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Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2023Antibiotic resistance (AR) remains one of the greatest threats to global health, and species have the potential to spread AR in the aquatic environment. The spread of...
Antibiotic resistance (AR) remains one of the greatest threats to global health, and species have the potential to spread AR in the aquatic environment. The spread of resistance to antibiotics important to human health, such as third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs) and carbapenems, is of great concern. We isolated and identified 15 cefotaxime (3GC)- and 51 carbapenem-resistant spp. from untreated hospital and treated municipal wastewater in January 2020. The most common species were (58%), (17%), (11%), and (11%). Almost all isolates exhibited a multidrug-resistant phenotype and harboured a diverse plasmidome, with the plasmid replicons ColE, IncU, and IncR being the most frequently detected. The most prevalent carbapenemase gene was the plasmid-associated and, for the first time, the , and genes were identified in spp. Among the 3GC-resistant isolates, the and genes were the most prevalent. Of the 10 isolates examined, three were capable of transferring carbapenem resistance to susceptible recipient . Our results suggest that conventionally treated municipal and untreated hospital wastewater is a reservoir for 3GC- and carbapenem-resistant, potentially harmful spp. that can be introduced into aquatic systems and pose a threat to both the environment and public health.
PubMed: 36978380
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030513 -
Fish & Shellfish Immunology May 2022Currently, the intervention of plant by-products in the fish diet has gained tremendous attention owing to the economic and high nutritious value. The current study is a...
Immune-antioxidant trait, Aeromonas veronii resistance, growth, intestinal architecture, and splenic cytokines expression of Cyprinus carpio fed Prunus armeniaca kernel-enriched diets.
Currently, the intervention of plant by-products in the fish diet has gained tremendous attention owing to the economic and high nutritious value. The current study is a pioneer attempt to incorporate the apricot, Prunus armeniaca kernel powder (PAKP) into the Common carp, Cyprinus carpio diets, and assess its efficacy on growth, digestion, intestinal morphology, immunity, antioxidant capacity, and splenic cytokines expression, besides the antibacterial role against Aeromonas veronii infection. Apparently healthy fish (N = 120) with an initial body weight of 24.76 ± 0.03g were allotted in 12 glass aquaria (60 L) and randomly distributed into four groups (triplicates, 10 fish/aquarium). The control group (PAKP0) was fed a basal diet without additives. The second, third, and fourth groups were provided PAKP diets with various concentrations (2.5 (PAKP2.5), 5 (PAKP5), and 10 g kg (PAKP10)) respectively. After 60 days (feeding trial), sub-samples of the fish (12 fish/group) were intraperitoneally injected with 1 × 10 CFU mL of A. veronii. Results revealed that body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and specific growth rates were significantly augmented in the PAKP10 group in comparison to the other groups. The dietary inclusion of PAKP at all concentrations boosted the digestive capacity and maintained the intestinal morphology (average villus length, villus width, and goblet cells count) with a marked improvement in PAKP10. Moreover, fish fed on PAKP10 followed by PAKP5 then PAKP2.5 diets had noticeably elevated values of immunological biomarkers (IgM, antiprotease, and lysozyme activity) and antioxidant capabilities (the total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione) as well as significant up-regulation of immune and antioxidant-related genes (TGF-β2, TLR-2, TNF-α, IL-10, SOD, GPx, and GSS). Fourteen days post-infection with A. veronii, the highest relative percentage survival of fish was observed in PAKP10 (83.33%), followed by PAKP5 (66.67%), and PAKP2.5 (50%). Our results indicated that a dietary intervention with PAKP could promise growth, digestion, immunity, and protect C. carpio against A. veronii infection in a dose-dependent manner. This offers a framework for future application of such seeds as a growth promotor, immune-stimulant, and antioxidant, besides an alternative cheap therapeutic antibacterial agent for sustaining the aquaculture industry.
Topics: Aeromonas veronii; Animal Feed; Animals; Antioxidants; Body Weight; Carps; Cytokines; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Disease Resistance; Fish Diseases; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Plant Extracts; Prunus armeniaca
PubMed: 35398527
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.048 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Mar 2023Aeromonas species are bacterial pathogens that cause significant economic losses in the aquaculture industry worldwide. They are widely distributed in aquatic... (Review)
Review
Aeromonas species are bacterial pathogens that cause significant economic losses in the aquaculture industry worldwide. They are widely distributed in aquatic environments and cause several diseases in both humans and aquatic animals. The presence of various virulent Aeromonas spp. in aquatic environments predisposes infections in aquatic animals and humans. Concern about the transfer of pathogens from fish to humans also increased with the substantial increase in seafood consumption. Aeromonas spp. are also primary human pathogens that cause local and systemic infections, both in immunologically compromised and immunologically competent hosts. The most common Aeromonas spp. causing infections in aquatic animals and humans are A. hydrophila, A. salmonicida, A. caviae, and A. veronii biotype sobria. The ability of Aeromonas spp. to produce a variety of virulence factors enhances their pathogenic ability. Literature has supplied evidence for the presence of various virulence factors, including proteases, enterotoxins, hemolysin, and toxin genes of Aeromonas spp. in aquatic environments. The high prevalence of Aeromonas spp. in the aquatic environment is also a threat to public health. Because the Aeromonas spp. infections in humans are generally the result of ingestion or exposure to contaminated food and water. This review summarizes the recently published information on various virulence factors and virulence genes of Aeromonas spp. isolated from various aquatic environments, including seawater, freshwater, wastewater, and drinking water. It is also intended to highlight the risks associated with Aeromonas species' virulence properties for both aquaculture and public health.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Aeromonas; Virulence; Virulence Factors; Fishes; Enterotoxins
PubMed: 36809788
DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad031 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2020Small protein B(SmpB) cooperates with transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) for -translation to ensure the quality control of protein synthesis in prokaryotes. Furthermore,...
Small protein B(SmpB) cooperates with transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) for -translation to ensure the quality control of protein synthesis in prokaryotes. Furthermore, they regulate cell metabolism separately. According to research, SmpB functions as a transcription factor, and tmRNA acts as a small RNA. Purine pathway has been reported to be related to trimethoprim resistance, including hypoxanthine synthesis, adenosine metabolism and guanosine metabolism. Another reason of drug tolerance is the efflux pump of the bacterium. In transcriptomic data, it was shown that the expression of some related enzymes in adenosine metabolism were raised significantly in deletion strain than that of wild type, which led to the differential trimethoprim resistance of (. Furthermore, the metabolic products of adenosine AMP, cAMP, and deoxyadenosine were accumulated significantly. However, the expressions of the enzymes related to hypoxanthine synthesis and guanosine metabolism were elevated significantly in , which eventually caused an augmented metabolic product xanthine. In addition, the deletion of also affected the significant downregulations of efflux pump . The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were overall decreased after the trimethoprim treatment to the wild type, Δ and Δ. And the difference in sensitivity between Δ and Δ was evident. The MIC of Δ was descended significantly than those of wild type and Δ in M9 medium supplemented with 1 mM adenosine, illustrating that the adenosine metabolism pathway was principally influenced by SmpB. Likewise, the strain Δ conferred more sensitivity than wild type and Δ in M9 medium supplemented with 1mM guanosine. By overexpressing /, the tolerance to trimethoprim was partially recovered in Δ. These results revealed that SmpB and tmRNA acted on different branches in purine metabolism, conferring the diverse trimethoprim resistance to . This study suggests that the -translation system might be an effective target in clinical treatment of and other multi-antibiotic resistance bacteria with trimethoprim.
Topics: Aeromonas veronii; Protein Biosynthesis; Purines; RNA, Bacterial; Trimethoprim Resistance
PubMed: 32547961
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00239 -
Journal of Global Antimicrobial... Dec 2021Aeromonas veronii can cause infections in humans and a wide variety of aquatic and terrestrial animals as well as causing serious economic losses in aquaculture...
OBJECTIVES
Aeromonas veronii can cause infections in humans and a wide variety of aquatic and terrestrial animals as well as causing serious economic losses in aquaculture worldwide. Aeromonas veronii strain JC529 was isolated from an infected common carp in a fish pond in Jilin Province. In this study, we identified the multidrug resistance genes and traced the source of the strain in order to lay the foundation for research on the resistance mechanisms of other Aeromonas isolates.
METHODS
The isolated strain was sequenced using PacBio RS II and Illumina HiSeq 4000 platforms. Corrected reads were assembled using Celera and Falcon software and genes were predicted using Glimmer software. Seven databases were used for general function annotation. Virulence factors and resistance genes were identified based on the core data set in the VFDB and ARDB databases. Concurrently, 68 publicly available A. veronii genomes (including A. veronii JC529) were compared to reveal the clustering relationship of JC529.
RESULTS
Aeromonas veronii strain JC529 has a circular chromosome of 4 834 659 bp with a GC content of 59.64%, including 4264 protein-coding genes, 2 prophages, 482 virulence factors and 27 antibiotic resistance genes, indicating that strain JC529 is a multidrug-resistant strain. The phylogenetic tree showed that strains JC529 and NS, PDB, AG5.28.6 and VCK1 appear to be inherited from a common ancestor and affect aquaculture in China and Greece.
CONCLUSION
Strain JC529 is a multidrug-resistant A. veronii strain and has been inherited from a common ancestor with Greece.
Topics: Aeromonas veronii; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carps; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Phylogeny
PubMed: 34508865
DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.08.007 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Nov 2023Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were screened from (red sea bass), and their antimicrobial activities were evaluated against two species isolated from the , namely, (AV)...
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were screened from (red sea bass), and their antimicrobial activities were evaluated against two species isolated from the , namely, (AV) and (AJ). Three LAB isolates, MU8 (EF_8), MU2 (EFL_2), and MU9 (EFL_9), were found to inhibit both AV and AJ; however, their cell-free supernatant (CFS) did not do so. Interestingly, bacteriocin-like substances (BLS) induced by cocultures of EF_8 with AV exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity against both sp. The size of BLS was less than 1.0 kDa; the purified BLS were susceptible to proteinase K digestion, indicating that they are peptides. BLS contained 13 identified peptides derived from as determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Cocultures of Gram-positive-producing and -inducing LAB strains have been used to increase bacteriocin yields. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing inducible BLS produced by cocultures of Gram-positive-producing and Gram-negative-inducing strains.
Topics: Enterococcus faecium; Bacteriocins; Aeromonas veronii; Coculture Techniques; Aeromonas; Peptides; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 37779478
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04019 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Nov 2019The present study aimed to isolate from fish sold in the markets as well as in sushi and seafood shops and compare their virulence factors and antimicrobial...
The present study aimed to isolate from fish sold in the markets as well as in sushi and seafood shops and compare their virulence factors and antimicrobial characteristics with those of clinical isolates. Among the 128 fish isolates and 47 clinical isolates, , , and were the principal species. isolates carried at least 5 virulence genes, more than other species. The predominant genotype of virulence genes was in both and isolates, in isolates, and in isolates. , , and isolates more often exhibited hemolytic and proteolytic activity and showed greater virulence than isolates in and the C2C12 cell line. However, the link between the genotypes and phenotypes of the studied virulence genes in species was not evident. Among the four major clinical species, nearly all (99.0%) , , and isolates harbored , which encodes a carbapenemase, but only a minority (6.7%, 7/104) were nonsusceptible to carbapenem. Regarding AmpC β-lactamase genes, was exclusively found in isolates, and was found only in isolates, but only 7.6% ( = 6) of the 79 isolates carrying or exhibited a cefotaxime resistance phenotype. In conclusion, fish isolates carry a variety of combinations of virulence and β-lactamase resistance genes and exhibit virulence phenotypes and antimicrobial resistance profiles similar to those of clinical isolates. species can cause severe infections in immunocompromised individuals upon exposure to virulent pathogens in the environment, but the characteristics of environmental species remain unclear. Our study showed that several pathogenic species possessing virulence traits and antimicrobial resistance similar to those of isolates causing clinical diseases were present in fish intended for human consumption in Tainan City, Taiwan.
Topics: Aeromonas; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Caenorhabditis elegans; Cell Line; Female; Fishes; Genotype; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phenotype; Prevalence; Seafood; Taiwan; Virulence; Virulence Factors; beta-Lactam Resistance; beta-Lactamases
PubMed: 31420346
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01360-19 -
BMC Genomics Feb 2022Aeromonas veronii is a Gram-negative rod-shaped motile bacterium that inhabits mainly freshwater environments. A. veronii is a pathogen of aquatic animals, causing...
BACKGROUND
Aeromonas veronii is a Gram-negative rod-shaped motile bacterium that inhabits mainly freshwater environments. A. veronii is a pathogen of aquatic animals, causing diseases in fish. A. veronii is also an emerging human enteric pathogen, causing mainly gastroenteritis with various severities and also often being detected in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Currently, limited information is available on the genomic information of A. veronii strains that cause human gastrointestinal diseases. Here we sequenced, assembled and analysed 25 genomes (one complete genome and 24 draft genomes) of A. veronii strains isolated from patients with gastrointestinal diseases using combine sequencing technologies from Illumina and Oxford Nanopore. We also conducted comparative analysis of genomes of 168 global A. veronii strains isolated from different sources.
RESULTS
We found that most of the A. veronii strains isolated from patients with gastrointestinal diseases were closely related to each other, and the remaining were closely related to strains from other sources. Nearly 300 putative virulence factors were identified. Aerolysin, microbial collagenase and multiple hemolysins were present in all strains isolated from patients with gastrointestinal diseases. Type III Secretory System (T3SS) in A. veronii was in AVI-1 genomic island identified in this study, most likely acquired via horizontal transfer from other Aeromonas species. T3SS was significantly less present in A. veronii strains isolated from patients with gastrointestinal diseases as compared to strains isolated from fish and domestic animals.
CONCLUSIONS
This study provides novel information on source of infection and virulence of A. veronii in human gastrointestinal diseases.
Topics: Aeromonas veronii; Animals; Fish Diseases; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Genome, Bacterial; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Virulence
PubMed: 35227192
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08402-1 -
Fish & Shellfish Immunology May 2022A previous study confirmed that spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus), an economically important cultured species in East Asia, is a new host of Aeromonas veronii,...
A previous study confirmed that spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus), an economically important cultured species in East Asia, is a new host of Aeromonas veronii, which can cause acute death in these fish, but there is little in-depth understanding of this disease. In the present study, the virulence of 10 isolates of A. veronii derived from spotted sea bass was determined. It was found that the 18BJ181 isolate was a virulent strain and led to the fastest death of spotted sea bass. Death was determined to be within in 2-12 h, and resulted in abdominal effusion and varying degrees of hemorrhage in internal organs. Bacterial colonization analysis showed that the bacterial load in the spleen was highest, and was up to 3.1 × 10 cfu g. In addition, the bacteria proliferated massively in the blood and reached 2.4 × 10 cfu mL at 12 h after 18BJ181 strain infection, which was also a typical feature of acute septicemia. Histopathology of the spleen revealed edema in interstitial tissue, degeneration, and necrosis in lymphoid tissue, and hemorrhage in the capillary network. Transcriptome analysis of the spleen showed that the expression level of HSP70, CCL19, and IL-1β was extremely significantly up-regulated at 8 h after infection (P < 0.01), and the expression of these genes was normal at 24 h. These results revealed that A. veronii infection could rapidly activate the chemokine signal pathway and stimulate the acute inflammatory response in the host. The bacterial colonization, pathological features, and gene expression patterns in immune pathways will help us to better understand acute septicemia in spotted sea bass caused by A. veronii.
Topics: Aeromonas veronii; Animals; Bass; Fish Diseases; Gene Expression Profiling; Immunity; Sepsis
PubMed: 35367379
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.030 -
International Journal of Food... Oct 2022Aeromonas spp. are opportunistic and ubiquitous bacteria considered emerging pathogens that can cause infections in animals, especially fish, as well as humans. In...
Aeromonas spp. are opportunistic and ubiquitous bacteria considered emerging pathogens that can cause infections in animals, especially fish, as well as humans. In humans, these bacteria are associated with gastroenteritis but can also be related to extraintestinal diseases. Its main infection route is through water, but it has been increasingly associated with foods. Their association with ready-to-eat foods may be a concern, especially because these products are for immediate consumption. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Aeromonas spp. in ready-to-eat foods (temakis, cheeses and minimally processed fruits) and to characterize the virulence profile and antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. The species A. hydrophila, A. caviae and A. veronii were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which was later compared with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS). The performance of two isolation selective agars (starch-ampicillin agar-SAA and Aeromonas agar-AA) was also evaluated. Aeromonas spp. was isolated in 66.67 % (20/30) of temaki, 3.23 % (1/31) of fruits and none (0/30) of cheeses, observing high microorganism counts from <10 to 2.6 × 10 CFU/g. A. caviae (26.39 %) was the most prevalent species, followed by A. hydrophila (20.83 %) and A. veronii (8.34 %), and 44.44 % were classified as Aeromonas sp. The performance analysis between PCR and MALDI-TOF/MS for Aeromonas identification was not statistically significant, and the Kappa index showed moderate agreement (p < 0.01 and Kappa = 0.718). The SAA selective medium performed better than AA. We identified seventeen virulence profiles, and 59.72 % of the isolates had some of the genes studied. The aerA gene (47.2 %) was the most abundant, followed by act (41.7 %), hlyA and alt (38.9 %), and ast (18.1 %). A. hydrophila was the species most associated with these genes. The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that 90 % of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 17 % to tetracycline, 10 % to imipenem and 3 % to aztreonam. The results showed that temakis are carriers of potentially pathogenic Aeromonas spp. and therefore should be avoided by children, elderly individuals, pregnant women, and immunocompromised people. We also found strains resistant to antimicrobials, meaning that these microorganisms need constant monitoring.
Topics: Aeromonas; Agar; Aged; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Humans; Incidence; Pregnancy
PubMed: 35963079
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109862