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Pharmacogenomics Jan 2023Breast cancer was declared the most prevalent type of cancer in 2020. Among other factors, treatment response can be affected by genetic polymorphisms - which is the... (Review)
Review
Breast cancer was declared the most prevalent type of cancer in 2020. Among other factors, treatment response can be affected by genetic polymorphisms - which is the focus of pharmacogenetics - and ethnicity is also a contributing factor in this context. Relevant genes in disease treatment pathways were selected to evaluate treatment response from the pharmacogenetic perspective; polymorphism frequencies and ethnic and continental representation across the available literature were also assessed through a systematic review. The identified associations and gaps have been described in this study with the purpose that, in the future, treatments can be personalized and thus be more effective, safer, and accessible to all.
Topics: Humans; Female; Breast Neoplasms; Polymorphism, Genetic; Pharmacogenetics; Ethnicity
PubMed: 36475975
DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2022-0144 -
Pharmacogenomics Sep 2021Genetic polymorphism in olanzapine-metabolizing enzymes, transporters and drug targets is associated with alterations in safety and efficacy. The aim of this systematic...
Genetic polymorphism in olanzapine-metabolizing enzymes, transporters and drug targets is associated with alterations in safety and efficacy. The aim of this systematic review is to describe all clinically relevant pharmacogenetic information on olanzapine and to propose clinically actionable variants. Two hundred and eighty-four studies were screened; 76 complied with the inclusion criteria and presented significant associations. Taq1A (rs1800497) *A1, -2548 (rs7799039) G and *1F alleles were related to olanzapine effectiveness and safety variability in several studies, with a high level of evidence. -141 (rs1799732) Ins, A-241G (rs1799978) G, Ser9Gly (rs6280) Gly, rs7997012 A, C3435T (rs1045642) T and G2677T/A (rs2032582) T and *3 alleles were related to safety, effectiveness and/or pharmacokinetic variability with moderated level of evidence.
Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Humans; Olanzapine; Pharmacogenetics; Polymorphism, Genetic; Schizophrenia; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 34528455
DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2021-0051 -
Inflammation Research : Official... Aug 2022Several experimental models have been designed to promote the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs. The in vitro model using RAW 264.7 cells has been widely used.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
Several experimental models have been designed to promote the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs. The in vitro model using RAW 264.7 cells has been widely used. However, there is still no consensus on which inflammatory mediators should initially be measured to screen for possible anti-inflammatory effects. To determine the rationality of measuring inflammatory mediators together with NO, such as the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukins (IL) 1β and 6, we carried out this systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis (MA).
METHODOLOGY
We conducted this SR and MA in accordance with the Preferred Reporting of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Intervention. This review was registered in the Open Science Framework ( https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/8C3HT ).
RESULTS
LPS-induced cells produced high NO levels compared to non-LPS induced, and this production was not related to cell density. TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, also showed high levels after cells had been stimulated with LPS. Though with some restrictions, all studies were reliable, as the risk of bias was detected in the test compounds and systems.
CONCLUSION
Measurement of NO levels may be sufficient to screen for possible anti-inflammatory action in the context of LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Biomarkers; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-1beta; Lipopolysaccharides; Macrophages; Mice; NF-kappa B; Nitric Oxide; RAW 264.7 Cells; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 35612604
DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01584-0 -
Phytomedicine : International Journal... Jul 2022Chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) is a relatively common primary glomerular disease. Huangkui capsule (HKC) combined with angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) for CGN is... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) is a relatively common primary glomerular disease. Huangkui capsule (HKC) combined with angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) for CGN is frequently used in clinical practice, however, there is still lack of high-quality evidence-based evidence and network pharmacology to clarify the therapeutic efficacy and pharmacological mechanisms.
PURPOSE
Integrating evidence-based medicine and network pharmacology to explain the therapeutic efficacy and pharmacological mechanisms of ARB combined with HKC for CGN.
METHODS
Studies matching the topic were searched from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase database, the Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, CBM databases, the VIP medicine information system and the Wanfang database and screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data of the included studies were meta-analyzed by blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCR), 24-h urine protein (24hUP) and effective rate (ER). A meta-analysis of the data from the included studies was performed. Then, based on the network pharmacology, the chemical ingredients in HKC and their targets of action, disease targets, common targets and other relevant information were screened, and the key pathways were relevantly annotated based on bioinformatics technology to explore the potential mechanisms of HKC and ARB for CGN.
RESULTS
The results showed that SCR index (p < 0.05), 24hUP index (p < 0.001) in the group treated with HKC and ARB were significantly lower than those in the control group. BUN index in the group treated with HKC and VAL were significantly lower than those in the control group (p < 0.001). Effective rate index in the group treated with HKC and ARB was significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in BUN treated with IRB, LOS, and TEL (p = 0.181; p = 0.811; p = 0.067). Based on network pharmacology, the results were as follows: The PPI network indicated that STAT3, AKT1, MAPK1, TP53 and JUN were key target proteins. The results of KEGG analysis suggested that the pharmacological mechanisms were mainly associated with AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications.
CONCLUSION
The combination of ARB and HKC can achieve better therapeutic effects in the treatment of CGN, meanwhile, ARB and HKC have a significant improved effectiveness in the treatment of CGN compared with ARB or HKC alone. In addition, HKC and ARB synergistically treated CGN through a multi-pathway network.
Topics: Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animals; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Glomerulonephritis; Network Pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
PubMed: 35617887
DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154189 -
Nutrients Apr 2023According to reports, supplementation with appropriate doses of taurine may help to reduce visual fatigue. Presently, some progress has been made in research related to... (Review)
Review
According to reports, supplementation with appropriate doses of taurine may help to reduce visual fatigue. Presently, some progress has been made in research related to taurine in eye health, but the lack of systematic summaries has led to the neglect of its application in the relief of visual fatigue. This paper, therefore, provides a systematic review of the sources of taurine, including the endogenous metabolic and exogenous dietary pathways, as well as a detailed review of the distribution and production of exogenous taurine. The physiological mechanisms underlying the production of visual fatigue are summarized and the research progress of taurine in relieving visual fatigue is reviewed, including the safety of consumption and the mechanism of action in relieving visual fatigue, in order to provide some reference basis and inspiration for the development and application of taurine in functional foods for relieving visual fatigue.
Topics: Humans; Taurine; Asthenopia; Diet; Functional Food; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 37111062
DOI: 10.3390/nu15081843 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Aug 2022The use of low doses of psychedelic substances (microdosing) is attracting increasing interest. This systematic review summarises all empirical microdosing research to... (Review)
Review
The use of low doses of psychedelic substances (microdosing) is attracting increasing interest. This systematic review summarises all empirical microdosing research to date, including a set of infrequently cited studies that took place prior to prohibition. Specifically, we reviewed 44 studies published between 1955 and 2021, and summarised reported effects across six categories: mood and mental health; wellbeing and attitude; cognition and creativity; personality; changes in conscious state; and neurobiology and physiology. Studies showed a wide range in risk of bias, depending on design, age, and other study characteristics. Laboratory studies found changes in pain perception, time perception, conscious state, and neurophysiology. Self-report studies found changes in cognitive processing and mental health. We review data related to expectation and placebo effects, but argue that claims that microdosing effects are largely due to expectancy are premature and possibly wrong. In addition, we attempt to clarify definitional inconsistencies in the microdosing literature by providing suggested dose ranges across different substances. Finally, we provide specific design suggestions to facilitate more rigorous future research.
Topics: Affect; Creativity; Hallucinogens; Humans; Mental Health; Personality; Psilocybin
PubMed: 35609684
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104706 -
Seminars in Cancer Biology May 2022The oleogum resins of Boswellia species known as frankincense have been used for ages in traditional medicine in India, China and the Arabian world independent of its... (Review)
Review
The oleogum resins of Boswellia species known as frankincense have been used for ages in traditional medicine in India, China and the Arabian world independent of its use for cultural and religious rituals in Europe. During the past two decades, scientific investigations provided mounting evidence for the therapeutic potential of frankincense. We conducted a systematic review on the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of Boswellia species and their chemical ingredients (e.g. 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β boswellic acid, α- and β-boswellic acids, 11-keto-β-boswellic acid and other boswellic acids, lupeolic acids, incensole, cembrenes, triterpenediol, tirucallic acids, and olibanumols). Frankincense acts by multiple mechanisms, e.g. by the inhibition of leukotriene synthesis, of cyclooxygenase 1/2 and 5-lipoxygenase, of oxidative stress, and by regulation of immune cells from the innate and acquired immune systems. Furthermore, frankincense modulates signaling transduction responsible for cell cycle arrest and inhibition of proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Clinical trials showed the efficacy of frankincense and its phytochemicals against osteoarthritis, multiple sclerosis, asthma, psoriasis and erythematous eczema, plaque-induced gingivitis and pain. Frankincense revealed beneficial effects towards brain tumor-related edema, but did not reduce glioma size. Even if there is no treatment effect on brain tumors itself, the management of glioma-associated edema may represent a desirable improvement. The therapeutic potential against other tumor types is still speculative. Experimental toxicology and clinical trials revealed only mild adverse side effects. More randomized clinical trials are required to estimate the full clinical potential of frankincense for cancer therapy.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Boswellia; Frankincense; Glioma; Humans; Immunologic Factors; Resins, Plant
PubMed: 32027979
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.01.015 -
Critical Reviews in Food Science and... 2023Substances with modulatory capabilities on certain aspects of human cognition have been revered as nootropics from the dawn of time. The plant kingdom provides most of...
Substances with modulatory capabilities on certain aspects of human cognition have been revered as nootropics from the dawn of time. The plant kingdom provides most of the currently available nootropics of natural origin. Here, in this systematic review, we aim to provide state-of-the-art information regarding proven and unproven effects of plant-derived nootropics (PDNs) on human cognition in conditions of health and disease. Six independent searches, one for each neurocognitive domain (NCD), were performed in parallel using three independent scientific library databases: PubMed, Cochrane and Scopus. Only scientific studies and systematic reviews with humans published between January 2000 and November 2021 were reviewed, and 256 papers were included. was the most relevant nootropic regarding perceptual and motor functions. improves language, learning and memory. (Ashwagandha) modulates anxiety and social-related cognitions. Caffeine enhances attention and executive functions. Together, the results from the compiled studies highlight the nootropic effects and the inconsistencies regarding PDNs that require further research.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.2021137.
Topics: Humans; Nootropic Agents; Plant Extracts; Cognition; Phytotherapy
PubMed: 34978226
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2021137 -
International Journal of Sport... Jul 2022There is some controversy regarding the interactions between creatine (CRE) and caffeine (CAF) supplements. The aim of this systematic review was to study whether such...
There is some controversy regarding the interactions between creatine (CRE) and caffeine (CAF) supplements. The aim of this systematic review was to study whether such ergogenic interaction occurs and to analyze the protocol to optimize their synchronous use. The PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched until November 2021 following the PRISMA guidelines. Ten studies were included. Three studies observed that CRE loading before an acute dose of CAF before exercise did not interfere in the beneficial effect of CAF, whereas one study reported that only an acute supplementation (SUP) of CAF was beneficial but not the acute SUP of both. When chronic SUP with CRE + CAF was used, two studies reported that CAF interfered in the beneficial effect of CRE, whereas three studies did not report interaction between concurrent SUP, and one study reported synergy. Possible mechanisms of interaction are opposite effects on relaxation time and gastrointestinal distress derived from concurrent SUP. CRE loading does not seem to interfere in the acute effect of CAF. However, chronic SUP of CAF during CRE loading could interfere in the beneficial effect of CRE.
Topics: Athletic Performance; Caffeine; Creatine; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Performance-Enhancing Substances
PubMed: 35016154
DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0262 -
Journal of Affective Disorders Oct 2023The concurrent assessment of weight and affective psychopathology outcomes relevant to the psychopharmacology of major eating disorders (EDs), namely anorexia nervosa... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The concurrent assessment of weight and affective psychopathology outcomes relevant to the psychopharmacology of major eating disorders (EDs), namely anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED), warrants systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
METHODS
PubMed, Scopus, and ClinicalTrials.gov were inquired from inception through August 31st, 2022, for RCTs documenting any psychopharmacological intervention for EDs diagnosed according to validated criteria and reporting weight and psychopathology changes. Adopted keywords were: "anorexia nervosa," "bulimia nervosa," "binge eating disorder," "antidepressant," "antipsychotic," and "mood stabilizer." No language restriction applied.
RESULTS
5122 records were identified, and 203 full-texts were reviewed. Sixty-two studies entered the qualitative synthesis (AN = 22, BN = 23, BED = 17), of which 22 entered the meta-analysis (AN = 9, BN = 10, BED = 3). Concerning BMI increase in AN, olanzapine outperformed placebo (Hedges'g = 0.283, 95%C·I. = 0.051-0.515, I = 0 %; p = .017), whereas fluoxetine failed (Hedges'g = 0.351, 95%C.I. = -0.248 to 0.95, I = 63.37 %; p = .251). Fluoxetine not significantly changed weight (Hedges'g = 0.147, 95%C.I. = -0.157-0.451, I = 0 %; p = .343), reducing binging (Hedges'g = 0.203, 95%C.I. = 0.007-0.399, I = 0 %; p = .042), and purging episodes (Hedges'g = 0.328, 95%C.I. = -0.061-0.717, I = 58.97 %; p = .099) in BN. Lisdexamfetamine reduced weight (Hedges'g = 0.259, 95%C.I. = 0.071-0.446, I = 0 %; p = .007) and binging (Hedges'g = 0.571, 95%C.I. = 0.282-0.860, I = 53.84 %; p < .001) in BED.
LIMITATIONS
Small sample size, short duration, and lack of reliable operational definitions affect most of the included sponsored RCTs.
CONCLUSIONS
The efficacy of different drugs varies across different EDs, warranting additional primary studies recording broad psychopathological and cardiometabolic outcomes besides weight, especially against established psychotherapy interventions.
Topics: Humans; Fluoxetine; Psychopharmacology; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Bulimia Nervosa; Binge-Eating Disorder; Anorexia Nervosa; Antipsychotic Agents
PubMed: 37393954
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.06.068