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Influence of COD in Toxic Industrial Wastewater from a Chemical Concern on Nitrification Efficiency.International Journal of Environmental... Oct 2022COD is an arbitrary indicator of the content of organic and inorganic compounds in wastewater. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of COD of industrial...
COD is an arbitrary indicator of the content of organic and inorganic compounds in wastewater. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of COD of industrial wastewater on the nitrification process. This research covered wastewater from acrylonitrile and styrene-butadiene rubbers, emulsifiers, polyvinyl acetate, styrene, solvents (butyl acetate, ethyl acetate) and owipian (self-extinguishing polystyrene intended for expansion) production. The volume of the analyzed wastewater reflected the active sludge load in the real biological treatment system. This research was carried out by the method of short-term tests. The nitrification process was inhibited to the greatest extent by wastewater from the production of acrylonitrile (approx. 51%) and styrene-butadiene (approx. 60%) rubbers. In these wastewaters, nitrification inhibition occurred due to the high COD load and the presence of inhibitors. Four-fold dilution of the samples resulted in a two-fold reduction in the inhibition of nitrification. On the other hand, in the wastewater from the production of emulsifiers and polyvinyl acetate, a two-fold reduction in COD (to the values of 226.4 mgO·dm and 329.8 mgO·dm, respectively) resulted in a significant decrease in nitrification inhibition. Wastewater from the production of styrene, solvents (butyl acetate, ethyl acetate) and owipian inhibited nitrification under the influence of strong inhibitors. Lowering the COD value of these wastewaters did not significantly reduce the inhibition of nitrification.
Topics: Nitrification; Wastewater; Butadienes; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Acrylonitrile; Magnesium Oxide; Nitrogen; Sewage; Styrenes; Solvents; Bioreactors
PubMed: 36361004
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114124 -
Soft Matter Dec 2022The effect of the addition of the methyl methacrylate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (MABS) copolymer on the miscibility, thermal degradation and rheological properties...
The effect of the addition of the methyl methacrylate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (MABS) copolymer on the miscibility, thermal degradation and rheological properties of epoxy systems is described. Epoxy resin/MABS blends containing 5, 10, 15 and 20 phr MABS were prepared using the solution mixing technique. Homogenous blends obtained using this technique have undergone a polymerization reaction induced phase separation process by the introduction of the curing agent 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS). The isothermal rheology at four different temperatures, 150, 160, 170 and 180 °C, was used to examine the effect of MABS on the gelation and vitrification time. The evolution of storage modulus, loss modulus and tan delta was found to be closely related to the evolution of complex phase separation. The increase in the complex viscosity during curing was determined by rheometry and theoretically analysed by fitting with the Williams-Landell-Ferry equation. An exponential increase in complex viscosity was observed, which was induced by cross-linking. The variation of before and after curing was studied using DSC analysis and dynamic kinetic modeling of the curing process was carried out by utilizing dynamic DSC scans. Thermal stability studies of completely cured epoxy/MABS blends using thermogravimetric analysis revealed that all the blends and neat epoxy exhibited single step degradation. Thermal degradation kinetics was calculated using the Coats Redfern equation.
Topics: Acrylonitrile; Methylmethacrylate; Butadienes; Epoxy Resins; Polystyrenes; Rheology
PubMed: 36468626
DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01074g -
Journal of Molecular Recognition : JMR Apr 2021In this work, seven acrylonitrile derivatives were selected as potential inhibitors of fat and obesity-related proteins (FTO) by the aid of fluorescence spectroscopy,...
In this work, seven acrylonitrile derivatives were selected as potential inhibitors of fat and obesity-related proteins (FTO) by the aid of fluorescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, molecular docking, and cytotoxicity methods. Results show that the interaction between 3-amino-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-phenylacrylonitrile (1a) and FTO was the strongest among these derivatives. Thermodynamic analysis and molecular modeling show that the main force between 1a and FTO is hydrophobic interaction. The cytotoxicity test showed that the IC value of 1a was 46.64 μmol/L, which indicated 1a had the smallest IC value and had the best inhibitory effect on the proliferation of leukemia K562 cells among the seven derivatives. Both our previous results and this work show that chlorine atoms play important role in the binding of small molecules and FTO. This work brings new information for the study of FTO inhibitors.
Topics: Acrylonitrile; Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO; Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Proliferation; Chlorine; Fluorescence; Humans; K562 Cells; Models, Molecular; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Thermodynamics
PubMed: 33166010
DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2880 -
European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Feb 2020This paper reports the synthesis and evaluation of some benzimidazole-acrylonitrile hybrid derivatives for their in vitro antimycobacterial activities against...
This paper reports the synthesis and evaluation of some benzimidazole-acrylonitrile hybrid derivatives for their in vitro antimycobacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Among the derivatives studied, 3b was found to be the most active compound with MIC of 0.78 μg/mL against M. tuberculosis. This is a quite good activity compared with ethambutol (MIC = 1.56 μg/mL). Moreover, 3b showed 2.8 log fold reduction in bacterial count of dormant forms of mycobacterium which is more potent than first line drugs isoniazid, ciprofloxacin, rifampicin and moxifloxacin. Having activities against both active and dormant forms of M. tuberculosis,3b may be a useful candidate for the development of new drugs to treat tuberculosis.
Topics: Acrylonitrile; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Benzimidazoles; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Design; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Structure; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 31893548
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.112010 -
Chemical Research in Toxicology Mar 2021The mainstream smoke yields of five volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were determined from 60 commercial U.S. little cigar products under ISO 3308 and Canadian Intense...
The mainstream smoke yields of five volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were determined from 60 commercial U.S. little cigar products under ISO 3308 and Canadian Intense (CI) smoking regimens on linear smoking machines using a gas sampling bag collection. The five VOCs, 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, benzene, isoprene, and toluene were analyzed using an automated GC/MS analytical method validated for measuring various VOCs in mainstream smoke. The VOCs range in amounts from micrograms to milligrams per little cigar. VOC deliveries vary considerably among the little cigar products under the ISO smoking regimen primarily due to varying filter ventilation. Under the CI smoking regimen where filter ventilation is blocked, the delivery range narrows, although individual and total VOC yields are approximately 2 fold higher than those under the ISO smoking regimen. Correlation analysis reveals strong associations between acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene or toluene under the ISO smoking regimen. Compared to cigarettes, little cigars delivered substantially higher VOC mainstream smoke yields under both ISO and CI smoking regimens. Moreover, little cigar smoke also contains higher VOCs than cigarette smoke when adjusted for mass of tobacco.
Topics: Smoke; Tobacco Products; Volatile Organic Compounds
PubMed: 33512154
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00215 -
Polymers Sep 2021In this study, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)/talc/graphene oxide/SEBS-g-MAH (ABS/Talc/GO/SEBS-g-MAH) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene/graphene...
In this study, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)/talc/graphene oxide/SEBS-g-MAH (ABS/Talc/GO/SEBS-g-MAH) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene/graphene oxide/SEBS-g-MAH (ABS/GO/SEBS-g-MAH) composites were isolated with varying graphene oxide (0.5 to 2.0 phr) as a filler and SEBS-g-MAH as a compatibilizer (4 to 8 phr), with an ABS:talc ratio of 90:10 by percentage. The influences of graphene oxide and SEBS-g-MAH loading in ABS/talc composites were determined on the mechanical and thermal properties of the composites. It was found that the incorporation of talc reduces the stiffness of composites. The analyses of mechanical and thermal properties of composites revealed that the inclusion of graphene oxide as a filler and SEBS-g-MAH as a compatibilizer in the ABS polymer matrix significantly improved the mechanical and thermal properties. ABS/talc was prepared through melt mixing to study the fusion characteristic. The mechanical properties showed an increase of 30%, 15%, and 90% in tensile strength (TS), flexural strength (FS), and flexural modulus (FM), respectively. The impact strength (IS) resulted in comparable properties to ABS, and it was better than the ABS/talc composite due to the influence of talc in the composite that stiffens and reduces the extensibility of plastic. The incorporation of GO and SEBS-g-MA also shows a relatively higher thermal stability in both composites with and without talc. The finding of the present study reveals that the graphene oxide and SEBS-g-MAH could be utilized as a filler and a compatibilizer in ABS/talc composites to enhance the thermo-mechanical stability because of the superior interfacial adhesion between the matrix and filler.
PubMed: 34578081
DOI: 10.3390/polym13183180 -
Membranes Sep 2023In this study, ultrafiltration membranes were developed via a nonsolvent-induced phase separation method for the removal of asphaltenes from crude oil. Polyacrylonitrile...
In this study, ultrafiltration membranes were developed via a nonsolvent-induced phase separation method for the removal of asphaltenes from crude oil. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and acrylonitrile copolymers with acrylic acid were used as membrane materials. Copolymerizing acrylonitrile with acrylic acid resulted in an improvement in the fouling resistance of the membranes. The addition of 10% of acrylic acid to the polymer chain decreases the water contact angle from 71° to 43°, reducing both the total fouling and irreversible fouling compared to membranes made from a PAN homopolymer. The obtained membranes with a pore size of 32-55 nm demonstrated a pure toluene permeance of 84.8-130.4 L/(m·h·bar) and asphaltene rejection from oil/toluene solutions (100 g/L) of 33-95%. An analysis of the asphaltene rejection values revealed that the addition of acrylic acid increases the rejection values in comparison to PAN membranes with the same pore size. Our results suggest that the acrylonitrile-acrylic acid copolymer ultrafiltration membranes have promising potential for the efficient removal of asphaltenes from crude oil.
PubMed: 37755197
DOI: 10.3390/membranes13090775 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2021The compounds ()-2-(phenyl)-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)acrylonitrile with one side (2,4,5-MeO-), one symmetrical...
The compounds ()-2-(phenyl)-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)acrylonitrile with one side (2,4,5-MeO-), one symmetrical (2,2')-2,2'-(1,4-phenylene)bis(3-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)acrylonitrile), (both sides with (2,4,5-MeO-), and three positional isomers with pyridine ()-2-(pyridin-2- 3, or 4-yl)-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)acrylonitrile, - were synthetized and characterized by UV-Vis, fluorescence, IR, H-NMR, and EI mass spectrometry as well as single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD). The optical properties were strongly influenced by the solvent (hyperchromic and hypochromic shift), which were compared with the solid state. According to the solvatochromism theory, the excited-state () and ground-state () dipole moments were calculated based on the variation of Stokes shift with the solvent's relative permittivity, refractive index, and polarity parameters. SCXRD analyses revealed that the compounds and crystallized in the monoclinic system with the space group, 2/ and 2/, respectively, and with = 4 and 2. , , and crystallized in space groups: orthorhombic, ; triclinic, -1; and monoclinic, 2 with = 1, 2, and 2, respectively. The intermolecular interactions for compounds - were investigated using the CCDC Mercury software and their energies were quantified using PIXEL. The density of states (DOS), molecular electrostatic potential surfaces (MEPS), and natural bond orbitals (NBO) of the compounds were determined to evaluate the photophysical properties.
PubMed: 33801942
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061500 -
Polymers Apr 2022As a result of the search for alternatives to the known methods for the synthesis of PLA/vinyl polymer block copolymers, a new approach based on the "iniferter" concept...
As a result of the search for alternatives to the known methods for the synthesis of PLA/vinyl polymer block copolymers, a new approach based on the "iniferter" concept was demonstrated in this article. In this approach, the introduction of a group that was capable of forming radicals and initiating radical polymerization into the polylactide (PLA) chain was conducted. Then, the obtained functional PLA was heated in the presence of a radically polymerizable monomer. The tetraphenylethane (TPE) group was chosen as a group that could dissociate to radicals. PLA with a TPE group in the middle of the chain was prepared in several steps as follows: (1) the synthesis of 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)benzophenone (HBP-ET); (2) the polymerization of lactide, which was initiated with HBP-ET; and (3) the coupling of HBP-ET chains under UV radiation to form TPE-diET_PLA. A "macroiniferter", i.e., TPE-diET_PLA, was used to initiate the polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) by heating substrates at 85 °C. H and C NMR and SEC analyses of the products indicated that the triblock copolymer PLA-PAN-PLA formed and thus confirmed the assumed mechanism of the initiation of AN polymerization, which relied on the addition of the radical that formed from TPE (linked with the PLA chain) to the monomer molecule. Copolymerizations were performed with the application of prepared TPE-diET_PLA with three different M's (1400, 2200, and 3300) and with different AN/PLA ratios, producing copolymers with varied compositions, i.e., with AN/LA ratios in the range of 2.3-11.1 and M's in the range of 5100-9400. It was shown that the AN/LA ratio in the copolymer was increasable by the applied excess of AN with respect to the PLA macroiniferter in the feed and that more AN monomer was able to be introduced to PLA with shorter chains.
PubMed: 35458278
DOI: 10.3390/polym14081529 -
Chemical Research in Toxicology Jul 2020Acrylonitrile (ACN), which is a widely used industrial chemical, induces cancers in multiple organs/tissues of rats by unresolved mechanisms. For this report, evidence...
Acrylonitrile (ACN), which is a widely used industrial chemical, induces cancers in multiple organs/tissues of rats by unresolved mechanisms. For this report, evidence for ACN-induced direct/indirect DNA damage and mutagenesis was investigated by assessing the ability of ACN, or its reactive metabolite, 2-cyanoethylene oxide (CEO), to bind to DNA in vitro, to form select DNA adducts [N7-(2'-oxoethyl)guanine, ,3-ethenoguanine, 1,-ethenodeoxyadenosine, and 3,-ethenodeoxycytidine] in vitro and/or in vivo, and to perturb the frequency and spectra of mutations in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase () gene in rats exposed to ACN in drinking water. Adducts and frequencies and spectra of mutations were analyzed using published methods. Treatment of DNA from human TK6 lymphoblastoid cells with [2,3-C]-CEO produced dose-dependent binding of C-CEO equivalents, and treatment of DNA from control rat brain/liver with CEO induced dose-related formation of N7-(2'-oxoethyl)guanine. No etheno-DNA adducts were detected in target tissues (brain and forestomach) or nontarget tissues (liver and spleen) in rats exposed to 0, 3, 10, 33, 100, or 300 ppm ACN for up to 105 days or to 0 or 500 ppm ACN for ∼15 months; whereas N7-(2'-oxoethyl)guanine was consistently measured at nonsignificant concentrations near the assay detection limit only in liver of animals exposed to 300 or 500 ppm ACN for ≥2 weeks. Significant dose-related increases in mutant frequencies occurred in T-lymphocytes from spleens of rats exposed to 33-500 ppm ACN for 4 weeks. Comparisons of "mutagenic potency estimates" for control rats versus rats exposed to 500 ppm ACN for 4 weeks to analogous data from rats/mice treated at a similar age with -ethyl--nitrosourea or 1,3-butadiene suggest that ACN has relatively limited mutagenic effects in rats. Considerable overlap between the sites and types of mutations in ACN-exposed rats and butadiene-exposed rats/mice, but not controls, provides evidence that the carcinogenicity of these epoxide-forming chemicals involves corresponding mutagenic mechanisms.
Topics: Acrylonitrile; Administration, Oral; Animals; Carcinogens; Cells, Cultured; DNA Adducts; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ethylene Oxide; Female; Guanine; Humans; Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase; Male; Mice; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344
PubMed: 32529823
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00153