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Tropical Animal Health and Production Nov 2020Sheep farming is the backbone of a rural economy in developing countries, and haemonchosis is a major impediment in the way of its progress. Haemonchus contortus (H.... (Review)
Review
Sheep farming is the backbone of a rural economy in developing countries, and haemonchosis is a major impediment in the way of its progress. Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) infection persists all over the world particularly in the tropical and sub-tropical regions. Various review articles have been published to substantially cover one or more aspects of its morphology, prevalence, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, immune response, drug resistance, treatment, and control measure. The objective of this paper is to briefly review past and present information available in the aforementioned areas in one place to enable the readers to fully understand the problem from a broader perspective. H. contortus parasite harbours in abomasum of affected animal and feeds on its blood, producing mild to severe symptoms and even death in acute form. The parasite thus inflicts heavy production losses and is of economic importance. H. contortus has developed diverse characters over the years leading to limited success in the production of vaccines. Indiscriminate use of the anthelmintics has produced drug resistance against almost all conventional products. Efficacy of medicinal plants and non-conventional chemicals has been reported under controlled experiments; however, research on their adverse effects on growth and fertility is yet to be studied. Research on molecular tools for identification and introduction of resistant genes into the flock is also underway but still a long journey to find its field application. Crossbreeding may compromise the production traits of the existing flock. In given circumstances, a targeted selective treatment approach along with selective breeding, culling of more susceptible animals, and maintaining a good body condition score through the provision of a balanced diet remains a workable strategy to control haemonchosis in sheep.
Topics: Animals; Haemonchiasis; Haemonchus; Prevalence; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Sheep, Domestic
PubMed: 33216230
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02439-8 -
Journal of Ethnopharmacology Jul 2023Lamb abomasum is used as an edible medicinal source in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Lamb abomasum sourced biochemical...
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
Lamb abomasum is used as an edible medicinal source in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Lamb abomasum sourced biochemical drug Lamb's trip extract and Vitamin B12 capsule used for the clinical treatment of chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer, and reversal of intestinal metaplasia. Therefore, claimed to have prevention of gastric cancer activity.
AIM OF THE STUDY
In this study, we aim to assess whether the glycoprotein has biological activity in the cure of gastric disorder and conduct a structure-activity relationship.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Glycoproteins' extraction conditions were optimized by the response surface method and purified with DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-50 chromatography. Two homogenous glycoproteins' physiochemical structures were studied with electrophoresis, HPLC analysis, peroxide oxidation, and β-elimination, FT-IR, CD, LC-MS/MS, and EDS analysis. The antiinflammation activity of the glycoprotein was determined against COX-2 and LOX-15 enzyme inhibitory ability in vitro, and antitumor activity against HT-29 and HGC-25, and cytotoxicity on L-02 cells was determined in vivo with the MTT method.
RESULTS
The abomasum was abundant in glycoprotein and the extraction yield of glycoprotein was up to 24.6 ± 2.1% under optimized conditions. Two homogeneous glycoproteins SAGP-I and SAGP-II determined to be ribose-conjugated and sulfated glycoproteins with a molecular weight of 15.6 kDa and 6.4 kDa. And according to the structural analysis, SAGP-I was a mucin-type ribose-conjugated glycoprotein with 14 O-glycosylation and one N- glycosylation site. SAGP-I and SAGP-II have remarkable anti-inflammatory activity against COX-2 enzyme with the IC of 17.64 ± 1.25 μg/mL and 16.14 ± 1.11 μg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the two glycoproteins showed strong antitumor activity against HT-29 with the EC of 19.19 ± 1.46 μg/mL and 184.9 ± 5.6 μg/mL, respectively.
CONCLUSION
The Highly purified glycoprotein SAGP-1 and SAGP-II showed anti-inflammatory activity against the COX-2 enzyme, and antitumor activity against HT-29 human colon cancer cells and noun-inhibitory activity against LOX-15 enzyme and HGC-25. Both glycoproteins are ribose conjugated and sulfated whose characters are related to their anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activity. Such results suggest the possibility of anti-inflammatory and pre-cancer activity. And in some degree explains the pharmacy of abomasum's traditional use in gastric disorder and clinical use of lamb abomasum APIs drugs' in gastric disorders and gastric cancer development. This study provides a preliminary basis for the further study of the per-cancer mechanism of lamb abomasum glycoprotein. And, would be the material basis of the clinical use of Lamb's trip extract and Vitamin B12 capsule.
Topics: Animals; Sheep; Humans; Stomach Neoplasms; Chromatography, Liquid; Ribose; Abomasum; Cyclooxygenase 2; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Glycoproteins
PubMed: 36965544
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116359 -
Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G,... Apr 2021
Topics: Abomasum; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Stomach Ulcer; Ulcer
PubMed: 33902147
DOI: 10.1055/a-1385-4339 -
Research (Washington, D.C.) 2023Newborn ruminants are considered functionally monogastric animals. The poor understanding of cellular differences between newborn and mature ruminants prevents the...
Newborn ruminants are considered functionally monogastric animals. The poor understanding of cellular differences between newborn and mature ruminants prevents the improvement of health and performance of domestic ruminants. Here, we performed the single-cell RNA sequencing on the rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, rectum, liver, salivary gland, and mammary gland from newborn and adult cattle. A comprehensive single-cell transcriptomic atlas covering 235,941 high-quality single cells and 78 cell types was deciphered. A Cattle Cell Landscape database (http://cattlecelllandscape.zju.edu.cn) was established to elaborately display the data and facilitate effective annotation of cattle cell types and subtypes for the broad research community. By measuring stemness states of epithelial cells in each tissue type, we revealed that the epithelial cells from newborn forestomach (rumen, reticulum, and omasum) were more transcriptionally indistinct and stochastic compared with the adult stage, which was in contrast to those of abomasum and intestinal tissues. The rapid forestomach development during the early life of calves was driven by epithelial progenitor-like cells with high DNA repair activities and methylation. Moreover, in the forestomach tissues of newborn calves, the genus was involved in regulating the transcriptional plasticity of the epithelial progenitor-like cells by DNA methylation regulation. A novel cell type, the cell, was found to be newborn-specific. It apparently plays a crucial role in stemness maintenance of its own and cholangiocytes in the hepatic microenvironment. Our results reveal that the age- and microbiota-dependent cell stemness plasticity drives the postnatal functional maturity of ruminants.
PubMed: 37040481
DOI: 10.34133/research.0025 -
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Dec 2022Although left and right displacement of the abomasum and abomasal volvulus are well-known disorders of cattle, a comparative evaluation of the clinical, laboratory and...
BACKGROUND
Although left and right displacement of the abomasum and abomasal volvulus are well-known disorders of cattle, a comparative evaluation of the clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings of these types of abomasal displacements has not been undertaken. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare these conditions in a large population of cows. The medical records of 1982 dairy cows with left displaced abomasum (LDA, n = 1341), right displaced absomasum (RDA, n = 338) and abomasal volvulus (AV, n = 303) were searched for the results of clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic evaluations.
RESULTS
The main clinical findings were an abnormal demeanour in 48.2% of the cows, reduced rumen motility in 89.7% and decreased intestinal motility in 61.1%. Ballottement and simultaneous auscultation and percussion and simultaneous auscultation were positive on the left side in 96.9% of the cows with LDA and on the right in 98.5% of the cows with RDA and in 99.3% of the cows with AV. Ultrasonography was useful for diagnosing LDA in 97.9% of the cows and RDA/AV in 90.2% of the cows. The laboratory findings characteristic of abomasal reflux syndrome varied in severity; 83% of the cows had hypokalaemia, 67% had increased rumen chloride concentration, 67% had an increased base excess and 50% had haemoconcentration. Based on the clinical signs, a definitive diagnosis was made in 75.0% of the cows with LDA and in 22.5% of the cows with RDA/AV. Ultrasonography was required for a definitive diagnosis in another 22.0% of the cows with LDA and in 53.0% of the cows with RDA/AV. Laparotomy or postmortem examination was required for reliable differentiation of RDA and AV.
CONCLUSIONS
LDA, RDA and AV differ with respect to the severity and the frequency of several abnormal clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings as well as the methods required for a diagnosis.
Topics: Female; Cattle; Animals; Pregnancy; Intestinal Volvulus; Abomasum; Stomach Diseases; Rumen; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 36539887
DOI: 10.1186/s13028-022-00656-9 -
Veterinary Pathology Jul 2024-associated abomasitis has been clinically described as a cause of sudden death in lambs, but it is poorly characterized. We describe the pathological features of a...
-associated abomasitis has been clinically described as a cause of sudden death in lambs, but it is poorly characterized. We describe the pathological features of a severe fibrinonecrotizing abomasitis in 3 lambs that died suddenly. All 3 abomasums had a thickened submucosa due to edema and necrotic areas delimited by bands of degenerate neutrophils with slender nuclei (oat cells) and angiocentric distributions. The overlying mucosa was congested. Myriads of gram-negative coccobacilli were observed within the oat cell bands. was isolated from the abomasum in all 3 animals and was serotyped as A2 in one of them. Pericarditis and pleuritis were observed in 2 of the lambs. spp. were isolated in 1 lamb and detected by immunohistochemistry in the 3 animals, suggesting clostridial co-infection. should be considered among the differential diagnoses of necrotizing abomasitis in lambs.
Topics: Animals; Mannheimia haemolytica; Sheep Diseases; Sheep; Abomasum; Pasteurellaceae Infections; Necrosis; Stomach Diseases; Male; Female; Immunohistochemistry
PubMed: 38440930
DOI: 10.1177/03009858241235393 -
Frontiers in Genetics 2021Visceral fat is related to important metabolic processes, including insulin sensitivity and lipid mobilization. The goal of this study was to identify individual genes,...
Visceral fat is related to important metabolic processes, including insulin sensitivity and lipid mobilization. The goal of this study was to identify individual genes, pathways, and molecular processes implicated in visceral fat deposition in dairy cows. Data from 172 genotyped Holstein cows classified at slaughterhouse as having low ( = 77; omental fold 5 mm in thickness and minimum fat deposition in omentum) or high ( = 95; omental fold 20 mm in thickness and marked fat deposition in omentum) omental fat were analyzed. The identification of regions with significant additive and non-additive genetic effects was performed using a two-step mixed model-based approach. Genomic scans were followed by gene-set analyses in order to reveal the genetic mechanisms controlling abdominal obesity. The association mapping revealed four regions located on BTA19, BTA20 and BTA24 with significant additive effects. These regions harbor genes, such as , , and the HOXB family, that are implicated in lipolysis and insulin tolerance. Three regions located on BTA1, BTA13, and BTA24 showed marked non-additive effects. These regions harbor genes , and that are directly implicated in adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. The gene-set analysis revealed functional terms related to cell arrangement, cell metabolism, cell proliferation, cell signaling, immune response, lipid metabolism, and membrane permeability, among other functions. We further evaluated the genetic link between visceral fat and two metabolic disorders, ketosis, and displaced abomasum. For this, we analyzed 28k records of incidence of metabolic disorders from 14k cows across lactations using a single-step genomic BLUP approach. Notably, the region on BTA20 significantly associated with visceral fat deposition was also associated with the incidence of displaced abomasum. Overall, our findings suggest that visceral fat deposition in dairy cows is controlled by both additive and non-additive effects. We detected at least one region with marked pleiotropic effects affecting both visceral fat accumulation and displaced abomasum.
PubMed: 35058972
DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.803216 -
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic... Jan 2021Pythiosis is characterized most commonly by ulcerative dermatitis, mainly in the limbs of sheep and occasionally of goats. In sheep, is also responsible for necrotizing... (Review)
Review
Pythiosis is characterized most commonly by ulcerative dermatitis, mainly in the limbs of sheep and occasionally of goats. In sheep, is also responsible for necrotizing rhinitis characterized by marked enlargement and deformity of the nasal region, severe respiratory difficulty, and bloody nasal discharge. A third form of pythiosis in sheep affects the digestive tract, involving ulceration of the esophagus, forestomachs, and abomasum. Pythiosis in sheep and goats has been reported only in Brazil where it occurs mainly in the semiarid region of the country, when animals congregate and stay for longer periods of time within or around water reservoirs. However, it has been reported as well in areas of humid environments, such as the Pantanal of Mato Grosso and in the Brazilian Cerrado. The diagnosis of the different presentations of pythiosis is based on gross and microscopic findings, coupled with detection of the agent by immunohistochemical, molecular, and/or culture-based methods.
Topics: Animals; Brazil; Goat Diseases; Goats; Pythiosis; Pythium; Sheep; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 33155523
DOI: 10.1177/1040638720968937 -
PloS One 2022Despite the growing interest in the ruminants' gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiomes' ability to degrade plant materials by animal husbandry and industrial sectors,...
Despite the growing interest in the ruminants' gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiomes' ability to degrade plant materials by animal husbandry and industrial sectors, only a few studies addressed browsing ruminants. The present work describes the taxonomic and functional profile of the bacterial and archaeal communities from five different gastrointestinal sections (rumen, omasum-abomasum, jejunum, cecum and colon) of browsing Capra hircus, by metabarcoding using 16S rRNA genes hypervariable regions. The bacterial communities across the GITs are mainly composed of Bacillota and Bacteroidota. Prevotella was the leading bacterial group found in the stomachs, Romboutsia in the jejuna, and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Bacteroides, UCG-010_ge, UCG-005, and Alistipes in large intestines. The archaeal communities in the stomachs and jejuna revealed to be mainly composed of Methanobrevibacter, while in the large intestines its dominance is shared with Methanocorpusculum. Across the GITs, the main metabolic functions were related to carbohydrate, amino acid, and energy metabolisms. Significant differences in the composition and potential biological functions of the bacterial communities were observed among stomachs, jejuna and large intestines. In contrast, significant differences were observed among stomachs and jejuna verse large intestines for archaeal communities. Overall different regions of the GIT are occupied by different microbial communities performing distinct biological functions. A high variety of glycoside hydrolases (GHs) indispensable for degrading plant cell wall materials were predicted to be present in all the GIT sections.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Archaea; Bacteria; Bacteroidetes; Carbohydrates; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Glycoside Hydrolases; Goats; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Rumen
PubMed: 36251671
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276262 -
Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G,... Aug 2019The transition period, 3 weeks before and 3 weeks after calving, is inevitably accompanied by a negative energy balance, which sometimes causes metabolic disturbances,... (Review)
Review
The transition period, 3 weeks before and 3 weeks after calving, is inevitably accompanied by a negative energy balance, which sometimes causes metabolic disturbances, such as ketosis. Subclinical ketosis (SCK) is defined as an increase in the β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration to ≥ 1.2 mmol/l in the blood. According to a recent study, a value of ≥ 0.7 mmol/l of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the blood indicates the potential development of the poor metabolic adaption syndrome (PMAS). With a herd prevalence of 21 %, and an incidence of approximately 40 % within the first 2 weeks after calving, SCK is a relevant herd health problem. The milk yield decreases in the first 2 weeks postpartum by 3-5.3 kg/d for each ketotic cow, and the total milk reduction through the whole lactation period of 305 days averages 112 kg (SD 89 kg). Although the cow does not display any clinical signs of ketosis at this stage, the risk of developing associated production diseases like retained placenta, metritis, displaced abomasum, lameness and clinical ketosis increases and the expected performance in terms of milk production will decrease. The herd health status deteriorates and the risk for early culling increases. Another impact factor is the financial aspect, which includes costs for early death, reduced milk production, reproduction losses, and associated production diseases. In the literature, the calculated costs per SCK case vary between $ 78 and $ 289. The gold standard diagnostic test for SCK is the photometric measurement of BHB in blood. This method is accurate, but results are delayed due to the required laboratory analysis. There are also some rapid cow-side tests, i. e. urine or milk strip tests available to identify ketotic cows. The common disadvantage of these methods is that they are not suitable for herd health monitoring because of the need to collect samples from each cow manually and the high rates of false negative results. However, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is suitable for herd health monitoring. It is already being used for the analysis of milk composition. This inexpensive, rapid and simple technique has a specificity of 83.8 % and a sensitivity of 82.4 %. Therefore, FTIR is an early and easy method for detecting ketotic cows, that could help reduce financial and performance losses associated with ketosis.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Dairying; Female; Ketosis; Lactation; Milk; Pregnancy; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
PubMed: 31434117
DOI: 10.1055/a-0949-1637