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PloS One 2023Inorganic nitrate has been shown to acutely improve working memory in adults, potentially by altering cerebral and peripheral vasculature. However, this remains unknown...
Acute effects of nitrate and breakfast on working memory, cerebral blood flow, arterial stiffness, and psychological factors in adolescents: Study protocol for a randomised crossover trial.
BACKGROUND
Inorganic nitrate has been shown to acutely improve working memory in adults, potentially by altering cerebral and peripheral vasculature. However, this remains unknown in adolescents. Furthermore, breakfast is important for overall health and psychological well-being. Therefore, this study will investigate the acute effects of nitrate and breakfast on working memory performance, task-related cerebral blood flow (CBF), arterial stiffness, and psychological outcomes in Swedish adolescents.
METHODS
This randomised crossover trial will recruit at least 43 adolescents (13-15 years old). There will be three experimental breakfast conditions: (1) none, (2) low-nitrate (normal breakfast), and (3) high-nitrate (concentrated beetroot juice with normal breakfast). Working memory (n-back tests), CBF (task-related changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin in the prefrontal cortex), and arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity and augmentation index) will be measured twice, immediately after breakfast and 130 min later. Measures of psychological factors and salivary nitrate/nitrite will be assessed once before the conditions and at two-time points after the conditions.
DISCUSSION
This study will provide insight into the acute effects of nitrate and breakfast on working memory in adolescents and to what extent any such effects can be explained by changes in CBF. This study will also shed light upon whether oral intake of nitrate may acutely improve arterial stiffness and psychological well-being, in adolescents. Consequently, results will indicate if nitrate intake from beetroot juice or if breakfast itself could acutely improve cognitive, vascular, and psychological health in adolescents, which can affect academic performance and have implications for policies regarding school meals.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
The trial has been prospectively registered on 21/02/2022 at https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN16596056. Trial number: ISRCTN16596056.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Adolescent; Nitrates; Breakfast; Cross-Over Studies; Vascular Stiffness; Memory, Short-Term; Pulse Wave Analysis; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Beta vulgaris; Blood Pressure; Dietary Supplements; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 37205681
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285581 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Aug 2020Recently, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korea has increased rapidly. Current knowledge reflects the importance of dietary control in relation to the metabolic...
Recently, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korea has increased rapidly. Current knowledge reflects the importance of dietary control in relation to the metabolic syndrome. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of skipping breakfast on the metabolic syndrome. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017 for the second year. A total of 3864 adults aged 20 to 64 were included in the study. We stratified the study population into three groups, based on breakfast patterns: the regular group, irregular group, and skipping group. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the association between skipping breakfast and the presence of metabolic syndrome. We noted an increase in the proportion of metabolic syndrome cases as follows: skipping group (3.3%), irregular group (5.4%), and regular group (8.5%) ( < 0.001). The multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of metabolic syndrome in the skipping and irregular groups compared with the regular group were 0.68 (95% CI; 0.35 to 1.35) and 0.81 (95% CI; 0.51 to 1.28), respectively. In the 40-65-year-old age group, which had a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of metabolic syndrome in the skipping group compared with regular group were 0.78 (95%CI, 0.39 to 1.62). There was no significant correlation between skipping breakfast and risk factors of metabolic syndrome (after adjusting for risk factors), but a tendency of skipping breakfast to lower the risk of metabolic syndrome was observed. A rationale for these results is proposed through the association between skipping breakfast and intermittent fasting.
Topics: Adult; Breakfast; Correlation of Data; Cross-Sectional Studies; Fasting; Female; Humans; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Republic of Korea; Risk Factors
PubMed: 32784810
DOI: 10.3390/medicina56080396 -
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and... Sep 2020Research demonstrates that exercise acutely reduces appetite by stimulating the secretion of gut-derived satiety hormones. Currently there is a paucity of research... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research demonstrates that exercise acutely reduces appetite by stimulating the secretion of gut-derived satiety hormones. Currently there is a paucity of research examining the impact of postexercise nutrient intake on appetite regulation. The objective of this study was to examine how postexercise fasting versus feeding impacts the postexercise appetite response. In a randomized crossover intervention, 14 participants (body mass index: 26.9 ± 3.5 kg·m; age: 26.8 ± 6.7 years) received 1 of 2 recovery beverages: () water control (FAST) or () sweetened-milk (FED) after completing a 45-min (65%-70% peak oxygen uptake) evening exercise session (∼1900 h). Energy intake was assessed through a fasted ad libitum breakfast meal and 3-day food diaries. Perceived appetite was assessed using visual analogue scales. Appetite-regulating hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), and acyl-ghrelin were assessed pre-exercise, 1 h after exercise, and the morning following exercise. FAST increased subjective hunger compared with FED ( < 0.05). PYY and GLP-1 after exercise were decreased and acyl-ghrelin was increased in FAST, with these differences disappearing the day after exercise ( < 0.05). Ad libitum energy intake at breakfast the following morning did not differ between trials. Overall, in the absence of postexercise macronutrient consumption, there was a pronounced increase in objective and subjective appetite after exercise. The orexigenic effects of postexercise fasting, however, were not observed the morning following exercise. Postexercise fasting leads to reduced GLP-1 and PYY and increased hunger. Reduced GLP-1 and PYY after exercise is blunted by postexercise nutrient intake. Energy intake the day after exercise is not influenced by postexercise fasting.
Topics: Adult; Appetite; Appetite Regulation; Cross-Over Studies; Energy Intake; Exercise; Fasting; Female; Ghrelin; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Humans; Hunger; Male; Peptide YY; Satiation; Young Adult
PubMed: 32272024
DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0947 -
The Journal of School Health Nov 2022Since 2016, the School Food Program in the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, implemented a nutritional regulatory framework (NRF) and varying administration systems...
BACKGROUND
Since 2016, the School Food Program in the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, implemented a nutritional regulatory framework (NRF) and varying administration systems (AS). Here, we examined the association between the interventions (only NRF and NRF + AS) and breakfast nutritional and food indicators between 2016 and 2019.
METHODS
Data collected from the Survey of the School Food Program, 2016-2019, were analyzed. The dependent variables were the energy, macro-and micronutrients, milk/yogurt, and fruit quantities in school breakfasts. The independent variables were the school's status: (a) control group, (b) Intervention 1 (only NRF), and (c) Intervention 2 (NRF + AS). We preformed crude and adjusted linear regressions with robust variances.
RESULTS
We evaluated 4,060 schools (control group: 24%; Intervention 1: 39%; Intervention 2: 37%). Only vitamin A levels increased after Intervention 1, and almost all indicators (80%) showed better values when applying Intervention 2.
SCHOOL HEALTH POLICY IMPLICATIONS
Nutritional and food indicator improvements were associated with the implementation of the NRF and AS, emphasizing the significance of design and management of school food public policies, along with the amount of investment/territorial coverage.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings highlight the importance of school food and nutrition policies with a potential impact on improving the nutritional status of children.
Topics: Breakfast; Child; Food Services; Humans; Micronutrients; Nutrition Policy; Nutritive Value; Vitamin A
PubMed: 35920390
DOI: 10.1111/josh.13224 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2022A fast rate of eating is associated with a higher risk for obesity but existing studies are limited by reliance on self-report and the consistency of eating rate has not...
BACKGROUND
A fast rate of eating is associated with a higher risk for obesity but existing studies are limited by reliance on self-report and the consistency of eating rate has not been examined across all meals in a day. The goal of the current analysis was to examine associations between meal duration, rate of eating, and body mass index (BMI) and to assess the variance of meal duration and eating rate across different meals during the day.
METHODS
Using an observational cross-sectional study design, non-smoking participants aged 18-45 years ( = 29) consumed all meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) on a single day in a pseudo free-living environment. Participants were allowed to choose any food and beverages from a University food court and consume their desired amount with no time restrictions. Weighed food records and a log of meal start and end times, to calculate duration, were obtained by a trained research assistant. Spearman's correlations and multiple linear regressions examined associations between BMI and meal duration and rate of eating.
RESULTS
Participants were 65% male and 48% white. A shorter meal duration was associated with a higher BMI at breakfast but not lunch or dinner, after adjusting for age and sex ( = 0.03). Faster rate of eating was associated with higher BMI across all meals ( = 0.04) and higher energy intake for all meals ( < 0.001). Intra-individual rates of eating were not significantly different across breakfast, lunch, and dinner ( = 0.96).
CONCLUSION
Shorter beakfast and a faster rate of eating across all meals were associated with higher BMI in a pseudo free-living environment. An individual's rate of eating is constant over all meals in a day. These data support weight reduction interventions focusing on the rate of eating at all meals throughout the day and provide evidence for specifically directing attention to breakfast eating behaviors.
PubMed: 35958246
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.941001 -
The American Journal of Occupational... Mar 2024Impaired self-awareness (SA) of deficits after an acquired brain injury (ABI) severely affects patients' independence in activities of daily living (ADLs). However, any...
IMPORTANCE
Impaired self-awareness (SA) of deficits after an acquired brain injury (ABI) severely affects patients' independence in activities of daily living (ADLs). However, any assessment tool permits an exhaustive evaluation of SA in the context of ADLs.
OBJECTIVE
To study the validity of the Breakfast and Dressing Conflict Task (BD Conflict Task) to assess online SA (awareness of performance in the context of a given task) in patients with ABI; to study its interactions with offline SA (general awareness); and to test the validity of a simplified measure of performance monitoring, the ADL Conflict-Monitoring Index.
DESIGN
Convergent validity and correlational study.
SETTING
Research laboratory, hospitals, and homes.
PARTICIPANTS
Thirty patients with ABI and 28 neurologically healthy controls.
OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Using the BD Conflict Task, measures of emergent awareness, self-regulation, anticipatory awareness, and self-evaluation were assessed and their convergent validity and relationship with offline SA were analyzed. The ADL Conflict-Monitoring Index was calculated, and its convergent validity was tested.
RESULTS
The online SA variables of the BD Conflict Task showed convergent validity with traditional online SA measures. Offline SA correlated with emergent and anticipatory awareness in the Breakfast Task. The ADL Conflict-Monitoring Index proved to be a valid measure of patients' performance monitoring.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
These preliminary findings suggest that the BD Conflict Task is a valid tool to assess online SA in patients with ABI and provide further understanding of the online SA-offline SA interaction. Furthermore, the ADL Conflict-Monitoring Index may be a valid and easy-to-use monitoring measure in clinical settings. Plain-Language Summary: Patients with acquired brain injury (ABI) and reduced awareness of their cognitive deficits face problems performing activities of daily living (ADLs) and may show signs of unsafe behaviors. Being aware of one's own abilities involves anticipating problems before starting a task, detecting and correcting errors during the task, and evaluating performance afterward. This study provides preliminary validity for the Breakfast and Dressing Conflict Task, a new tool that assesses aspects of self-awareness simultaneously in the context of familiar and significant ADLs. Furthermore, the tool simplifies the assessment of detecting and correcting errors with an easy-to-use index, making it suitable for use in clinical settings.
Topics: Humans; Activities of Daily Living; Breakfast; Perception; Bandages; Brain Injuries
PubMed: 38477680
DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2024.050346 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2023Skipping breakfast is highly prevalent but it is not clear whether breakfast frequency is associated with metabolic syndrome in young adults. We aimed to assess the...
Skipping breakfast is highly prevalent but it is not clear whether breakfast frequency is associated with metabolic syndrome in young adults. We aimed to assess the association between breakfast frequency and metabolic syndrome in Korean young adults. This cross-sectional study was based on health check-up data of university students aged 18-39 years between 2016 and 2018. Participants were stratified into three groups by breakfast frequency (non-skipper, skipper 1-3 days/week, skipper 4-7 days/week). Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of metabolic syndrome. Out of 12,302 participants, 56.8% skipped breakfast at least 4 days/week. Metabolic syndrome prevalence was higher in those skipping breakfast for 4 or more days/week compared to non-skipper. (3.1% vs 1.7%) In the age- and sex-adjusted model, individuals skipping breakfast for 4-7 days per week had a higher OR of metabolic syndrome (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.21-2.49) compared to non-skipper. Although this association became insignificant (OR 1.49, 95% CI 0.99-2.23) after a fully adjusted multivariable model, trends of positive association between frequency of breakfast skipping and metabolic syndrome was significant (P for trend = 0.038). Frequent breakfast skipping was associated with higher odds of metabolic syndrome in young adults. Further longitudinal studies in the long term are needed to understand the association of meal patterns with metabolic syndrome.
Topics: Humans; Young Adult; Breakfast; Metabolic Syndrome; Cross-Sectional Studies; Feeding Behavior; Longitudinal Studies
PubMed: 37803107
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43957-3 -
International Journal of Environmental... Aug 2020The type of food eaten for breakfast may determine the amount of food consumed at the next meal. This may be important when considering dietary advice for overweight and...
The type of food eaten for breakfast may determine the amount of food consumed at the next meal. This may be important when considering dietary advice for overweight and obese individuals who are trying to lose weight. The aim of the study was to investigate the energy intake and subjective sensations of hunger using a visual analogue scale (VAS) of a breakfast meal of eggs compared with a breakfast meal of cereal in overweight Australian adults. In a cross-over study, participants attended the University of South Australia's Clinical Trial Facility on two separate days, one week apart. On each day participants consumed one of two isoenergetic breakfasts (1800 kJ), either eggs and toast or cereal with milk and orange juice. Fifty overweight or obese participants, 44 ± 21 years, 86 ± 14 kg, with a body mass index (BMI) of 31 ± 4 kg/m completed both study visits. Energy intake following the egg breakfast was significantly reduced compared with the cereal breakfast (4518 vs. 5283 kJ, = 0.001). BMI and gender were unrelated to these effects. The sensation of hunger was less after the egg breakfast ( = 0.028 for diet by time interaction) and returned more quickly after the cereal breakfast. There were no effects of gender or age. Energy intake was reduced at an ad libitum lunch meal 4 hours after a breakfast meal containing eggs. The findings suggest that satiety responses of overweight and obese are not different to non-obese participants as our study confirms findings from studies conducted in different populations. Determining which foods may help overweight and obese individuals manage their food intake is important for diet planning.
Topics: Adult; Australia; Breakfast; Cross-Over Studies; Eggs; Energy Intake; Female; Humans; Male; Obesity; Overweight; Satiation; Satiety Response
PubMed: 32756313
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155583 -
The Journal of Antimicrobial... Feb 2020Ivermectin is an older anthelminthic agent that is being studied more intensely given its potential for mass drug administration against scabies, malaria and other...
BACKGROUND
Ivermectin is an older anthelminthic agent that is being studied more intensely given its potential for mass drug administration against scabies, malaria and other neglected tropical diseases. Its pharmacokinetics (PK) remain poorly characterized. Furthermore, the majority of PK trials are performed under fasted-state dosing conditions, and the effect of food is therefore not well known. To better plan and design field trials with ivermectin, a model that can account for both conditions would be valuable.
OBJECTIVES
To develop a PK model and characterize the food effect with single oral doses of ivermectin.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
We performed a population-based PK analysis of data pooled from two previous trials of a single dose of 12 mg ivermectin, one with dosing after a high-fat breakfast (n=12) and one with fasted-state dosing (n=3).
RESULTS
The final model described concentration-time profiles after fed and fasted dosing accurately, and estimated the food effect associated with relative bioavailability to 1.18 (95% CI 1.10-1.67).
CONCLUSIONS
In this analysis, the effect of a high-fat breakfast compared with a fasted-state administration of a single oral dose of 12 mg ivermectin was minimal.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Area Under Curve; Biological Availability; Cross-Over Studies; Food-Drug Interactions; Humans; Ivermectin
PubMed: 31691813
DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz466 -
Trials Dec 2023Vonoprazan results in more potent acid suppression for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) than proton pump inhibitors. It has only been approved for treating erosive...
Different dosages of vonoprazan for gastroesophageal reflux disease: study protocol for a pragmatic, crossover-cluster, randomized controlled trial with patient preference arms.
BACKGROUND
Vonoprazan results in more potent acid suppression for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) than proton pump inhibitors. It has only been approved for treating erosive esophagitis in China, but 30-40% of GERD patients cannot achieve the goal of treatment with vonoprazan 20 mg daily. This study aims to investigate whether vonoprazan could relieve the symptoms of Chinese patients with non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) and whether increased dosage or different times of dosing could increase the response rate of GERD.
METHODS
This study is a pragmatic, open-label, crossover-cluster, randomized controlled trial with patient preference arms. Two thousand eight hundred eighty patients with GERD from 48 hospitals in China will be enrolled. These hospitals will be divided into a compulsory randomization cluster (24 hospitals) and a patient preference cluster (24 hospitals). Patients in the compulsory randomization cluster will be randomized to three regimens according to the crossover-cluster randomization. Patients in the patient preference cluster may choose to receive any regimen if they have a preference; otherwise, patients will be randomly assigned. The three treatment regimens will last 4 weeks, including (1) vonoprazan 20 mg p.o. after breakfast, (2) vonoprazan 20 mg p.o. after dinner, and (3) vonoprazan 20 mg p.o. after breakfast and after dinner. Patients will attend a baseline visit, a 4-week e-diary, a fourth-week visit, and a sixth-month visit online. The primary outcome is the symptom relief rate of all patients after 4-week therapy. Secondary outcomes include the healing rate of EE patients, the severity of symptoms, compliance with the therapy at the fourth-week follow-up visit, recurrent symptoms, and the frequency of self-conscious doctor visits at the sixth-month follow-up visit.
DISCUSSION
This trial will explore the effectiveness of different regimens of vonoprazan that will be implemented with GERD patients in China. The randomization with patient preferences considered and the crossover-cluster component may improve the robustness and extrapolation of study conclusions.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
https://www.chictr.org.cn ChiCTR2300069857. Registered on 28 March 2023.
PROTOCOL VERSION
February 18, 2023, Version 2.
Topics: Humans; Patient Preference; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Proton Pump Inhibitors; Pyrroles; Treatment Outcome; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 38041136
DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07760-9