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Nutrients Mar 2021It has been suggested that intake of polar lipids may beneficially modulate various metabolic variables. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of oat... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
It has been suggested that intake of polar lipids may beneficially modulate various metabolic variables. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of oat polar lipids on postprandial and second meal glycemic regulation, blood lipids, gastrointestinal hormones, and subjective appetite-related variables in healthy humans. In a randomized design, twenty healthy subjects ingested four liquid cereal-based test beverages (42 g of available carbohydrates) containing: i. 30 g of oat oil with a low concentration (4%) of polar lipids (PLL), ii. 30 g of oat oil containing a high concentration (40%) of polar lipids (PLH), iii. 30 g of rapeseed oil (RSO), and iv. no added lipids (NL). The products were served as breakfast meals followed by a standardized lunch. Test variables were measured at fasting and during 3 h after breakfast and two additional hours following a standardized lunch. PLH reduced glucose and insulin responses after breakfast (0-120 min) compared to RSO, and after lunch (210-330 min) compared to RSO and PLL ( < 0.05). Compared to RSO, PLH resulted in increased concentrations of the gut hormones GLP-1 and PYY after the standardized lunch ( < 0.05). The results suggest that oat polar lipids have potential nutraceutical properties by modulating acute and second meal postprandial metabolic responses.
Topics: Adult; Appetite; Avena; Biomarkers; Breakfast; Cardiometabolic Risk Factors; Cross-Over Studies; Female; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Glycemic Index; Humans; Lipids; Lunch; Male; Postprandial Period; Single-Blind Method
PubMed: 33803802
DOI: 10.3390/nu13030988 -
Medicine and Science in Sports and... Oct 2021This study aimed to determine if energy intake and appetite regulation differ in response to an acute bout of resistance exercise (REx) versus aerobic exercise (AEx). (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
PURPOSE
This study aimed to determine if energy intake and appetite regulation differ in response to an acute bout of resistance exercise (REx) versus aerobic exercise (AEx).
METHODS
Physically inactive adults (n = 24, 35% ± 2% body fat, 50% female) completed three conditions: AEx (walking at 65%-70% heart rate max for 45 min), REx (1 set to failure of 12 exercises), and sedentary control (SED). Each condition was initiated in the postprandial state (35 min after breakfast). Appetite (visual analog scale for hunger, satiety, and prospective food consumption) and hormones (ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)) were measured before and 30, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min after a standardized breakfast. Area under the curve was calculated using the trapezoid method. Ad libitum energy intake was evaluated at a lunch meal after the 180-min measurements.
RESULTS
No differences in ad libitum energy intake (REx, 991 ± 68; AEx, 937 ± 65; SED, 944 ± 76 kcal; P = 0.50) or appetite ratings (all, P > 0.05) were detected. The area under the curve for ghrelin, PYY, and GLP-1 were all lower after REx versus AEx (ghrelin: 130,737 ± 4928 for REx; 143,708 ± 7500 for AEx (P = 0.006); PYY: 20,540 ± 1177 for REx, 23,812 ± 1592 for AEx (P = 0.001); and GLP-1: 1314 ± 93 for REx, 1615 ± 110 for AEx (P = 0.013)). Neither exercise condition significantly differed from SED.
CONCLUSIONS
Acute REx lowers both orexigenic (ghrelin) and anorectic (PYY and GLP-1) gut peptides compared with acute AEx. Ad libitum energy intake did not increase compared with SED in either exercise condition, indicating both exercise modalities have appetite and energy intake suppressing effects. Future work is needed to determine if exercise of differing modalities influences chronic appetite regulation.
Topics: Adult; Appetite Regulation; Craving; Cross-Over Studies; Energy Intake; Exercise; Female; Ghrelin; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Humans; Hunger; Male; Peptide YY; Resistance Training
PubMed: 33831896
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002678 -
Sleep Medicine Aug 2021Postprandial hyperglycemia is common in type 2 diabetes even in those with acceptable glycemic control and conveys an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and...
OBJECTIVES
Postprandial hyperglycemia is common in type 2 diabetes even in those with acceptable glycemic control and conveys an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been associated with altered glucose metabolism, data regarding its association with postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes are limited. Thus, the current study sought to characterize the association between OSA and postprandial hyperglycemia in adults with type 2 diabetes.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study of adults with type 2 diabetes was conducted. Home sleep testing was used to assess OSA severity as determined by the oxygen desaturation index (ODI). Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) was performed before and 2-h after breakfast, lunch, and dinner for three days. The association between OSA and glucose levels before and after each meal was examined using multivariable logistic regression.
RESULTS
The study sample consisted of 195 adults with 52% being men. OSA severity, as assessed by ODI quartiles, was associated with higher postprandial glucose values after dinner but not after breakfast or lunch. The adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for a higher post-dinner glucose level for four ODI quartiles were 1.00 (Reference), 2.16 (0.96, 4.87), 2.23 (1.03, 4.83), and 2.58 (1.18, 5.94). Stratified analyses showed that this association was present in men but not women.
CONCLUSIONS
Increasing OSA severity is associated with postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes and may contribute to impaired glycemic control. Future studies examining the impact of OSA treatment on glucose metabolism should consider meal-related glycemic excursions as a potential outcome.
Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Male; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
PubMed: 34153800
DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.05.023 -
International Journal of Obesity (2005) Nov 2021Disturbed circadian rhythm is associated with an increased risk of obesity and metabolic disorders. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a site of nonshivering thermogenesis...
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
Disturbed circadian rhythm is associated with an increased risk of obesity and metabolic disorders. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a site of nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) and plays a role in regulating whole-body energy expenditure (EE), substrate metabolism, and body fatness. In this study, we examined diurnal variations of NST in healthy humans by focusing on their relation to BAT activity.
METHODS
Forty-four healthy men underwent F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography and were divided into Low-BAT and High-BAT groups. In STUDY 1, EE, diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), and fat oxidation (FO) were measured using a whole-room indirect calorimeter at 27 °C. In STUDY 2, EE, FO, and skin temperature in the region close to BAT depots (Tscv) and in the control region (Tc) were measured at 27 °C and after 90 min cold exposure at 19 °C in the morning and in the evening.
RESULTS
In STUDY 1, DIT and FO after breakfast was higher in the High-BAT group than in the Low-BAT group (P < 0.05), whereas those after dinner were comparable in the two groups. FO in the High-BAT group was higher after breakfast than after dinner (P < 0.01). In STUDY 2, cold-induced increases in EE (CIT), FO, and Tscv relative to Tc in the morning were higher in the High-BAT group than in the Low-BAT group (P < 0.05), whereas those after dinner were comparable in the two groups. CIT in the High-BAT group tended to be higher in the morning than in the evening (P = 0.056).
CONCLUSION
BAT-associated NST and FO were evident in the morning, but not in the evening, suggesting that the activity of human BAT is higher in the morning than in the evening, and thus may be involved in the association of an eating habit of breakfast skipping with obesity and related metabolic disorders.
Topics: Adipose Tissue, Brown; Adult; Circadian Rhythm; Female; Humans; Male; Positron-Emission Tomography; Thermogenesis; Time Factors
PubMed: 34341470
DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00927-x -
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition Oct 2022Although regular breakfast consumption is associated with various health benefits, many adolescents skip this meal, particularly those with shorter sleep durations. In...
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
Although regular breakfast consumption is associated with various health benefits, many adolescents skip this meal, particularly those with shorter sleep durations. In order to better understand the association between sleep duration and breakfast consumption among youth, we analyzed the association between weekday morning tiredness and daily breakfast consumption in adolescents, and explored the mediating role of morning tiredness in the association between sleep duration and daily breakfast consumption on weekdays.
SUBJECTS/METHODS
The "Health Behaviour in School-aged Children" survey conducted in 2018 in French-speaking Belgian schools provided data (n = 8444 11-20-year-old adolescents) on bed- and wake-up times, and on the frequency of breakfast consumption and morning tiredness on weekdays. Multivariable logistic regressions and mediation analyses assessed the association, on weekdays, of morning tiredness (≥4 school mornings a week vs. less) and sleep duration (hours), with daily breakfast consumption, and the mediating role of morning tiredness.
RESULTS
Feeling tired ≥4 school mornings a week was associated with lower odds of daily breakfast consumption on weekdays (aOR = 0.77 (95% CI 0.69-0.86)). In turn, on weekdays, sleep duration was positively associated with daily breakfast consumption (aOR = 1.29 (95% CI 1.23-1.36)), even after adjustment for morning tiredness (aOR = 1.28 (95% CI 1.21-1.35)). Morning tiredness only explained 4.9% of the association between sleep duration and daily breakfast consumption.
CONCLUSION
Our findings suggest that in adolescents, sleep duration and morning tiredness are independent correlates of daily breakfast consumption on weekdays.
Topics: Adolescent; Breakfast; Caffeine; Child; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Schools; Sleep; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 35332297
DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01117-2 -
Journal of Nutritional Science and... 2022To discuss the importance associated with eating together for the Japanese population based on recent research evidence, we conducted a systematic review on eating...
To discuss the importance associated with eating together for the Japanese population based on recent research evidence, we conducted a systematic review on eating together and eating alone in relation to health, diet, and lifestyle. In this review, we defined "eating together" as eating meals together with other people, not limited to family members but friends, relatives, or neighbors. Articles published between 2000 and 2018 were accessed using domestic and international databases (Igaku Chuo Zasshi, CiNii, J-STAGE, PubMed, Scopus, and Eric). After screening titles, abstracts, and full texts, 62 articles matching the criteria were included in the review. Most articles were cross-sectional studies. Target populations included preschool children (n=8), school-aged children through university students (n=34), and adults and the elderly (n=20). Although definitions of "eating together" differed by the studies, the most used indicator was "frequency of eating together," with whom eating meals together being "family," and the targeted meals were "breakfast and dinner." Having either eating together occasions or few eating alone chances were more likely to associate with better quality of life, subjective health, food intake and balanced diet, dietary behavior, and life rhythm across the life course.
Topics: Adult; Child, Preschool; Humans; Child; Aged; Feeding Behavior; Quality of Life; Japan; Diet; Life Style
PubMed: 36437017
DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.68.S52 -
The Journal of Nutrition Jan 2023High amylose starchy foods modulate the postprandial metabolic response in humans. However, the mechanisms of their metabolic benefits and their impact on the subsequent... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
High amylose starchy foods modulate the postprandial metabolic response in humans. However, the mechanisms of their metabolic benefits and their impact on the subsequent meal have not been fully elucidated.
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to evaluate whether glucose and insulin responses to a standard lunch are influenced by the consumption of amylose-rich bread at breakfast in overweight adults and whether changes in plasma short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentrations contribute to their metabolic effects.
METHODS
Using a randomized crossover design, 11 men and 9 women, BMI 30 ± 3 kg/m, 48 ± 19 y, consumed at breakfast 2 breads made with high amylose flour (HAF): 85%-HAF (180 g) and 75%-HAF (170 g), and control bread (120 g) containing 100% conventional flour. Plasma samples were collected at fasting, 4 h after breakfast, and 2 h after a standard lunch to measure glucose, insulin, and SCFA concentrations. ANOVA posthoc analyses were used for comparisons.
RESULTS
Postprandial plasma glucose responses were 27% and 39% lower after breakfasts with 85%- and 70%-HAF breads than control bread (P = 0.026 and P = 0.003, respectively), with no difference after lunch. Insulin responses were not different between the 3 breakfasts, whereas there was a 28% lower response after the lunch following breakfast with 85%-HAF bread than the control (P = 0.049). Propionate concentrations increased from fasting by 9% and 12% 6 h after breakfasts with 85%- and 70%-HAF breads and decreased by 11% with control bread (P < 0.05). At 6 h after breakfast with 70%-HAF bread, plasma propionate and insulin were inversely correlated (r = -0.566; P = 0.044).
CONCLUSIONS
Amylose-rich bread reduces the postprandial glucose response after breakfast and insulin concentrations after the subsequent lunch in overweight adults. This second meal effect may be mediated by the elevation of plasma propionate due to intestinal fermentation of resistant starch. High amylose products could be a promising tool in a dietary prevention strategy for type 2 diabetes.
THIS TRIAL WAS REGISTERED AT CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY AS
NCT03899974 (https://www.
CLINICALTRIALS
gov/ct2/show/NCT03899974).
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Amylose; Blood Glucose; Bread; Breakfast; Cross-Over Studies; Glucose; Insulin; Insulin, Regular, Human; Overweight; Postprandial Period; Propionates; Triticum
PubMed: 36913446
DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.10.007 -
Appetite Jan 2021Breakfast is commonly described as the most important meal of the day; however, we have little information regarding its relevance for childhood overweight and obesity...
BACKGROUND
Breakfast is commonly described as the most important meal of the day; however, we have little information regarding its relevance for childhood overweight and obesity in southern mainland China. This study aimed to assess the association between breakfast preferences, consumption location and overweight and obesity for children in Shenzhen.
METHODS
Among 6126 children (median age 7.2 years) at primary schools, 3504 were finally included after a questionnaire survey and physical examination. Ten commonly consumed foods/beverages for breakfast in southern China were exposure variables, and consumption location, total energy demographic and other dietary characteristics were covariates in logistic regression to determine the effect of breakfast preferences on overweight and obesity, estimating odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
RESULTS
Probability of overweight/general obesity was inversely associated with children eating plain congee for breakfast (adjusted OR 0.689, 95% CI 0.566-0.838), restricted to boys after stratification. Probability of overweight/general obesity and central obesity was positively associated with usually eating steamed rice roll for breakfast (OR 1.309, 95% CI 1.090-1.571 and OR 1.351, 95% CI 1.064-1.717, respectively), but the effect on overweight/obesity remained statistically significant for only boys after stratification. Eating steamed rice roll for breakfast and eating out for breakfast had an additive interaction on overweight/obesity. Additionally, eating bread for breakfast had a mild favorable effect on overweight/obesity but only for girls.
CONCLUSIONS
Keeping a healthy weight might benefit children who eat plain congee or bread for breakfast in China. However, frequent consumption of steamed rice roll for breakfast and especially eating out could contribute to overweight and obesity. Thus, we need to promote a healthier breakfast pattern among children in southern China to reduce the odds of obesity.
Topics: Body Mass Index; Breakfast; Child; China; Cross-Sectional Studies; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Overweight
PubMed: 32890588
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104851 -
Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2020COVID-19 pandemic, a global threat, adversely affects all daily lives, altered governmental plans around the world, and urges the development of therapeutics and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
COVID-19 pandemic, a global threat, adversely affects all daily lives, altered governmental plans around the world, and urges the development of therapeutics and prophylactics to avoid the expansion of the viral infection. With the recent gradual opening after long lockdown, several recommendations have been placed, with dietary modification as one of the most important approaches that have been appraised.
SUMMARY
Here, we are reviewing how changing the host metabolism, particularly changing the host metabolic state from the carbohydrate-dependent glycolytic state to a fat-dependent ketogenic state, may affect viral replication. Furthermore, the impact of intermittent fasting (IF) in triggering metabolic switch along with the impact of supplementation with medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) such as lauric acid in repressing the envelope formation and viral replication is also addressed. The amalgamation of IF and a ketogenic diet rich in MCTs is thought to work as a prophylactic measure for normal people and adjunct therapy for infected persons. Key Message: A diet regimen of ketogenic breakfast along with supplementation with two doses of lauric acid-rich MCTs at breakfast and lunch times, followed by 8-12-h IF and a dinner rich with fruits and vegetables, could be a potential prophylactic strategy and adjuvant therapy to combat SARS-CoV-2 infections.
Topics: COVID-19; Communicable Disease Control; Diet, Ketogenic; Fasting; Humans; Pandemics; Triglycerides; Virus Replication
PubMed: 32950986
DOI: 10.1159/000510508 -
Children (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022Over the last few decades, childhood overweight and obesity tend to reach epidemic proportions. The present study aimed to examine whether the composition of breakfast,...
Over the last few decades, childhood overweight and obesity tend to reach epidemic proportions. The present study aimed to examine whether the composition of breakfast, through the prism of its macronutrient content, could play a part in the development of excess body weight in children. A sample of 1728 Greek students from 47 primary schools was enrolled for the purposes of this study. Their weight and height were measured and their Body Mass Index was calculated and classified according to the International Obesity Task Force criteria. Their dietary habits, breakfast foods of choice, and physical activity were assessed through the use of a self-completed questionnaire. Further assessment of breakfast composition was carried out in order to evaluate its macronutrient content. Initial analysis, which was only energy-adjusted, showed a negative association between body weight and breakfast protein content and a positive association for lipid content. After further adjustment for age, sex, level of adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and physical activity, there was a significant negative association between breakfast protein and excess body weight in children ( = 0.029), as well as a significant positive association of breakfast lipid content ( = 0.028). Breakfast macronutrient content seems to have an effect on body composition in children, independently of overall adherence to the Mediterranean diet and physical activity, however further research is needed in order to elucidate potential pathways.
PubMed: 36553403
DOI: 10.3390/children9121960