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Journal of Attention Disorders Oct 2023To identify and analyze all studies validating rating scales or interview-based screeners commonly used to evaluate ADHD in adults. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To identify and analyze all studies validating rating scales or interview-based screeners commonly used to evaluate ADHD in adults.
METHOD
A systematic literature search identified all studies providing diagnostic accuracy statistics, including sensitivity and specificity, supplemented by relevant articles or test manuals referenced in reviewed manuscripts.
RESULTS
Only 20 published studies or manuals provided data regarding sensitivity and specificity when tasked with differentiating those with and without ADHD. While all screening measures have excellent ability to correctly classify non-ADHD individuals (with negative predictive values exceeding 96%), false positive rates were high. At best, positive predictive values in clinical samples reached 61%, but most fell below 20%.
CONCLUSION
Clinicians cannot rely on scales alone to diagnose ADHD and must undertake more rigorous evaluation of clients who screen positive. Furthermore, relevant classification statistics must be included in publications to help clinicians make statistically defensible decisions. Otherwise, clinicians risk inappropriately diagnosing ADHD.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Self Report; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Sensitivity and Specificity; Mass Screening
PubMed: 37366274
DOI: 10.1177/10870547231177470 -
Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy 2019Individuals with stroke demonstrate low levels of physical activity. Self-report measures of physical activity are frequently used and the choice of the best one to use... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Individuals with stroke demonstrate low levels of physical activity. Self-report measures of physical activity are frequently used and the choice of the best one to use for each purpose and context should take into account the measurement properties of these instruments.
OBJECTIVE
To summarize the measurement properties and clinical utility of self-report measures of physical activity of post-stroke subjects and to evaluate both the methodological quality of the studies and the quality of the measurement properties.
METHODS
Searches were made in MEDLINE, EMBASE, PEDro, LILACS, and SCIELO. Two reviewers independently screened studies that investigated measurement properties or clinical utility of self-report measures of physical activity in post-stroke subjects. The studies' methodological quality, quality of the measurement properties, and clinical utility were evaluated.
RESULTS
From the 11,826 identified studies, 19 were included. Six self-report tools were evaluated: The Activity card sort, Coded activity diary, Frenchay activities index (FAI), Human activity profile (HAP), Multimedia activity recall for children and adults, and the Nottingham leisure questionnaire. The methodological quality of the studies ranged from "poor" to "good". Most of the results regarding the quality of the measurement properties were doubtful. None of the self-report tools had their content validity investigated. The FAI and HAP showed the highest clinical utility scores.
CONCLUSIONS
Content validity needs to be better investigated to determine if the instruments actually measure the physical activity domain. Further studies with good methodological quality are required to assist clinicians and researchers in selecting the best instrument to measure physical activity levels.
Topics: Adult; Child; Exercise; Humans; Self Report; Stroke; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 30872006
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2019.02.004 -
Body Image Jun 2023The present study's aim was to summarize existing quantitative evidence linking social physique anxiety (SPA) and eating disorders (ED). Eligible studies were searched... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The present study's aim was to summarize existing quantitative evidence linking social physique anxiety (SPA) and eating disorders (ED). Eligible studies were searched for up to June 2, 2022 in six databases: MEDLINE, Current Contents Connect, PsycINFO, Web of Science, SciELO, and Dissertations & Theses Global. Studies were considered eligible if they included information derived from self-report instruments that allowed for computing the relationship between SPA and ED. Pooled effect sizes (r) were computed using three-level meta-analytic models. Potential sources of heterogeneity were examined using univariable and multivariable meta-regressions. Influence analyses and a three-parameter selection model (3PSM) were used for the purpose of examining the robustness of the results and publication bias, respectively. Results summarizing 170 effect sizes from 69 studies (N = 41,257) showed two main groups of findings. Firstly, that SPA and ED were very largely related (i.e., r = .51). Secondly, that this relationship was stronger (i) among individuals from Western countries, and (ii) when ED scores concerned the diagnostic feature of bulimia/anorexia nervosa involving body image disturbances. The present study adds to the current understanding of ED by suggesting that SPA is a maladaptive emotion with a potential role in the onset and maintenance of these group of pathologies.
Topics: Humans; Body Image; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Anorexia Nervosa; Bulimia Nervosa; Anxiety
PubMed: 36871312
DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.02.008 -
Educational Psychology Review 2023For attaining success in writing, motivation is essential. Crucially, instruction is dependent on knowing the student's capabilities and inner drives. To date, research... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
For attaining success in writing, motivation is essential. Crucially, instruction is dependent on knowing the student's capabilities and inner drives. To date, research on writing has yet to establish a consistent framework for assessing writing motivation, and often fails to acknowledge students' self-reports, rather favoring evaluations of students' writing motivation made by others, such as teachers and researchers. This limbo state originates partly from a general skepticism towards the trustworthiness of elementary students' self-reports. Nonetheless, the validity of such self-reports has been acknowledged in adjacent fields, such as reading. Aiming to establish a knowledge base from studies addressing students' voices, the present study adopts the method of a systematic review and investigates how writing motivation has been assessed in empirical studies (1996-2020) through K-5 students' self-reports. Of the 7047 studies identified through database search, 56 met the inclusion criteria and are examined in this review. Results indicate that (a) is the genre most used to operationalize writing in the investigations, (b) surveys and interview questions measuring students' towards writing are the most common type of self-report used, and (c) students' voices are weighted differently across the studies. Findings suggest that future research should (1) work to counteract existing biases in writing tasks, (2) provide a rationale for their choice/design of measure of motivation, and (3) report clearly whose voices are being heard (e.g., students', teachers', or researchers') and the appropriateness of this choice regarding study purpose, design, and findings.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10648-023-09732-6.
PubMed: 36852261
DOI: 10.1007/s10648-023-09732-6 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2020Aging is associated with a progressive decline in health, resulting in increased medical care and costs. Mobile technology may facilitate health self-management, thus...
Aging is associated with a progressive decline in health, resulting in increased medical care and costs. Mobile technology may facilitate health self-management, thus increasing the quality of care and reducing costs. Although the development of technology offers opportunities in monitoring the health of older adults, it is not clear whether these technologies allow older adults to manage their health data themselves. This paper presents a review of the literature on mobile health technologies for older adults, focusing on whether these technologies enable the visualization of monitored data and the self-reporting of additional information by the older adults. The systematic search considered studies published between 2009 and 2019 in five online databases. We screened 609 articles and identified 95 that met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Smartphones and tablets are the most frequently reported technology for older adults to enter additional data to the one that is monitored automatically. The recorded information is displayed on the monitoring device and screens of external devices such as computers. Future designs of mobile health technology should allow older users to enter additional information and visualize data; this could enable them to understand their own data as well as improve their experience with technology.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Monitoring, Physiologic; Self Report; Self-Management; Smartphone; Telemedicine
PubMed: 32759801
DOI: 10.3390/s20154348 -
Frontiers in Neurology 2023To systematically evaluate the full spectrum of self-reported chronic symptoms in patients with unilateral vestibular hypofunction (UVH) and to investigate the effect of... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To systematically evaluate the full spectrum of self-reported chronic symptoms in patients with unilateral vestibular hypofunction (UVH) and to investigate the effect of interventions on these symptoms.
METHODS
A systematic review was conducted following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Statement (PRISMA). A literature search was performed in Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus to investigate self-reported symptoms and self-report questionnaires in patients with UVH. All original studies ranging from full-text clinical trials to case reports, written in English, German, and French, were included. The frequency of self-reported symptoms was presented. For self-report questionnaires, a meta-analysis was carried out to synthesize scale means by the pre- and post-intervention means and mean changes for studies that investigated interventions.
RESULTS
A total of 2,110 studies were retrieved. Forty-seven studies were included after title-abstract selection and full-text selection by two independent reviewers. The symptoms of UVH patients included chronic dizziness (98%), imbalance (81%), symptoms worsened by head movements (75%), visually induced dizziness (61%), symptoms worsened in darkness (51%), and oscillopsia (22%). Additionally, UVH could be accompanied by recurrent vertigo (77%), tiredness (68%), cognitive symptoms (58%), and autonomic symptoms (46%). Regarding self-report questionnaires, UVH resulted on average in a moderate handicap, with an estimated mean total score on the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) and the Vertigo Symptom Scale (VSS) of 46.31 (95% CI: 41.17-51.44) and 15.50 (95% CI: 12.59-18.41), respectively. In studies that investigated the effect of vestibular intervention, a significant decrease in the estimated mean total DHI scores from 51.79 (95% CI: 46.61-56.97) (pre-intervention) to 27.39 (95% CI: 23.16-31.62) (post intervention) was found ( < 0.0001). In three studies, the estimated mean total Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores were 7.05 (95% CI, 5.64-8.46) (pre-intervention) and 2.56 (95% CI, 1.15-3.97) (post-intervention). Finally, a subgroup of patients (≥32%) persists with at least a moderate handicap, despite vestibular rehabilitation.
CONCLUSION
A spectrum of symptoms is associated with UVH, of which chronic dizziness and imbalance are most frequently reported. However, semi-structured interviews should be conducted to define the whole spectrum of UVH symptoms more precisely, in order to establish a validated patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) for UVH patients. Furthermore, vestibular interventions can significantly decrease self-reported handicap, although this is insufficient for a subgroup of patients. It could therefore be considered for this subgroup of patients to explore new intervention strategies like vibrotactile feedback or the vestibular implant.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
[https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/], identifier [CRD42023389185].
PubMed: 37483440
DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1177314 -
Global Mental Health (Cambridge,... 2021Self-report screening instruments are frequently used as scalable methods to detect common mental disorders (CMDs), but their validity across cultural and linguistic... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Self-report screening instruments are frequently used as scalable methods to detect common mental disorders (CMDs), but their validity across cultural and linguistic groups is unclear. We summarized the diagnostic accuracy of brief questionnaires on symptoms of depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Arabic-speaking adults.
METHODS
Five databases were searched from inception to 22 January 2021 (PROSPERO: CRD42018070645). Studies were included when diagnostic accuracy of brief (maximally 25 items) psychological questionnaires was assessed in Arabic-speaking populations and the reference standard was a clinical interview. Data on sensitivity/specificity, area under the curve, and data to generate 2 × 2 tables at various thresholds were extracted. Meta-analysis was performed using the diagmeta package in R. Quality of studies was assessed with QUADAS-2.
RESULTS
Thirty-two studies ( = 4042) reporting on 17 questionnaires with 5-25 items targeting depression/anxiety ( = 14), general distress ( = 2), and PTSD ( = 1) were included. Seventeen studies (53%) scored high risk on at least two QUADAS-2 domains. The meta-analysis identified an optimal threshold of 11 (sensitivity 76.9%, specificity 85.1%) for the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) ( = 7, = 711), 7 (sensitivity 81.9%, specificity 87.6%) for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) anxiety subscale and 6 (sensitivity 73.0%, specificity 88.6%) for the depression subscale ( = 4, = 492), and 8 (sensitivity 86.0%, specificity 83.9%) for the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) ( = 4, = 459).
CONCLUSION
We present optimal thresholds to screen for perinatal depression with the EPDS, anxiety/depression with the HADS, and CMDs with the SRQ-20. More research on Arabic-language questionnaires, especially those targeting PTSD, is needed.
PubMed: 34966543
DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2021.39 -
BMJ Open Jul 2022(1) Identify the healthcare settings in which goal attainment scaling (GAS) has been used as an outcome measure in randomised controlled trials. (2) Describe how GAS has... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
(1) Identify the healthcare settings in which goal attainment scaling (GAS) has been used as an outcome measure in randomised controlled trials. (2) Describe how GAS has been implemented by researchers in those trials.
DESIGN
Scoping review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews approach.
DATA SOURCES
PubMed, CENTRAL, EMBASE and PsycINFO were searched through 28 February 2022.
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
English-language publications reporting on research where adults in healthcare settings were recruited to a randomised controlled trial where GAS was an outcome measure.
DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS
Two independent reviewers completed data extraction. Data collected underwent descriptive statistics.
RESULTS
Of 1,838 articles screened, 38 studies were included. These studies were most frequently conducted in rehabilitation (58%) and geriatric medicine (24%) disciplines/populations. Sample sizes ranged from 8 to 468, with a median of 51 participants (IQR: 30-96). A number of studies did not report on implementation aspects such as the personnel involved (26%), the training provided (79%) and the calibration and review mechanisms (87%). Not all trials used the same scale, with 24% varying from the traditional five-point scale. Outcome attainment was scored in various manners (self-report: 21%; observed: 26%; both self-report and observed: 8%; and not reported: 45%), and the calculation of GAS scores differed between trials (raw score: 21%; T score: 47%; other: 21%; and not reported: 66%).
CONCLUSIONS
GAS has been used as an outcome measure across a wide range of disciplines and trial settings. However, there are inadequacies and inconsistencies in how it has been applied and implemented. Developing a cross-disciplinary practical guide to support a degree of standardisation in its implementation may be beneficial in increasing the reliability and comparability of trial results.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER
CRD42021237541.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Goals; Humans; Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 35868829
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063061 -
Journal of Psychiatric Research Jun 2021The associations between the distinct types of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders and experiential avoidance have received mixed evidence. We, thus, undertook... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The associations between the distinct types of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders and experiential avoidance have received mixed evidence. We, thus, undertook this meta-analysis to i) re-examine the association between obsessive-compulsive disorder and experiential avoidance, ii) extend this association to hoarding disorder, trichotillomania, and body dysmorphic disorder, and iii) identify potential variables affecting these associations. Five databases, including Medline, Embase, PsychINFO, Web of Science and CINAHL, were searched until March 15th, 2021. Meta-analyses based on random-effect models were performed. Heterogeneity and publication bias tests were applied using the I statistic and the Egger's test. Meta-regression analyses were performed to identify potential moderators affecting the strength of these associations. Thirty-six unique studies based on n = 11,859 participants were identified. The association between obsessive-compulsive disorder and experiential avoidance was moderate (SMD = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.57-0.92), whereas the associations between individual obsessive-compulsive symptoms, including obsessions, responsibility for harm, ordering, checking, washing and neutralizing, and experiential avoidance ranged from low to strong (SMD ranged between 0.41 and 1.06, 95% CI = 0.25 to 1.40). The associations between hoarding disorder (SMD = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.46-1.40), trichotillomania (SMD = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.48-0.63), body dysmorphic disorder (SMD = 1.55, 95% CI = 0.72-2.37) and experiential avoidance were moderate to strong. Meta-regression analyses demonstrated that studies using the AAQ/AAQ-II scales for measuring experiential avoidance, and/or self-report scales for assessing OCRDs contributed smaller effect sizes. These findings suggest that reducing experiential avoidance may be a viable way of complementing exposure strategies in alleviating obsessive-compulsive and related symptoms.
Topics: Body Dysmorphic Disorders; Hoarding Disorder; Humans; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Self Report; Trichotillomania
PubMed: 33866051
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.062 -
Worldviews on Evidence-based Nursing Jun 2023Cancer and its treatments cause significant stress in children and adolescents. This stress is associated with risks of emotional and behavioral problem development and...
BACKGROUND
Cancer and its treatments cause significant stress in children and adolescents. This stress is associated with risks of emotional and behavioral problem development and interfering with adherence to treatment regimens. Instruments enabling the precise evaluation of the coping behaviors of pediatric patients with cancer in clinical practice are needed.
AIMS
The study aimed to identify existing self-report measures of pediatric coping patterns and to evaluate their psychometric properties, to aid the selection of tools for application to pediatric patients with cancer.
METHODS
This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA statement and registered in PROSPERO (CRD 42021279441). Nine international databases were searched from their inception to September 2021. Studies with the main goal of developing and psychometrically validating pediatric coping measures with populations aged <20 years, not specific to any disease or situation, and published in English, Mandarin, or Indonesian were included. The Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist was applied.
RESULTS
Of 2527 studies initially identified, 12 met the inclusion criteria. Five scales had positive internal consistency ratings and adequate reliability (α > .7). Construct validity ratings were positive for five scales (41.6%), intermediate for three (25%), and poor for three (25%). No information was available for one (8.3%) scale. The Coping Scale for Children and Youth (CSCY) and Pediatric Cancer Coping Scale (PCCS) had the largest numbers of positive ratings. Only the PCCS was developed for pediatric patients with cancer and showed acceptable reliability and validity.
LINKING EVIDENCE TO ACTION
The findings of this review highlight the need to increase the validation of existing coping measures in clinical and research settings. Some instruments seem to be specific to adolescent's cancer coping assessment and knowledge of these validity and reliability of the instruments may improve the quality of clinical interventions.
Topics: Humans; Child; Adolescent; Self Report; Reproducibility of Results; Neoplasms; Adaptation, Psychological; Psychometrics
PubMed: 36894522
DOI: 10.1111/wvn.12635