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The Journal of the Association of...
Topics: Humans; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; HIV Infections; Synapses
PubMed: 37815849
DOI: 10.1097/JNC.0000000000000435 -
Journal of Epidemiology and Global... Sep 2023In 2014, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and partners launched the 90-90-90 targets. These were further updated to correspond to 95-95-95 by the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
In 2014, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and partners launched the 90-90-90 targets. These were further updated to correspond to 95-95-95 by the year 2025. We present an overview of the progress made by Gulf Cooperated Council (GCC) countries towards meeting the global targets.
METHODS
We extracted data from Global AIDS Monitoring (GAM), UNAIDS AIDS Info, HIV case reporting database, and the WHO global policy uptake for six countries: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab of Emirates (UAE) to assess the HIV/AIDS burden in the six GCC countries, and the progress towards achieving the 95-95-95 goal.
RESULTS
By the end of 2021, an estimated 42,015 people living with HIV (PLHIV) were residing in the GCC countries with prevalence levels below 0.01%. Data from four GCC countries, Bahrain, Oman, Qatar and UAE, indicated that by 2021, 94%, 80%, 66%, and 85% of HIV-positive population knew their status, respectively. 68%, 93% (2020 data), 65%, 58% and 85% of PLHIV in Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and UAE who knew their status were on anti-retroviral therapy (ART), respectively, and 55%, 92%, 58% and 90% (2020 data) among those who were on ART had viral suppression in Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman and KSA, respectively.
CONCLUSION
The GCC countries have made great strides toward fulfilling the 95-95-95 targets, but the interim 2025 overall UNAIDS targets remain unmet. The GCC countries must strive diligently to accomplish the targets by emphasising early identification of the cases by enhanced screening and testing, as well as prompt commencement of ART therapy with viral load suppression.
Topics: Humans; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Oman; Kuwait; Saudi Arabia; Bahrain
PubMed: 37079171
DOI: 10.1007/s44197-023-00097-1 -
Nature Aug 2020
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; Malaria; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 32788740
DOI: 10.1038/d41586-020-02334-0 -
Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry Mar 2022The intention of the study was to evaluate whether Sub-Saharan schoolteachers may play a key role in oral health promotion of primary schoolchildren, particularly in...
PURPOSE
The intention of the study was to evaluate whether Sub-Saharan schoolteachers may play a key role in oral health promotion of primary schoolchildren, particularly in terms of prevention of HIV/AIDS-related oral health problems.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study examined the level of knowledge about oral disease and the prevention of HIV/AIDS oral lesions amongst schoolteachers of Tanzania and Burkina Faso, identified their sources of information, and evaluated their ability for HIV/AIDS intervention. A multi-centre cross-sectional study was implemented in the two Sub-Saharan African countries. Participants comprised primary school teachers selected by stratified cluster sampling: 261 teachers from Tanzania and 313 teachers from Burkina Faso. All participants completed a structured questionnaire prepared for self-administration. The questions were designed from a standardised questionnaire developed by the World Health Organization.
RESULTS
Most teachers knew about the principal causes of the major oral diseases and the means of disease prevention. Nearly all teachers (95.6%) were aware of HIV/AIDS and they knew (92.3%) a virus was the direct cause of AIDS. Teachers were well informed of the general symptoms of HIV/AIDS, although oral symptoms were mentioned less often. In all, 17.6% of schoolteachers reported that children suffering from HIV/AIDS were found in their classes and 10.3% of teachers were conscious of students receiving anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Knowledge about the disease seemed to reflect mass media as a source, while teacher colleagues and health personnel played a somewhat lesser role in communication. In total, 83.2% emphasised that they should teach children about HIV/AIDS and the mouth. Schoolteachers from Tanzania (70.5%) were more often engaged in classroom-based oral health education than were the Burkinabe teachers (53.9%).
CONCLUSION
The study confirms that schoolteachers may be a relevant source in the fight against HIV/AIDS among children. However, they would benefit from interaction with health personnel.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Africa; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; HIV Infections; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans
PubMed: 35285594
DOI: 10.3290/j.ohpd.b2805333 -
Journal of Medicine and Life Oct 2022HIV/AIDS is one of the sexually transmitted diseases that cause death worldwide. Its prevalence increases due to low prevention behaviour. The study aimed to estimate... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
HIV/AIDS is one of the sexually transmitted diseases that cause death worldwide. Its prevalence increases due to low prevention behaviour. The study aimed to estimate the effect of social capital on HIV/AIDS preventive efforts. This study was a meta-analysis and systematic analysis. We retrieved articles from PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar from 2008-2021. The inclusion criteria were full-text articles with observational design and articles published in English. We focused on the problems of the PICO study, namely: population=men and women who were sexually active; intervention=high social capital; comparison=low social capital; outcome=HIV/AIDS prevention efforts. The articles were collected using the PRISMA flow diagram. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 with a random effect model. The study included 12 articles. The likelihood of sexually active men and women with high social capital to perform HIV/AIDS prevention efforts was 1.55 times higher than those with low social capital (aOR=1.55; CI 95%=1.11 to 2.16; p=0.009).
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Social Capital; HIV Infections; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Prevalence
PubMed: 36420290
DOI: 10.25122/jml-2021-0348 -
F1000Research 2022Since the early 1980s, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and its accompanying acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have spread worldwide, becoming one of the...
Since the early 1980s, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and its accompanying acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have spread worldwide, becoming one of the world's major global health issues. From the beginning of the epidemic until 2020, about 79.3 million people became infected, with 36.3 million deaths due to AIDS illnesses. This huge figure is a result of those unaware of their status due to stigmatization and invariably spreading the virus unknowingly. Qualitative analysis through a mathematical model that will address HIV unaware individuals and the effect of an increasing defaulter on the dynamics of HIV/AIDS was investigated. The impact of treatment and the effect of inefficient follow-up on the transmission of HIV/AIDS were examined. The threshold for the effective reduction of the unaware status of HIV through testing, in response to awareness, and the significance of effective non-defaulting in treatment commonly called defaulters loss to follow-up as these individuals contribute immensely to the spread of the virus due to their increase in CD4+ count was determined in this study. Stability analysis of equilibrium points is performed using the basic reproduction number $R_0$, an epidemiological threshold that determines disease eradication or persistence in viral populations. We tested the most sensitive parameters in the basic reproduction numbers. The results portray that early identification and treatment only are inadequate for the illness to be eradicated, but effectively used of condom, strict adherence to treatment and counseling of and testing of pregnant women contribute to a decrease in infected HIV individuals. Other control techniques, such as treatment adherence and effective condom usage, and reduction in vertical transmission cannot be over-emphasis to lessen the disease's burden. Policymakers must address these strategies through a series of public awareness campaigns about the dangers of not adhering to treatment procedures and patterns.
Topics: Humans; Female; Pregnancy; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; HIV; Follow-Up Studies
PubMed: 36910027
DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.123693.2 -
BMC Public Health Sep 2023To compare the survival rates of four timing of treatment initiation for people living with HIV/AIDS provided in China in 2006, 2011, 2015, and 2018, and to investigate...
BACKGROUND
To compare the survival rates of four timing of treatment initiation for people living with HIV/AIDS provided in China in 2006, 2011, 2015, and 2018, and to investigate the factors impacting survival time.
METHODS
A people living with HIV/AIDS retrospective cohort study was in Liuzhou City from April 2006 to December 2020. The information was obtained from the National Comprehensive AIDS Prevention and Control Information System. Life tables and the Kaplan-Meier method were used to calculate participant survival rates and time. The univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used to investigate the factors related to survival.
RESULTS
18,543 participants were included in this study. In four periods, the 1-year survival rates were 81%, 87%, 95%, and 95%. The 2-year survival rates were 76%, 85%, 93%, and 94%. The 3-year survival rates were 73%, 84%, 92%, and 94%. Results of multivariate Cox regression showed that sex, age of HIV diagnosis, ethnicity, household registration, occupation, marital status, the timing of treatment, education level, route of HIV transmission, whether receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), and the count of CD4T cells at baseline (count of CD4T cells at HIV diagnosis) were factors that are significantly correlated with mortality caused by HIV infection.
CONCLUSIONS
With the Guidelines updated from 2006 to 2020, the 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates of people living with HIV/AIDS in four periods tended to increase. The timing of treatment initiation of the updated edition of the AIDS Diagnostic and Treatment Guidelines (Guidelines) significantly prolonged the survival time of people living with HIV/AIDS.
Topics: Humans; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; HIV Infections; Retrospective Studies; China; Cognition
PubMed: 37679721
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15662-3 -
Current HIV/AIDS Reports Aug 2019We reviewed literature across multiple disciplines to describe issues with the measurement of population mobility in HIV research and to summarize evidence of causal... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
We reviewed literature across multiple disciplines to describe issues with the measurement of population mobility in HIV research and to summarize evidence of causal pathways linking mobility to HIV acquisition risks and treatment engagement, with a focus on sub-Saharan Africa.
RECENT FINDINGS
While the literature on mobility and HIV remains hampered by problems and inconsistency in measures of mobility, the recent research reveals a turn towards a greater attentiveness to measurement and gender. Theoretical and heuristic models for the study of mobility and HIV acquisition and treatment outcomes have been published, but few studies have used longitudinal designs with clear ascertainment of exposures and outcomes for measurement of causal pathways. Notwithstanding these limitations, evidence continues to accumulate that mobility is linked to higher HIV incidence, and that it challenges optimal treatment engagement. Gender continues to be important: while men are more mobile than women, women's mobility particularly heightens their HIV acquisition risks. Recent large-scale efforts to find, test, and treat the individuals in communities who are most at risk of sustaining local HIV transmission have been severely challenged by mobility. Novel interventions, policies, and health systems improvements are urgently needed to fully engage mobile individuals in HIV care and prevention. Interventions targeting the HIV prevention and care needs of mobile populations remain few in number and urgently needed.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Africa South of the Sahara; Female; Gender Identity; Human Migration; Humans; Male; Population Dynamics
PubMed: 31256348
DOI: 10.1007/s11904-019-00457-2 -
Global Public Health Jan 2024The use of targets and indicators in global health has become ubiquitous within global health and disease elimination programmes. The drive to 'end AIDS' has become a...
The use of targets and indicators in global health has become ubiquitous within global health and disease elimination programmes. The drive to 'end AIDS' has become a global flagship endeavour, including nation-states, donor organisations, NGOs, pharmaceutical companies, medical researchers, and activists. Almost synonymous with the campaign of ending AIDS is UNAIDS' 90-90-90 targets. Beyond indicators' role in neoliberal global health, an essential aspect of indicators and quantitative metrics is their ability to provide a basis for measurements and comparability across time and between different actors and entities. These processes are based on what has been called, commensuration, visual simplification, and serialisation. This article seeks to provide an account of how we can think about indicators in the drive to end AIDS as doing work that is contingent upon commensuration, simplification, and serialisation. The argument is that by attending to issues of commensuration, visual simplification, and serialisation we are better able to see how we risk erasing and foreclosing other forms of conceptualising what the end of AIDS could be. Logics of quantification risks erasing and foreclosing other qualitative aspects of the HIV epidemic as well as obscuring various epistemological tensions inherent in counting towards the end of AIDS.
Topics: Humans; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Global Health; Disease Eradication; Epidemics; Benchmarking; HIV Infections
PubMed: 38334114
DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2024.2312435 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Jun 2024Nocardia species can affect both immunocompetent and immunocompromised people. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Nocardia species can affect both immunocompetent and immunocompromised people.
METHOD
This retrospective study, from 2009 to 2022, aims to compare the survival analyses of pulmonary nocardiosis in AIDS and non-AIDS patients in northeastern Thailand.
RESULTS
A total of 215 culture-confirmed cases of pulmonary nocardiosis: 97 with AIDS and 118 without AIDS. The median CD4 count of AIDS patients was 11 cells/µL (range: 1-198), and 33% had concurrent opportunistic infections. 63.6% of 118 non-AIDS patients received immunosuppressive medications, 28.8% had comorbidities, and 7.6% had no coexisting conditions. Disseminated nocardiosis and pleural effusion were more prevalent among AIDS patients, whereas non-AIDS patients revealed more shock and respiratory failure. One hundred-fifty patients underwent brain imaging; 15 (10%) had brain abscesses. Patients with pulmonary nocardiosis have overall 30-day and 1-year mortality rates of 38.5% (95% CI: 32.3%, 45.4%) and 52.1% (95% CI: 45.6%, 58.9%), respectively. The Cox survival analysis showed that AIDS patients with disseminated nocardiosis had a 7.93-fold (95% CI: 2.61-24.02, p < 0.001) increased risk of death within 30 days compared to non-AIDS patients when considering variables such as age, Charlson comorbidity index, concurrent opportunistic infections, duration of illness, shock, respiratory failure, multi-lobar pneumonia, lung abscesses, and combination antibiotic therapy. While AIDS and pulmonary nocardiosis had a tendency to die within 30 days (2.09 (95% CI, 0.74-5.87, p = 0.162)).
CONCLUSION
AIDS with pulmonary nocardiosis, particularly disseminated disease, is a serious opportunistic infection. Early diagnosis and empiric treatment with a multidrug regimen may be the most appropriate approach in a resource-limited setting.
Topics: Humans; Nocardia Infections; Male; Female; Retrospective Studies; Adult; Middle Aged; Thailand; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Aged; Nocardia; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Young Adult; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Immunocompromised Host
PubMed: 38943055
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09519-2