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Medical & Biological Engineering &... Sep 2023Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) is a pre-cancerous screening program for low-middle-income countries (LMICs). Due to the limited number of oncology-gynecologist...
Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) is a pre-cancerous screening program for low-middle-income countries (LMICs). Due to the limited number of oncology-gynecologist clinicians in LMICs, VIA examinations are performed mainly by medical workers. However, the inability of the medical workers to recognize a significant pattern based on cervicograms, VIA examination produces high inter-observer variance and high false-positive rate. This study proposed an automated cervicogram interpretation using explainable convolutional neural networks named "CervicoXNet" to support medical workers decision. The total number of 779 cervicograms was used for the learning process: 487 with VIA ( +) and 292 with VIA ( -). We performed data augmentation process under a geometric transformation scenario, such process produces 7325 cervicogram with VIA ( -) and 7242 cervicogram with VIA ( +). The proposed model outperformed other deep learning models, with 99.22% accuracy, 100% sensitivity, and 98.28% specificity. Moreover, to test the robustness of the proposed model, colposcope images used to validate the model's generalization ability. The results showed that the proposed architecture still produced satisfactory performance, with 98.11% accuracy, 98.33% sensitivity, and 98% specificity. It can be proven that the proposed model has been achieved satisfactory results. To make the prediction results visually interpretable, the results are localized with a heat map in fine-grained pixels using a combination of Grad-CAM and guided backpropagation. CervicoXNet can be used an alternative early screening tool with VIA alone.
Topics: Humans; Neural Networks, Computer; Acetic Acid
PubMed: 37185967
DOI: 10.1007/s11517-023-02835-w -
International Journal of Biological... Jul 2021The separation of lignin from woody biomass and subsequent conversion into useful products requires a solution to the problem of its solubility. The expanded C formula...
The separation of lignin from woody biomass and subsequent conversion into useful products requires a solution to the problem of its solubility. The expanded C formula of lignin, along with its atomic and functional groups, was determined by elemental analysis and NMRs spectroscopy. Based on the thus-obtained expanded C formula, the cohesion parameters of lignin dispersion (10.8-11.1 cal·cm), polarity (4.15-4.31 cal·cm), hydrogen bonding (6.30-7.38 cal·cm), and solubility (13.2-14.0 cal·cm) were respectively calculated using atomic and functional group contributions method. We established the relationship between lignin structure and lignin solubility parameters. The dissolution characteristics of wheat straw organic acid lignin, industrial eucalyptus kraft lignin, bamboo kraft lignin, and softwood kraft lignin in formic acid-HO, acetic acid-HO, and formic acid-acetic acid-HO solvent systems were analyzed. The results indicate that the dissolution behavior of lignins follows the solubility parameters theory. We have developed a lignin dissolution model according to the lignin structure. This model obeys the solubility parameter theory, overcomes the limitations of the "like dissolves like" principle in organic acid-water systems, and provides a concise method for the selection of lignin solvent systems and the quantitative determination of their solvent composition.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Formates; Lignin; Solubility; Solvents; Triticum; Water
PubMed: 33798573
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.179 -
Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and...Acetic acid is bacteriostatic or bactericidal to many gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms, especially Pseudomonas. Nevertheless, it has also been found to...
BACKGROUND
Acetic acid is bacteriostatic or bactericidal to many gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms, especially Pseudomonas. Nevertheless, it has also been found to possess cytotoxic effects in concentrations as low as 0.25% inhibiting the epithelialization process during wound healing.
CASES
In this multiple case series, we present 2 cases of chronic traumatic leg wounds treated with gauze moistened with acetic acid (0.25%), which were covered with a securing dressing and compression stockinet. Both patients were told to apply gauze moistened with acetic acid (0.25%) twice daily. In both cases, the wound progressed to blue-green drainage and wet yellow slough tissue to near-complete beefy granulation tissue. At this point, acetic acid was replaced with collagen or petrolatum dressing until complete wound closure was achieved. The treatment of these wounds illustrated successful use of acetic acid for chronic wound care.
CONCLUSION
Our experience with these cases suggests that appearance of blue-green wound drainage and wet yellow slough tissue is a reasonable indication for the use of gauze moistened with acetic acid (0.25%). Further research is needed to test the efficacy of these principles in guiding acetic acid use in wound care.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Bandages; Collagen; Humans; Wound Healing
PubMed: 35255076
DOI: 10.1097/WON.0000000000000863 -
Biochemical Pharmacology Aug 2023Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is a chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease in which the colon's lining becomes inflamed. Exploring herbal remedies that can recover...
Genistein and/or sulfasalazine ameliorate acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats via modulating INF-γ/JAK1/STAT1/IRF-1, TLR-4/NF-κB/IL-6, and JAK2/STAT3/COX-2 crosstalk.
Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is a chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease in which the colon's lining becomes inflamed. Exploring herbal remedies that can recover mucosal damage is becoming popular in UC. The study aims to investigate the probable colo-protective effect of a natural isoflavone, genistein (GEN), and/or a drug, sulfasalazine (SZ), against acetic acid (AA)-induced UC in rats, in addition to exploring the possible underlying mechanisms. UC was induced by the intrarectal installation of 1-2 ml of 5% diluted AA for 24 h. Ulcerated rats were allocated into the disease group and three treated groups, with SZ (100 mg/kg), GEN (100 mg/kg), and their combination for 14 days, besides the control groups. The anti-colitic efficacy of GEN and/or SZ was evidenced by hindering the AA-induced weight loss, colon edema, and macroscopic scores, besides reduced disease activity index and colon weight/length ratio. Furthermore, treatments attenuated the colon histopathological injury scores, increased the number of goblet cells, and lessened fibrosis. Both treatments reduced the up-regulation of INF-γ/JAK1/STAT1 and INF-γ /TLR-4/ NF-κB signaling pathways and modulated the IRF-1/iNOS/NO and IL-6/JAK2/STAT3/COX-2 pathways and consequently, reduced the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β. Moreover, both treatments diminished oxidative stress, which appeared by reducing the MPO level and elevating the SOD activity, and hindered apoptosis; proved by the decreased immunohistochemical expression of caspase-3. The current findings offer novel insights into the protective effects of GEN and suggest a superior benefit of combining GEN with SZ, over either drug alone, in the UC management.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Colitis, Ulcerative; Sulfasalazine; NF-kappa B; Interleukin-6; Cyclooxygenase 2; Genistein; Toll-Like Receptor 4; Acetic Acid; Colon
PubMed: 37414101
DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115673 -
Critical Reviews in Biotechnology Jun 2020With the high tolerance for acetic acid and abundant multifunctional enzymes, acetic acid bacteria (AAB), as valuable biocatalysts, exhibit great advantages during... (Review)
Review
With the high tolerance for acetic acid and abundant multifunctional enzymes, acetic acid bacteria (AAB), as valuable biocatalysts, exhibit great advantages during industrial acetic acid production and value-added chemical fermentation. However, low biomass and a low production rates arising from acid stress remains major hurdles in industrial processes. Engineering AAB with excellent properties is expected to obtain economically viable production and facilitates their biotechnological applications. Here, the investigation of acetic acid-tolerance mechanisms and metabolic features is discussed, and effective targets are provided for the metabolic engineering of AAB. Next, we review the advances in improving AAB and compare these advances with improvement to other model acid-tolerant microorganisms. Furthermore, future directions involving the combination of systems biology and synthetic biology to achieve efficient biomanufacturing in AAB are highlighted.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Bacteria; Bioreactors; Metabolic Engineering
PubMed: 32212873
DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1743231 -
Isolation and characterization of a gas-producing and acid-resistant bacterium from spoiled vinegar.International Journal of Food... Jun 2023To understand the deterioration of vinegar that has frequently occurred in China recently and to address such a concern, the physicochemical indicators and bacterial...
To understand the deterioration of vinegar that has frequently occurred in China recently and to address such a concern, the physicochemical indicators and bacterial structure of the spoiled vinegar collected from Sichuan were preliminarily investigated. Results showed that Lactobacillaceae was most likely responsible for the decrease of vinegar total sugar and furfural, through which total acid and furfuryl alcohol were generated. Then, an unreported difficult-to-cultivate gas-producing bacterium named Z-1 was isolated using a modified MRS medium. Strain Z-1 was identified as Acetilactobacillus jinshanensis subsp. aerogenes on the basis of physiological, biochemical, molecular biological and whole genome analyses. According to the investigation, such species was present throughout the fermentation process and not limited in Sichuan. The analysis of genetic diversity indicated that all the obtained A. jinshanensis isolates displayed high sequence similarity and an absence of recombination. Although it demonstrated acid resistance, Z-1 could be completely deactivated through heating (60 °C). Based on the above results, suggestions for safe production are made for vinegar enterprises.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Bacteria; Fermentation; Lactobacillaceae; China
PubMed: 36913840
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110167 -
Bioresource Technology Jul 2023Xylan accounts for up to 40% of the structural carbohydrates in lignocellulosic feedstocks. Along with xylan, acetic acid in sources of hemicellulose can be recovered...
Xylan accounts for up to 40% of the structural carbohydrates in lignocellulosic feedstocks. Along with xylan, acetic acid in sources of hemicellulose can be recovered and marketed as a commodity chemical. Through vibrant bioprocessing innovations, converting xylose and acetic acid into high-value bioproducts via microbial cultures improves the feasibility of lignocellulosic biorefineries. Enzymatic hydrolysis using xylanase supplemented with acetylxylan esterase (AXE) was applied to prepare xylose-acetic acid enriched hydrolysates from bioenergy sorghum, oilcane, or energycane using sequential hydrothermal-mechanical pretreatment. Various biomass solids contents (15 to 25%, w/v) and xylanase loadings (140 to 280 FXU/g biomass) were tested to maximize xylose and acetic acid titers. The xylose and acetic acid yields were significantly improved by supplementing with AXE. The optimal yields of xylose and acetic acid were 92.29% and 62.26% obtained from hydrolyzing energycane and oilcane at 25% and 15% w/v biomass solids using 280 FXU xylanase/g biomass and AXE, respectively.
Topics: Xylose; Acetic Acid; Sorghum; Xylans; Hydrolysis
PubMed: 37121520
DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129104 -
Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology 2023Biorefinery of onion vinegar (OV) is attractive as a method for producing functional foods from onions or onion by-products. In this study, a two-stage fermentation of...
Biorefinery of onion vinegar (OV) is attractive as a method for producing functional foods from onions or onion by-products. In this study, a two-stage fermentation of OV using ATCC9763 and CICC20001 was carried out at 28 °C, the titratable acidity reached 4.01%, and the was 69.64% at 72 h. Based on this, semi-continuous fermentation was performed, proceeded to charge-discharge consisting of three cycles, and the yield, productivity, and specific production rate were 76.71%, 17.73 g/(L·d), and 20.51 h, respectively, which was higher than fed-batch fermentation. The antioxidant experiments showed that OV significantly increased GSH-Px, SOD, and CAT enzyme activities of at 271.57, 129.26, and 314.68%, respectively. Nutritional analysis revealed that the total flavonoids and polyphenols were 3.01 mg/mL and 976.76 µg/mL, respectively. It was also shown that the acetic acid to total organic acid (A/T) ratio of OV was 79.02%, and the total free amino acid content was 262.30 mg/100 mL, 1.78-7.44 times higher than other fruit vinegar. The OV prepared in this study showed higher quality than the commercial vinegar.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Onions; Agriculture; Amino Acids; Antioxidants; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
PubMed: 35857437
DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2098321 -
Bioresource Technology May 2023In this study, acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are isolated from fruit waste and cow dung on the basis of acetic acid production potential. The AAB were identified based on...
In this study, acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are isolated from fruit waste and cow dung on the basis of acetic acid production potential. The AAB were identified based on halo-zones produced in the Glucose-Yeast extract-Calcium carbonate (GYC media) agar plates. In the current study, maximum acetic acid yield is reported to be 4.88 g/100 ml from the bacterial strain isolated from apple waste. With the help of RSM (Response surface methodology) tool, glucose and ethanol concentration and incubation period, as independent variable showed the significant effect of glucose concentration and incubation period and their interaction on the AA yield. A hypothetical model of artificial neural network (ANN) was also used to compare the predicted value from RSM. Acetic acid production through the biological route can be the sustainable and clean approach to utilizing food waste in circular economy approach.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Refuse Disposal; Neural Networks, Computer; Glucose; Fruit
PubMed: 36940877
DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128930 -
Microbial Cell Factories May 2023Acetic acid and furfural (AF) are two major inhibitors of microorganisms during lignocellulosic ethanol production. In our previous study, we successfully engineered...
Acetic acid and furfural (AF) are two major inhibitors of microorganisms during lignocellulosic ethanol production. In our previous study, we successfully engineered Zymomonas mobilis 532 (ZM532) strain by genome shuffling, but the molecular mechanisms of tolerance to inhibitors were still unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the responses of ZM532 and its wild-type Z. mobilis (ZM4) to AF using multi-omics approaches (transcriptomics, genomics, and label free quantitative proteomics). Based on RNA-Seq data, two differentially expressed genes, ZMO_RS02740 (up-regulated) and ZMO_RS06525 (down-regulated) were knocked out and over-expressed through CRISPR-Cas technology to investigate their roles in AF tolerance. Overall, we identified 1865 and 14 novel DEGs in ZM532 and wild-type ZM4. In contrast, 1532 proteins were identified in ZM532 and wild-type ZM4. Among these, we found 96 important genes in ZM532 involving acid resistance mechanisms and survival rates against stressors. Furthermore, our knockout results demonstrated that growth activity and glucose consumption of mutant strains ZM532∆ZMO_RS02740 and ZM4∆ZMO_RS02740 decreased with increased fermentation time from 42 to 55 h and ethanol production up to 58% in ZM532 than that in ZM532∆ZMO_RS02740. Hence, these findings suggest ZMO_RS02740 as a protective strategy for ZM ethanol production under stressful conditions.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Zymomonas; Furaldehyde; DNA Shuffling; Fermentation; Ethanol
PubMed: 37127628
DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02095-1