a succinct summary of the new and old therapeutic armamentarium and the outcomes of key current trials with a final outlook on the different methodological approaches to measuring TRL remnants, still in search of the gold standard.
PubMed: 37445434
DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134399 -
The American Journal of Clinical... May 2024Metabolite abundance is a dynamic trait that varies in response to environmental stimuli and phenotypic traits, such as food consumption and body mass index (BMI, kg/m).
BACKGROUND
Metabolite abundance is a dynamic trait that varies in response to environmental stimuli and phenotypic traits, such as food consumption and body mass index (BMI, kg/m).
OBJECTIVES
In this study, we used the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity (NEO) study data to identify observational and causal associations between BMI and metabolite response to a liquid meal.
METHODS
A liquid meal challenge was performed, and Nightingale Health metabolite profiles were collected in 5744 NEO participants. Observational and one-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis were conducted to estimate the effect of BMI on metabolites (n = 229) in the fasting, postprandial, and response (or change in abundance) states.
RESULTS
We observed 473 associations with BMI (175 fasting, 188 postprandial, and 110 response) in observational analyses. In MR analyses, we observed 20 metabolite traits (5 fasting, 12 postprandial, and 3 response) to be associated with BMI. MR associations included the glucogenic amino acid alanine, which was inversely associated with BMI in the response state (β: -0.081; SE: 0.023; P = 5.91 × 10), suggesting that as alanine increased in postprandial abundance, that increase was attenuated with increasing BMI.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, this study showed that MR estimates were strongly correlated with observational effect estimates, suggesting that the broad associations seen between BMI and metabolite variation has a causal underpinning. Specific effects in previously unassessed postprandial and response states are detected, and these may likely mark novel life course risk exposures driven by regular nutrition.
Topics: Humans; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Body Mass Index; Female; Male; Meals; Middle Aged; Postprandial Period; Netherlands; Adult; Obesity; Fasting
PubMed: 38494119
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.03.009 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Mar 2024Anthocyanin and blueberry intakes positively associated with cognitive function in population-based studies and cognitive benefits in randomized controlled trials of...
Chronic and postprandial effect of blueberries on cognitive function, alertness, and mood in participants with metabolic syndrome - results from a six-month, double-blind, randomized controlled trial.
BACKGROUND
Anthocyanin and blueberry intakes positively associated with cognitive function in population-based studies and cognitive benefits in randomized controlled trials of adults with self-perceived or clinical cognitive dysfunction. To date, adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS) but without cognitive dysfunction are understudied.
OBJECTIVES
Cognitive function, mood, alertness, and sleep quality were assessed as secondary end points in MetS participants, postprandially (>24 h) and following 6-mo blueberry intake.
METHODS
A double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted, assessing the primary effect of consuming freeze-dried blueberry powder, compared against an isocaloric placebo, on cardiometabolic health >6 mo and a 24 h postprandial period (at baseline). In this secondary analysis of the main study, data from those completing mood, alertness, cognition, and sleep assessments are presented (i.e., n = 115 in the 6 mo study, n = 33 in the postprandial study), using the following: 1) Bond-Lader self-rated scores, 2) electronic cognitive battery (i.e., testing attention, working memory, episodic memory, speed of memory retrieval, executive function, and picture recognition), and 3) the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire. Urinary and serum anthocyanin metabolites were quantified, and apolipoprotein E genotype status was determined.
RESULTS
Postprandial self-rated calmness significantly improved after 1 cup of blueberries (P = 0.01; q = 0.04; with an 11.6% improvement compared with baseline between 0 and 24 h for the 1 cup group), but all other mood, sleep, and cognitive function parameters were unaffected after postprandial and 6-mo blueberries. Across the ½ and 1 cup groups, microbial metabolites of anthocyanins and chlorogenic acid (i.e., hydroxycinnamic acids, benzoic acids, phenylalanine derivatives, and hippuric acids) and catechin were associated with favorable chronic and postprandial memory, attention, executive function, and calmness.
CONCLUSIONS
Although self-rated calmness improved postprandially, and significant cognition-metabolite associations were identified, our data did not support strong cognitive, mood, alertness, or sleep quality improvements in MetS participants after blueberry intervention. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02035592.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Anthocyanins; Blueberry Plants; Metabolic Syndrome; Postprandial Period; Cognition; Attention; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 38432713
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.12.006 -
Diabetologia Dec 2023This study explored the hypothesis that significant abnormalities in the metabolism of intestinally derived lipoproteins are present in individuals with type 2 diabetes...
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS
This study explored the hypothesis that significant abnormalities in the metabolism of intestinally derived lipoproteins are present in individuals with type 2 diabetes on statin therapy. These abnormalities may contribute to residual CVD risk.
METHODS
To investigate the kinetics of ApoB-48- and ApoB-100-containing lipoproteins, we performed a secondary analysis of 11 overweight/obese individuals with type 2 diabetes who were treated with lifestyle counselling and on a stable dose of metformin who were from an earlier clinical study, and compared these with 11 control participants frequency-matched for age, BMI and sex. Participants in both groups were on a similar statin regimen during the study. Stable isotope tracers were used to determine the kinetics of the following in response to a standard fat-rich meal: (1) apolipoprotein (Apo)B-48 in chylomicrons and VLDL; (2) ApoB-100 in VLDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) and LDL; and (3) triglyceride (TG) in VLDL.
RESULTS
The fasting lipid profile did not differ significantly between the two groups. Compared with control participants, in individuals with type 2 diabetes, chylomicron TG and ApoB-48 levels exhibited an approximately twofold higher response to the fat-rich meal, and a twofold higher increment was observed in ApoB-48 particles in the VLDL and VLDL density ranges (all p < 0.05). Again comparing control participants with individuals with type 2 diabetes, in the latter, total ApoB-48 production was 25% higher (556 ± 57 vs 446 ± 57 mg/day; p < 0.001), conversion (fractional transfer rate) of chylomicrons to VLDL was around 40% lower (35 ± 25 vs 82 ± 58 pools/day; p=0.034) and direct clearance of chylomicrons was 5.6-fold higher (5.6 ± 2.2 vs 1.0 ± 1.8 pools/day; p < 0.001). During the postprandial period, ApoB-48 particles accounted for a higher proportion of total VLDL in individuals with type 2 diabetes (44%) compared with control participants (25%), and these ApoB-48 VLDL particles exhibited a fivefold longer residence time in the circulation (p < 0.01). No between-group differences were seen in the kinetics of ApoB-100 and TG in VLDL, or in LDL ApoB-100 production, pool size and clearance rate. As compared with control participants, the IDL ApoB-100 pool in individuals with type 2 diabetes was higher due to increased conversion from VLDL.
CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION
Abnormalities in the metabolism of intestinally derived ApoB-48-containing lipoproteins in individuals with type 2 diabetes on statins may help to explain the residual risk of CVD and may be suitable targets for interventions.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02948777.
Topics: Humans; Apolipoprotein B-100; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Apolipoprotein B-48; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Cardiovascular Diseases; Lipoproteins, VLDL; Apolipoproteins B; Lipoproteins; Triglycerides; Lipoproteins, IDL; Chylomicrons
PubMed: 37775612
DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-06008-0 -
European Journal of Nutrition Sep 2023Findings concerning the effects of almond consumption on glucose metabolism are inconsistent which might relate to body weight gain. The effects of long-term almond... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The effects of long-term almond consumption on whole-body insulin sensitivity, postprandial glucose responses, and 48 h continuous glucose concentrations in males and females with prediabetes: a randomized controlled trial.
PURPOSE
Findings concerning the effects of almond consumption on glucose metabolism are inconsistent which might relate to body weight gain. The effects of long-term almond consumption on glucose metabolism are investigated in a free-living setting without detailed dietary instructions in males and females with overweight/obesity and prediabetes.
METHODS
Forty-three participants volunteered in this randomized, cross-over trial with a 5-months control and intervention period and a 2-months wash-out. In the intervention period participants daily consumed 50 g whole almonds. At the end of both periods insulin sensitivity was assessed by a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, and postprandial glucose responses, and 48 h continuous glucose concentrations were measured.
RESULTS
Almond consumption significantly decreased insulin sensitivity (P = 0.002), and increased postprandial glucose concentrations (P = 0.019), as well as fasting insulin concentrations (P = 0.003) as compared to the control period. The AUCs for 24 h glucose concentrations were not significantly different between control and intervention (P = 0.066). Almond consumption also significantly increased BMI (P = 0.002), and waist circumference (P = 0.013), supported by the concurrent increased energy intake (P = 0.031). The effects on glucose metabolism could only partly be explained by the observed weight gain as the almond effect remained after correcting for BMI changes.
CONCLUSIONS
In participants with prediabetes, long-term almond consumption showed adverse effects on insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. As almonds seemed not to have fully replaced other food items, it might be necessary to provide more supporting guidelines on how to incorporate energy-dense nuts into healthy diets to prevent type 2 diabetes development.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
This clinical trial was registered in February 2018 as NCT03419702.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Prunus dulcis; Glucose; Insulin Resistance; Prediabetic State; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Insulin; Blood Glucose; Postprandial Period; Cross-Over Studies
PubMed: 37258943
DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03178-w -
Physiological Reports Aug 2023Dietary protein ingestion augments post (resistance) exercise muscle protein synthesis (MPS) rates. It is thought that the dose of leucine ingested within the protein... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Dietary protein ingestion augments post (resistance) exercise muscle protein synthesis (MPS) rates. It is thought that the dose of leucine ingested within the protein (leucine threshold hypothesis) and the subsequent plasma leucine variables (leucine trigger hypothesis; peak magnitude, rate of rise, and total availability) determine the magnitude of the postprandial postexercise MPS response.
METHODS
A quantitative systematic review was performed extracting data from studies that recruited healthy adults, applied a bout of resistance exercise, ingested a bolus of protein within an hour of exercise, and measured plasma leucine concentrations and MPS rates (delta change from basal).
RESULTS
Ingested leucine dose was associated with the magnitude of the MPS response in older, but not younger, adults over acute (0-2 h, r = 0.64, p = 0.02) and the entire postprandial (>2 h, r = 0.18, p = 0.01) period. However, no single plasma leucine variable possessed substantial predictive capacity over the magnitude of MPS rates in younger or older adults.
CONCLUSION
Our data provide support that leucine dose provides predictive capacity over postprandial postexercise MPS responses in older adults. However, no threshold in older adults and no plasma leucine variable was correlated with the magnitude of the postexercise anabolic response.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Leucine; Muscle Proteins; Diet; Muscle, Skeletal; Dietary Proteins; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 37537134
DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15775 -
Food Science & Nutrition Aug 2023Dietary proteins have been shown to stimulate thermogenesis, increase satiety, and improve insulin sensitivity in the short and long term. Animal-based proteins (AP) and... (Review)
Review
Dietary proteins have been shown to stimulate thermogenesis, increase satiety, and improve insulin sensitivity in the short and long term. Animal-based proteins (AP) and plant-based proteins (PP) have different amino acid profiles, bioavailability, and digestibility, so it seems to have various short- and long-term effects on metabolic responses. This review aimed to compare the findings of controlled clinical trials on postprandial effects of dietary Aps versus PPs on energy expenditure (EE), lipemia, glycemia, and insulinemia. Data are inconclusive regarding the postprandial effects of APs and PPs. However, there is some evidence indicating that APs increase postprandial EE, DIT, and SO more than PPs. With lipemia and glycemia, most studies showed that APs reduce or delay postprandial glycemia and lipemia and increase insulinemia more than PPs. The difference in amino acid composition, digestion and absorption rate, and gastric emptying rate between APs and PPs explains this difference.
PubMed: 37576026
DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3417 -
American Journal of Physiology.... Nov 2023Biological mechanisms to promote dietary balance remain unclear. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been suggested to contribute to such potential regulation... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Biological mechanisms to promote dietary balance remain unclear. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been suggested to contribute to such potential regulation considering that FGF21 ) is genetically associated with carbohydrate/sugar and protein intake in opposite directions, ) is secreted after sugar ingestion and protein restriction, and ) pharmacologically reduces sugar and increases protein intake in rodents. To gain insight of the nature of this potential regulation, we aimed to study macronutrient interactions in the secretory regulation of FGF21 in healthy humans. We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, crossover meal study (NCT05061485), wherein healthy volunteers consumed a sucrose drink, a sucrose + protein drink, and a sucrose + fat drink (matched sucrose content), and compared postprandial FGF21 responses between the three macronutrient combinations. Protein suppressed the sucrose-induced FGF21 secretion [incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for sucrose 484 ± 127 vs. sucrose + protein -35 ± 49 pg/mL × h, < 0.001]. The same could not be demonstrated for fat (iAUC 319 ± 102 pg/mL × h, = 203 for sucrose + fat vs. sucrose). We found no indications that regulators of glycemic homeostasis could explain this effect. This indicates that FGF21 responds to disproportionate intake of sucrose relative to protein acutely within a meal, and that protein outweighs sucrose in FGF21 regulation. Together with previous findings, our results suggests that FGF21 might act to promote macronutrient balance and sufficient protein intake. Here we test the interactions between sugar, protein, and fat in human FGF21 regulation and demonstrate that protein, but not fat, suppresses sugar-induced FGF21 secretion. This indicates that protein outweighs the effects of sugar in the secretory regulation of FGF21, and could suggest that the nutrient-specific appetite-regulatory actions of FGF21 might prioritize ensuring sufficient protein intake over limiting sugar intake.
Topics: Humans; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Diet; Sucrose; Sugars; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 37729024
DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00241.2023 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Jul 2023Polymerized polyphenols (PP) found in oolong tea can inhibit pancreatic lipase activity in vitro, and pilot work indicates that this may reduce postprandial lipemia.... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Postprandial Metabolic Mesponses to High-fat Feeding in Healthy Adults Following Ingestion of Oolong Tea-Derived Polymerized Polyphenols: A Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Crossover Study.
BACKGROUND
Polymerized polyphenols (PP) found in oolong tea can inhibit pancreatic lipase activity in vitro, and pilot work indicates that this may reduce postprandial lipemia. Since tea contains caffeine and catechins, the interactions between these ingredients and PP warrant investigation.
OBJECTIVES
To assess whether PP ingested alone or with caffeine and catechins lowers postprandial lipemia.
METHODS
Fifty healthy adults [mean (SD) age: 26 (7) y; BMI (in kg/m): 24.0 (2.7); female: n = 16] completed 4 oral lipid tolerance tests in a placebo-controlled randomized, crossover design. Participants ingested 40 g of fat with either 1) placebo, 2) 100 mg PP, 3) 150 mg PP, or 4) 100 mg PP plus 50 mg caffeine and 63 mg catechins (PP + CC). Blood was sampled for 3 h postprandially to assess concentrations of serum and plasma triacylglycerol and plasma markers of lipid (NEFA; glycerol; LDL and HDL cholesterol; and ApoA-I, A-II, B, C-II, C-III, and E) and glucose metabolism (glucose, insulin, and C-peptide).
RESULTS
Serum and plasma triacylglycerol concentrations and lipid metabolism variables generally increased following any test drink ingestion (main effect of time, p < 0.001). Nevertheless, for the lipid metabolism responses, there were no statistically significant condition-time interactions and no statistically significant differences in incremental or total area under the curve between conditions, apart from HDL cholesterol (p = 0.021). Ingesting 100 mg PP + CC lowered peak plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide concentrations compared with all other conditions 30 min postingestion (p < 0.001), with persistent alterations in glucose concentrations observed for 90 min compared with placebo and 100 mg PP conditions.
CONCLUSIONS
PP ingested at doses ≤150 mg does not clearly alter early-phase postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations in healthy adults, irrespective of the presence or absence of caffeine and catechins. Nevertheless, caffeine and catechins added to PP lowered postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations. This trial was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT03324191 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03324191).
Topics: Humans; Adult; Female; Polyphenols; Cross-Over Studies; Caffeine; Cholesterol, HDL; Blood Glucose; C-Peptide; Triglycerides; Glucose; Insulin; Catechin; Tea; Eating; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 37080462
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.04.020 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023Dog owners have gradually changed their approach, paying more attention to the nutrition and health of their animals. Various pet foods with different ingredients and...
INTRODUCTION
Dog owners have gradually changed their approach, paying more attention to the nutrition and health of their animals. Various pet foods with different ingredients and nutritional characteristics are available on the market. The present study aimed to evaluate the administration of three diets, namely, two grain-free (GF1 and GF2) and one grain-based (CB), with different sources of carbohydrates that can influence the glycemic and insulin postprandial responses in healthy dogs.
MATERIALS
Fifteen healthy dogs were dived in three groups and alternatively fed each diet for 50 days. Blood samples were collected at beginning of each feeding period. Glycemia and insulin were measured before and after 120, 240 and 360 minutes diet administration to evaluate postprandial responses.
RESULTS
GF2 diet showed the highest level of albumin and mean insulin concentration ( < 0.001). Furthermore, the GF1 diet caused the smallest ( < 0.001) glucose and insulin area under the curve (AUC) and the lowest ( < 0.05) glucose nadir. Otherwise, GF1 showed the highest ( < 0.01) insulin time to peak. The GF2 diet showed the highest level of albumin while reporting the lowest amount of fructosamine ( < 0.05). The diet GF2 registered the highest ( < 0.001) level of insulin zenith. The cereal-based (CB) diet reported the highest amount of fructosamine ( < 0.05). The CB diet had the highest levels of glucose and the highest ( < 0.001) glucose and insulin mean concentrations. Diet CB reported the lowest ( < 0.001) insulin nadir.
DISCUSSION
Diets with different carbohydrate sources and chemical compositions could modulate the glycemic response in healthy dogs. Bearing in mind that glycemic/insulin postprandial responses influence energy availability and that different dogs have specific lifestyles, it may be preferable to also consider these aspects when choosing a maintenance diet for animals.
PubMed: 37533455
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1201611