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Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2023The objective of this study was to comprehend the efficiency of wheat regeneration, callus induction, and DNA methylation through the application of mathematical...
The objective of this study was to comprehend the efficiency of wheat regeneration, callus induction, and DNA methylation through the application of mathematical frameworks and artificial intelligence (AI)-based models. This research aimed to explore the impact of treatments with AgNO and Ag-NPs on various parameters. The study specifically concentrated on analyzing RAPD profiles and modeling regeneration parameters. The treatments and molecular findings served as input variables in the modeling process. It included the use of AgNO and Ag-NPs at different concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg L). The in vitro and epigenetic characteristics were analyzed using several machine learning (ML) methods, including support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), k-nearest neighbor classifier (KNN), and Gaussian processes classifier (GP) methods. This study's results revealed that the highest values for callus induction (CI%) and embryogenic callus induction (EC%) occurred at a concentration of 2 mg L of Ag-NPs. Additionally, the regeneration efficiency (RE) parameter reached its peak at a concentration of 8 mg L of AgNO. Taking an epigenetic approach, AgNO at a concentration of 2 mg L demonstrated the highest levels of genomic template stability (GTS), at 79.3%. There was a positive correlation seen between increased levels of AgNO and DNA hypermethylation. Conversely, elevated levels of Ag-NPs were associated with DNA hypomethylation. The models were used to estimate the relationships between the input elements, including treatments, concentration, GTS rates, and and polymorphism, and the in vitro output parameters. The findings suggested that the XGBoost model exhibited superior performance scores for callus induction (CI), as evidenced by an R score of 51.5%, which explained the variances. Additionally, the RF model explained 71.9% of the total variance and showed superior efficacy in terms of EC%. Furthermore, the GP model, which provided the most robust statistics for RE, yielded an R value of 52.5%, signifying its ability to account for a substantial portion of the total variance present in the data. This study exemplifies the application of various machine learning models in the cultivation of mature wheat embryos under the influence of treatments and concentrations involving AgNO and Ag-NPs.
PubMed: 38140479
DOI: 10.3390/plants12244151 -
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry : PPB Mar 2024Plants produce a myriad of specialized compounds in response to threats such as pathogens or pests and different abiotic factors. The stress-related induction of...
Plants produce a myriad of specialized compounds in response to threats such as pathogens or pests and different abiotic factors. The stress-related induction of specialized metabolites can be mimicked using silver nitrate (AgNO) as an elicitor, which application in conservation agriculture has gained interest. In Arabidopsis thaliana, AgNO triggers the accumulation of indole glucosinolates (IGs) and the phytoalexin camalexin as well as pheylpropanoid-derived defensive metabolites such as coumaroylagmatins and scopoletin through a yet unknown mechanism. In this work, the role of jasmonic (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) signaling in the AgNO-triggered specialized metabolite production was investigated. To attain this objective, AgNO, MeJA and SA were applied to A. thaliana lines impaired in JA or SA signaling, or affected in the endogenous levels of IGs and AGs. Metabolomics data indicated that AgNO elicitation required an intact JA and SA signaling to elicit the metabolic response, although mutants impaired in hormone signaling retained certain capacity to induce specialized metabolites. In turn, plants overproducing or abolishing IGs production had also an altered hormonal signaling response, both in the accumulation of signaling molecules and the molecular response mechanisms (ORA59, PDF1.2, VSP2 and PR1 gene expression), which pointed out to a crosstalk between defense hormones and specialized metabolites. The present work provides evidence of a crosstalk mechanism between JA and SA underlying AgNO defense metabolite elicitation in A. thaliana. In this mechanism, IGs would act as retrograde feedback signals dampening the hormonal response; hence, expanding the signaling molecule concept.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Plant Growth Regulators; Arabidopsis Proteins; Silver Nitrate; Oxylipins; Cyclopentanes; Salicylic Acid; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Diseases
PubMed: 38457948
DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108483 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Sep 2023Umbilical granuloma (UG) is a common problem during the neonatal period; however, its epidemiology and etiology are poorly studied, and the best treatment option has not...
Umbilical granuloma (UG) is a common problem during the neonatal period; however, its epidemiology and etiology are poorly studied, and the best treatment option has not yet been established. We examined the medical records of neonates who were born and underwent 1-month evaluations at our hospital between 2013 and 2022 to investigate the frequency of-and factors associated with-UG, as well as the annual trends of UG treatments and their efficacy. Of the 6680 eligible neonates, 395 (5.9%) had UG. The annual incidence rate ranged from 3.8% to 7.3%. Gestational age, birth weight, and incidence of meconium-stained amniotic fluid were significantly associated with UG. Silver nitrate cauterization was the predominant UG treatment from 2013 to 2016. Silver nitrate cauterization and topical betamethasone valerate were nearly equally applied in 2017. Betamethasone application became predominant in 2018. The healing rates during the initial treatment period were 91% for silver nitrate cauterization, 97.7% for betamethasone application, 60% for ethanol disinfection, and 88% for ligation; these rates were significantly different ( < 0.001). Topical steroid application may be the most effective treatment. If steroid application is ineffective, then silver nitrate cauterization and ligation may be important treatment options.
PubMed: 37763044
DOI: 10.3390/jcm12186104 -
Heliyon Mar 2024Herbal medicinal plants have been used for centuries in traditional medicine, and it is interesting to see how modern research has identified the active compounds...
Herbal medicinal plants have been used for centuries in traditional medicine, and it is interesting to see how modern research has identified the active compounds responsible for their therapeutic effects. The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using herbal medicinal plants, such as , is particularly noteworthy due to its antimicrobial properties. In the current study, the plant was collected for the first time from the region of Murree, Punjab, Pakistan. After collection, extracts were prepared in different solvents (ethanol, methanol, chloroform, and distilled water), and silver nanoparticles were synthesized by reducing silver nitrate (AgNO). The UV-visible spectrophotometer, SEM, and EDX were used to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles in terms of their size and shape. The phytochemical analysis of crude extract was performed to determine the presence of different kinds of phytochemicals. The antibacterial activity of plant extracts and the silver nanoparticles were then assessed using the agar well diffusion method against various pathogenic bacteria. The results showed that the plant contains several phytochemicals with remarkable antioxidant potential. The antibacterial analysis revealed that silver nanoparticles and the plant extracts exhibited a significant zone of inhibition against human pathogenic bacteria (, , and ) as compared to the cefixime and norfloxacin. This implies that the nanoparticles have the potential to be used in nano-medicine applications, such as drug delivery systems, as well as for their antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities. Additionally, the development and application of materials and technologies at the nanometer scale opens possibilities for the creation of novel drugs and therapies. Overall, the study highlights the promising potential of herbal medicinal plants found in Murree, Punjab, Pakistan, and green-synthesized silver nanoparticles in various fields of medicine and nanotechnology.
PubMed: 38524534
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28038 -
Microbial Cell Factories Nov 2023Mycosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) offers a safe, eco-friendly, and promising alternative technique for large-scale manufacturing. Our study might be the first...
BACKGROUND
Mycosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) offers a safe, eco-friendly, and promising alternative technique for large-scale manufacturing. Our study might be the first report that uses mycelial filtrate of an endophytic fungus, Aspergillus flavipes, for SNPs production under optimal conditions as an antimicrobial agent against clinical multidrug-resistant (MDR) wound pathogens.
RESULTS
In the present study, among four different endophytic fungi isolated from leaves of Lycium shawii, the only one isolate that has the ability to mycosynthesize SNPs has been identified for the first time as Aspergillus flavipes AUMC 15772 and deposited in Genebank under the accession number OP521771. One variable at a time (OVAT) and Plackett Burman design (PBD) were conducted for enhancing the production of mycosynthesized SNPs (Myco-SNPs) through optimization using five independent variables. The overall optimal variables for increasing the mycosynthesis of SNPs from mycelial filtrate of A. flavipes as a novel endophytic fungus were a silver nitrate concentration of 2 mM, a pH of 7.0, an incubation time of 5 days, and a mycelial filtrate concentration of 30% in dark conditions. UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray spectroscopy (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Selected-Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) patterns were used to characterize Myco-SNPs, which showed the peak of absorbance at 420 nm, and FTIR showed the bands at 3426.44, 2923.30, 1681.85, 1552.64, and 1023.02 cm-1, respectively, which illustrated the presence of polyphenols, hydroxyl, alkene, nitro compounds, and aliphatic amines, respectively. The XRD pattern revealed the formation of Myco-SNPs with good crystal quality at 2θ = 34.23° and 38.18°. The TEM image and SAED pattern show the spherical crystalline shape of Myco-SNPs with an average size of 6.9232 nm. High antibacterial activity of Myco-SNPs was recorded against MDR wound pathogens as studied by minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 8 to 32 µg/mL, time kill kinetics, and post-agent effects. Also, in vitro cell tests indicated that Myco-SNPs support the cell viability of human skin fibroblast cells as a nontoxic compound.
CONCLUSION
The obtained results revealed the successful production of Myco-SNPs using the mycelial filtrate of A. flavipes, which may be a promising nontoxic alternative candidate for combating MDR wound pathogens.
Topics: Humans; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Metal Nanoparticles; Silver; Aspergillus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 37932769
DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02238-4 -
BMC Microbiology Dec 2023The extremely halophilic archaeon Haloferax (Hfx.) alexandrinus DSM 27206 was previously documented for the ability to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles while...
BACKGROUND
The extremely halophilic archaeon Haloferax (Hfx.) alexandrinus DSM 27206 was previously documented for the ability to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles while mechanisms underlying its silver tolerance were overlooked. In the current study, we aimed to assess the transcriptional response of this haloarchaeon to varying concentrations of silver, seeking a comprehensive understanding of the molecular determinants underpinning its heavy metal tolerance.
RESULTS
The growth curves confirmed the capacity of Hfx. alexandrinus to surmount silver stress, while the SEM-EDS analysis illustrated the presence of silver nanoparticles in cultures exposed to 0.5 mM silver nitrate. The RNA-Seq based transcriptomic analysis of Hfx. alexandrinus cells exposed to 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mM silver nitrate revealed the differential expression of multiple sets of genes potentially employed in heavy-metal stress response, genes mostly related to metal transporters, basic metabolism, oxidative stress response and cellular motility. The RT-qPCR analysis of selected transcripts was conducted to verify and validate the generated RNA-Seq data.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results indicated that copA, encoding the copper ATPase, is essential for the survival of Hfx. alexandrinus cells in silver-containing saline media. The silver-exposed cultures underwent several metabolic adjustments that enabled the activation of enzymes involved in the oxidative stress response and impairment of the cellular movement capacity. To our knowledge, this study represents the first comprehensive analysis of gene expression in halophillic archaea facing increased levels of heavy metals.
Topics: Haloferax; Silver Nitrate; Metal Nanoparticles; Silver; Gene Expression Profiling; Haloferax volcanii
PubMed: 38049746
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03133-z -
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences Sep 2023This research reports the fabrication of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from endophytic fungus, isolated from (L.). Influencing factors for instance, thermal degree of...
This research reports the fabrication of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from endophytic fungus, isolated from (L.). Influencing factors for instance, thermal degree of incubation, media, pH, and silver nitrate (AgNO) molarity were optimized. Then, the AgNPs were encapsulated with chitosan (Ch-AgNPs) under microwave heating at 650 W for 90 s. Characterization of nanoparticles was performed via UV-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometer, Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), zeta potential using dynamic-light scattering (DLS), and field-emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). Anti-fungal activity of Ch-AgNPs at (50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 mg/L) was tested against , , and using the mycelial growth inhibition method (MGI). Results indicated that Czapek-dox broth (CDB) with 1 mM AgNO, an acidic pH, and a temperature of 25-30 °C were the optimum for AgNPs synthesis. (UV-vis) showed the highest peak at 435 nm, whereas Ch-AgNPs showed one peak for AgNPs at 405 nm and another peak for chitosan at 230 nm. FTIR analysis confirmed that the capping agent chitosan was successfully incorporated and interacted with the AgNPs through amide functionalities. Z-potential was -19.7 mV for AgNPs and 38.9 mV for Ch-AgNPs, which confirmed the significant stability enhancement after capping. FES-SEM showed spherical AgNPs and a reduction in the nanoparticle size to 44.65 nm after capping with chitosan. The highest mycelial growth reduction using fabricated Ch-AgNPs was 93% for followed by 77% for and 66%(50 mg/L). Biosynthesis of AgNPs using A. atrobrunnea cell-free extract was successful. Capping with chitosan exhibited antifungal activity against fungal pathogens.
PubMed: 37645687
DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103746 -
Cureus Apr 2024Introduction Effective root canal cleaning and sealing are essential for a successful endodontic procedure. For the purpose of disinfecting root canals, both herbal and...
A Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Efficacy of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles and Chemically Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Against Enterococcus faecalis: An In Vitro Study.
Introduction Effective root canal cleaning and sealing are essential for a successful endodontic procedure. For the purpose of disinfecting root canals, both herbal and non-herbal medications are recommended. This study aimed to analyze the antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from /neem and chemically synthesized AgNPs from trisodium citrate (TSC) against oral pathogens to be further used as an irrigant in endodontic treatment. Materials and methods To synthesize AgNPs, powdered fresh leaves were weighed, added to double distilled water, heated for 30 minutes, and then combined with silver nitrate solution. TSC was also used to create TSC AgNPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ocular observation, and the ultraviolet-visible light (UV-vis) spectrum were used to characterize the AgNPs. Studies were conducted on the extract's characteristics, including its cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity. Results The hue shift and peak on the UV-vis spectrophotometer were signs that AgNPs were forming. The XRD pattern showed that the sample included crystalline AgNPs, mostly spherical ones. By using SEM, the presence of AgNPs was also verified. AgNPs that were synthesized showed antimicrobial efficacy against . Compared to chemically synthesized AgNPs, AgNPs showed lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values, a bigger zone of inhibition (ZOI), and less cytotoxic action. Conclusion This study demonstrates the minimal cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of AgNPs against . This suggests that they might also be employed as root canal cleaners. Before experimenting with animals or cell lines in clinical trials for endodontic treatment, further research should be done.
PubMed: 38765427
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58428 -
BMJ Open Oct 2023The most frequent umbilical abnormality in infancy period is umbilical granuloma. Although umbilical granuloma treatment with silver nitrate is practised worldwide,...
INTRODUCTION
The most frequent umbilical abnormality in infancy period is umbilical granuloma. Although umbilical granuloma treatment with silver nitrate is practised worldwide, silver nitrate cauterisation is high in cost and if silver nitrate comes into contact with healthy tissues, it might cause injury. This systematic review aims to look for evidence concerning the safety and efficacy of all interventions for treating umbilical granuloma in neonates.
METHODS AND ANALYSIS
Individual and cluster randomised controlled trials will be included in our study. The direct comparisons between two of any interventions for treating umbilical granuloma, including silver nitrate cauterisation, dry care, common salt, alcoholic wipes, topical doxycycline, topical steroid ointment, ligatures, cryosurgery, electrocautery, surgical excision and no intervention will be investigated. Primary outcomes will be the healing rate after 2 weeks of treatment and the incidence of cord-related adverse events. We will search CENTRAL, Embase and MEDLINE.
ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION
Ethical approval is not applicable in this study since we will retrieve and analyse data from previous published studies. The results of this systematic review are expected to be published in a scientific journal and presented at medical conferences.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER
CRD42022369915.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Humans; Silver Nitrate; Systematic Reviews as Topic; Meta-Analysis as Topic; Granuloma; Skin Diseases; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 37879696
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076931 -
Scientific Reports May 2024Cassava root rot disease caused by the fungal pathogens Fusarium solani and Lasiodiplodia theobromae produces severe damages on cassava production. This research was...
Cassava root rot disease caused by the fungal pathogens Fusarium solani and Lasiodiplodia theobromae produces severe damages on cassava production. This research was conducted to produce and assess silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized by Trichoderma harzianum for reducing root rot disease. The results revealed that using the supernatants of T. harzianum on a silver nitrate solution changed it to reddish color at 48 h, indicating the formation of AgNPs. Further characterization was identified using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). DLS supported that the Z-average size is at 39.79 nm and the mean zeta potential is at - 36.5 mV. SEM revealed the formation of monodispersed spherical shape with a diameter between 60-75 nm. The antibacterial action of AgNPs as an antifungal agent was demonstrated by an observed decrease in the size of the fungal colonies using an increasing concentration of AgNPs until the complete inhibition growth of L. theobromae and F. solani at > 58 µg mL and at ≥ 50 µg mL, respectively. At in vitro conditions, the applied AgNPs caused a decrease in the percentage of healthy aerial hyphae of L. theobromae (32.5%) and of F. solani (70.0%) compared to control (100%). The SR-FTIR spectra showed the highest peaks in the first region (3000-2800 cm) associated with lipids and fatty acids located at 2962, 2927, and 2854 cm in the AgNPs treated samples. The second region (1700-1450 cm) consisting of proteins and peptides revealed the highest peaks at 1658, 1641, and 1548 cm in the AgNPs treated samples. The third region (1300-900 cm), which involves nucleic acid, phospholipids, polysaccharides, and carbohydrates, revealed the highest peaks at 1155, 1079, and 1027 cm in the readings from the untreated samples. Finally, the observed root rot severity on cassava roots treated with AgNPs (1.75 ± 0.50) was significantly lower than the control samples (5.00 ± 0.00).
Topics: Metal Nanoparticles; Silver; Plant Diseases; Manihot; Plant Roots; Fusarium; Antifungal Agents; Hypocreales; Trichoderma
PubMed: 38821999
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60903-z