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Seminars in Reproductive Medicine May 2020Uterine adenomyosis can be diagnosed on ultrasonography (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a high degree of accuracy. Adenomyosis is a myometrial process... (Review)
Review
Uterine adenomyosis can be diagnosed on ultrasonography (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a high degree of accuracy. Adenomyosis is a myometrial process that can appear as diffuse or focal on imaging. Diffuse adenomyosis typically causes uterine enlargement, while focal adenomyosis can mimic other myometrial lesions, such as leiomyomas. Imaging features frequently seen on US include a heterogenous thickened myometrium and myometrial cysts. On MRI, widening of the junctional zone, whether focal or diffuse, and the presence of myometrial cysts, either simple or hemorrhagic, support the diagnosis of adenomyosis. Despite these characteristic imaging appearances, there are several gynecologic pathologies which can mimic adenomyosis and it is important to be vigilant of these when interpreting cross-sectional imaging exams. The decision to evaluate patients with US or MRI is contingent on multiple factors, including availability of the necessary technology and expertise for the latter. However, MRI appears to offer greater specificity and positive predictive value for the diagnosis of adenomyosis.
Topics: Adenomyosis; Adult; Aged; Diagnosis, Differential; Endometriosis; Female; Humans; Hysterosalpingography; Leiomyoma; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Middle Aged; Myometrium; Sensitivity and Specificity; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 33197946
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719017 -
Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology Jun 2022Radiologists should be familiar with the typical surgical procedures applied at the elbow and aware of the spectrum of normal and pathologic appearances of posttreatment...
Radiologists should be familiar with the typical surgical procedures applied at the elbow and aware of the spectrum of normal and pathologic appearances of posttreatment situations throughout all radiologic modalities. Most important in the case of posttraumatic surgical elbow procedures is correct postoperative elbow joint alignment, appropriate fixation of joint-forming fragments, and proper insertion of screws, plates, and anchor devices that do not conflict with intra-articular or bony structures. To report soft tissue repair procedures correctly, radiologists need to know the broad spectrum of different techniques applied and their appearance on magnetic resonance imaging.
Topics: Elbow; Elbow Joint; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 35654095
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1743402 -
Journal of Ultrasound Dec 2023The aim of the study is to describe the radiological spectrum of appearances of ovarian lymphoma (OL). The manuscript describes the radiological aspects of OL to assist... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study is to describe the radiological spectrum of appearances of ovarian lymphoma (OL). The manuscript describes the radiological aspects of OL to assist the radiologist in achieving correct orientation of the diagnosis.
METHODS
We conducted a retrospective evaluation of imaging studies of 98 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, with extra-nodal localisation (ovaries) in three cases (1 primary, 2 secondary). A literature review was also performed.
RESULTS
Of the three evaluated women, one had a primary ovarian involvement and two had a secondary ovarian involvement. The most common lesion characteristics were a well-defined, solid homogeneous and hypoechoic mass at US. CT depicts OL as a well-defined, non-infiltrating, homogeneous hypodense solid mass, with mild contrast enhancement. On T1-weight MRI, OL appears as a homogeneous mass of low signal intensity, which enhances avidly following intravenous gadolinium.
CONCLUSION
Clinical and serological presentation of OL can be similar to that of primary ovarian cancer. As imaging plays a central role in the diagnosis of OL, the radiologist should be familiar with US, CT and MRI appearances of this condition to correctly orient the diagnosis and so avoid unnecessary adnexectomy.
Topics: Humans; Female; Retrospective Studies; Lymphoma; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Ovarian Neoplasms
PubMed: 37178392
DOI: 10.1007/s40477-023-00779-3 -
Annals of the New York Academy of... Dec 2020Achalasia is a rare motility disorder with incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter and ineffective contractions of the esophageal body. It has been... (Review)
Review
Achalasia is a rare motility disorder with incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter and ineffective contractions of the esophageal body. It has been hypothesized that achalasia does not result from only one pathway but rather involves a combination of infectious, autoimmune, and familial etiological components. On the basis of other observations, a novel hypothesis suggests that a muscular form of eosinophilic esophagitis is involved in the pathophysiology of achalasia in some patients. This appears to progressively diminish the myenteric plexus at stage III, gradually destroy it at stage II, and finally eliminate it at stage I, the most advanced and final stage of achalasia. Although high-resolution manometry has identified these three different types of achalasia, another subset of patients with a normal-appearing sphincter relaxation has been proposed. Provocative maneuvers, such as the rapid drinking challenge, have recently been demonstrated to improve diagnosis in certain borderline patients, but have to be studied in more detail. However, whether the different types of achalasia will have a long-term impact on tailored therapies is still a matter of debate. Additionally, novel aspects of the standard timed barium swallow appear to be an important adjunct of diagnosis, as it has been shown to have a diagnostic as well as a predictive value.
Topics: Autoimmunity; Deglutition; Eosinophilic Esophagitis; Esophageal Achalasia; Esophageal Sphincter, Lower; Humans; Male; Manometry; Myenteric Plexus
PubMed: 33140485
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14510 -
Argumentation 2023This appearance condition of fallacies refers to the phenomenon of weak arguments, or moves in argumentation, appearing to be okay when really they aren't. Not all...
This appearance condition of fallacies refers to the phenomenon of weak arguments, or moves in argumentation, appearing to be okay when really they aren't. Not all theorists agree that the appearance condition should be part of the conception of fallacies but this essay explores some of the consequences of including it. In particular, the differences between committing a fallacy, causing a fallacy and observing a fallacy are identified. The remainder of the paper is given over to discussing possible causes of mistakenly perceiving weak argumentation moves as okay. Among these are argument caused misperception, perspective caused misperception, discursive environment caused misperception and perceiver caused misperception. The discussion aims to be sufficiently general so that it can accommodate different models and standards of argumentation that make a place for fallacies.
PubMed: 36817945
DOI: 10.1007/s10503-023-09606-9 -
Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin Dec 2022Disclosing idiosyncratic preferences can help to broker new social interactions. For instance, strangers exchange music preferences to signal their identities, values,...
Disclosing idiosyncratic preferences can help to broker new social interactions. For instance, strangers exchange music preferences to signal their identities, values, and preferences. Recognizing that people's physical appearances guide their decisions about social engagement, we examined whether cues to people's music preferences in their physical appearance and expressive poses help to guide social interaction. We found that perceivers could detect targets' music preferences from photos of their bodies, heads, faces, eyes, and mouths (but not hair) and that the targets' apparent traits (e.g., submissiveness, neatness) undergirded these judgments. Perceivers also desired to meet individuals who appeared to match their music preferences versus those who did not. Music preferences therefore seem to manifest in appearance, regulating interest in others and suggesting that one's identity redundantly emerges across different types of cues. People may thus infer others' music preferences to identify candidates for social bonding.
Topics: Humans; Social Perception; Music; Judgment; Cues
PubMed: 34581211
DOI: 10.1177/01461672211048291 -
Psychology of Sport and Exercise Mar 2023Whilst some individuals exercise for health-related reasons, others appear to exercise to bolster physical attractiveness. For the latter, this is often attributed to...
Whilst some individuals exercise for health-related reasons, others appear to exercise to bolster physical attractiveness. For the latter, this is often attributed to dissatisfaction with appearance. Few studies, however, have explored if differences in self-esteem may relate to diverse exercise reasons. The present study investigated whether global self-esteem, appearance-contingent self-worth, and appearance satisfaction may be differentially associated with health and attractiveness exercise reasons. It was further sought to explore whether these relations coincided with different motivational regulations. Adults from the east midlands of the United Kingdom (N = 209; 75% female, 25% male; mean age = 29.77 years) completed measures relating to their global and appearance-contingent self-esteem, appearance satisfaction, exercise intentions, and motivations. Structural equation modelling revealed that global self-esteem was positively associated with appearance satisfaction and health reasons for exercise, whereas appearance-contingent self-esteem related to lower appearance satisfaction and attractiveness reasons. Appearance satisfaction had no association with either exercise reason but was associated with intrinsic motivation and lower controlled exercise motivations. Health exercise reasons were positively associated with intrinsic, identified, and introjected motivation, whereas attractiveness reasons were exclusively related to external motivation. The findings highlight the conceptual importance of differentiating the level and contingency of exercisers' self-esteem. The findings may also have substantive value for exercise practitioners in understanding different reasons for exercise.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Young Adult; Exercise; Health Behavior; Physical Appearance, Body; Self Concept; United Kingdom; Motivation
PubMed: 37665828
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102345 -
Clinical Imaging Apr 2022Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, prostate cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer related mortality in men. Prognosis is variable and dependent on...
Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, prostate cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer related mortality in men. Prognosis is variable and dependent on several clinical and genetic factors, including BRCA gene mutations. Recent clinical studies have reported that BRCA-associated prostate cancer is a more aggressive subtype with a higher probability of nodal involvement and distant metastases at the time of diagnosis, but radiological findings have not been described. Accurate recognition of those tumors could help guide clinical management and prompt testing and counseling for BRCA mutations. We have recently encountered four patients with BRCA-associated prostate cancer who underwent multiparametric MRI. The MRI appearances of these tumors, which were generally locally advanced and aggressive in appearance, are presented to facilitate recognition of BRCA-associated prostate cancer and guide potential genetic testing and counseling.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Mutation; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 35217282
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2022.02.007 -
Insights Into Imaging Aug 2022Lymphomatous involvement of the genitourinary system, particularly the kidneys, is commonly detected on autopsies; yet on conventional diagnostic imaging renal lymphoma... (Review)
Review
Lymphomatous involvement of the genitourinary system, particularly the kidneys, is commonly detected on autopsies; yet on conventional diagnostic imaging renal lymphoma is significantly underestimated and underreported, in part due to its variable imaging appearance and overlapping features with other conditions. We present a spectrum of typical and atypical appearances of renal lymphoma using multimodality imaging, while reviewing the roles of imaging in the detection, diagnosis, staging, and surveillance of patients with lymphoma. We also illustrate a breadth of benign and malignant entities with similar imaging features confounding the diagnosis of renal lymphoma, emphasizing the role of percutaneous image-guided biopsy. Understanding the spectrum of appearances of renal lymphoma and recognizing the overlapping entities will help radiologists improve diagnostic confidence and accuracy.
PubMed: 35962930
DOI: 10.1186/s13244-022-01260-1 -
Clinics in Dermatology 2023Annular skin lesions have a unique morphology, and the dramatic appearance of these skin eruptions in infants can cause concern for parents and clinicians. Annular...
Annular skin lesions have a unique morphology, and the dramatic appearance of these skin eruptions in infants can cause concern for parents and clinicians. Annular lesions appearing during infancy (defined here as birth to 1 year of age) lend to a broad differential, ranging from benign cutaneous disorders to severe systemic diseases. This review summarizes the pathogenesis, clinical and histopathologic findings, and management options of possible etiologies for annular skin lesions in infants, including annular erythema of infancy, neonatal lupus erythematosus, dermatophyte infections, hemorrhagic edema of infancy, and urticaria multiforme.
PubMed: 37467898
DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2023.07.009