-
Journal of Vision May 2024Materials exhibit an extraordinary range of visual appearances. Characterizing and quantifying appearance is important not only for basic research on perceptual...
Materials exhibit an extraordinary range of visual appearances. Characterizing and quantifying appearance is important not only for basic research on perceptual mechanisms but also for computer graphics and a wide range of industrial applications. Although methods exist for capturing and representing the optical properties of materials and how they vary across surfaces (Haindl & Filip, 2013), the representations are typically very high-dimensional, and how these representations relate to subjective perceptual impressions of material appearance remains poorly understood. Here, we used a data-driven approach to characterizing the perceived appearance characteristics of 30 samples of wood veneer using a "visual fingerprint" that describes each sample as a multidimensional feature vector, with each dimension capturing a different aspect of the appearance. Fifty-six crowd-sourced participants viewed triplets of movies depicting different wood samples as the sample rotated. Their task was to report which of the two match samples was subjectively most similar to the test sample. In another online experiment, 45 participants rated 10 wood-related appearance characteristics for each of the samples. The results reveal a consistent embedding of the samples across both experiments and a set of nine perceptual dimensions capturing aspects including the roughness, directionality, and spatial scale of the surface patterns. We also showed that a weighted linear combination of 11 image statistics, inspired by the rating characteristics, predicts perceptual dimensions well.
Topics: Humans; Wood; Female; Adult; Male; Young Adult; Surface Properties; Photic Stimulation; Form Perception; Pattern Recognition, Visual
PubMed: 38787569
DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.5.12 -
Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical... 2022In 1905, Felix Gaisbock, MD, described a syndrome in patients with hypertension, elevated hematocrit levels, plethoric appearances, and no splenomegaly. He postulated...
In 1905, Felix Gaisbock, MD, described a syndrome in patients with hypertension, elevated hematocrit levels, plethoric appearances, and no splenomegaly. He postulated this relative erythrocytosis was due to stress. In this case report, a 40-year-old Caucasian man with obesity was admitted with recurrent deep vein thrombosis and increasing oxygen requirements 2 weeks after hospitalization with COVID-19 pneumonia. This patient had a 10-year history of untreated hypertension and erythrocytosis. He had a ruddy appearance, a normal erythropoietin level, and a negative JAK2 V617 mutation. In this case, Gaisbock syndrome was suspected.
PubMed: 35261454
DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2021.2022370 -
Aesthetic Surgery Journal. Open Forum Jun 2019Social media, particularly Instagram, is becoming a prominent part of the plastic surgeon-patient relationship. Recent surveys are revealing a trend toward patients...
BACKGROUND
Social media, particularly Instagram, is becoming a prominent part of the plastic surgeon-patient relationship. Recent surveys are revealing a trend toward patients bringing filtered selfies to their plastic surgery consultation as a way to communicate expectations to their doctors. But which Instagram filters create a more flattering or youthful appearance, and why?
OBJECTIVES
This study set out to determine which Instagram filters create the "Most Flattering," "Most Youthful," "Least Flattering," and "Least Youthful" appearances.
METHODS
Standardized anterior view photos were taken of three Caucasian women: aged 38, 48, and 58 years. These photos were then altered using the color Instagram filters, randomly arranged and printed on photo paper. A questionnaire was created, asking respondents to determine which of the photos made each subject look "Most Flattering," "Most Youthful," "Least Flattering," and "Least Youthful."
RESULTS
A total of 78 respondents participated in the study. The filters determined to be "Most Flattering" were, in order, Juno, Lark, and Sierra. The filters determined to be "Most Youthful" were Reyes, Rise, and Gingham. The filters voted "Least Flattering" were Hefe, X-Pro, and Slumber. "Least Youthful" filters were Perpetua, Crema, and Aden.
CONCLUSIONS
Instagram filters can be a very valuable way for patients to communicate their expectations with plastic surgeons. By studying why these filters are chosen by patients, we can better understand what results our patients are looking for.
PubMed: 33791611
DOI: 10.1093/asjof/ojz019 -
Abdominal Radiology (New York) Jan 2021Hepatic perfusional changes are common in response to, or as a result of, a multitude of pathological processes. These can be neoplastic, inflammatory, fibrotic, or... (Review)
Review
Hepatic perfusional changes are common in response to, or as a result of, a multitude of pathological processes. These can be neoplastic, inflammatory, fibrotic, or ischemic in origin, to name a few. The liver, having a dual blood supply, is a unique organ to study using contrast-enhanced CT and MRI imaging due to its varied appearance on multiphasic imaging. Knowledge of the CT and MRI appearance of hepatic perfusional changes, in addition to the clinical presentation, can often result in an accurate differential diagnosis. Many of the conditions that cause these changes in hepatic blood flow result in similar appearances on imaging. As a result, it is important that radiologists be aware of common pitfalls when dealing with hepatic perfusional changes to prevent misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis. As such, this review will focus on some of the various causes of hepatic perfusional changes and how to accurately identify and diagnose them based on their CT and MRI appearance.
Topics: Contrast Media; Humans; Liver; Liver Neoplasms; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Radiography; Radiology; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 33047227
DOI: 10.1007/s00261-020-02787-x -
American Journal of Ophthalmology Aug 2021The purpose of this study was to determine classification criteria for cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to determine classification criteria for cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis.
DESIGN
Machine learning of cases with CMV retinitis and 4 other infectious posterior/ panuveitides.
METHODS
Cases of infectious posterior/panuveitides were collected in an informatics-designed preliminary database, and a final database was constructed of cases achieving supermajority agreement on diagnosis using formal consensus techniques. Cases were split into a training set and a validation set. Machine learning using multinomial logistic regression was used in the training set to determine a parsimonious set of criteria that minimized the misclassification rate among the infectious posterior/panuveitides. The resulting criteria were evaluated in the validation set.
RESULTS
A total of 803 cases of infectious posterior/panuveitides, including 211 cases of CMV retinitis, were evaluated by machine learning. Key criteria for CMV retinitis included: 1) necrotizing retinitis with indistinct borders due to numerous small satellites; 2) evidence of immune compromise; and either 3) a characteristic clinical appearance, or 4) positive polymerase chain reaction assay results for CMV from an intraocular specimen. Characteristic appearances for CMV retinitis included: 1) wedge-shaped area of retinitis; 2) hemorrhagic retinitis; or 3) granular retinitis. Overall accuracy for infectious posterior/panuveitides was 92.1% in the training set and 93.3% (95% confidence interval: 88.2-96.3) in the validation set. The misclassification rates for CMV retinitis were 6.9% in the training set and 6.3% in the validation set.
CONCLUSIONS
The criteria for CMV retinitis had a low misclassification rate and appeared to perform sufficiently well for use in clinical and translational research.
Topics: Adult; Cytomegalovirus; Cytomegalovirus Retinitis; DNA, Viral; Eye Infections, Viral; Female; Humans; Machine Learning; Male; Middle Aged
PubMed: 33845015
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.03.051 -
Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science Aug 2022Deviation from a normal facial shape and symmetry can arise from numerous sources, including physical injury and congenital birth defects. Such abnormalities can have... (Review)
Review
Deviation from a normal facial shape and symmetry can arise from numerous sources, including physical injury and congenital birth defects. Such abnormalities can have important aesthetic and functional consequences. Furthermore, in clinical genetics distinctive facial appearances are often associated with clinical or genetic diagnoses; the recognition of a characteristic facial appearance can substantially narrow the search space of potential diagnoses for the clinician. Unusual patterns of facial movement and expression can indicate disturbances to normal mechanical functioning or emotional affect. Computational analyses of static and moving 2D and 3D images can serve clinicians and researchers by detecting and describing facial structural, mechanical, and affective abnormalities objectively. In this review we survey traditional and emerging methods of facial analysis, including statistical shape modeling, syndrome classification, modeling clinical face phenotype spaces, and analysis of facial motion and affect.
Topics: Esthetics; Facies; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Motion; Phenotype
PubMed: 35440145
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-122120-111413 -
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing :... 2023Typical methods for pedestrian detection focus on either tackling mutual occlusions between crowded pedestrians, or dealing with the various scales of pedestrians....
Typical methods for pedestrian detection focus on either tackling mutual occlusions between crowded pedestrians, or dealing with the various scales of pedestrians. Detecting pedestrians with substantial appearance diversities such as different pedestrian silhouettes, different viewpoints or different dressing, remains a crucial challenge. Instead of learning each of these diverse pedestrian appearance features individually as most existing methods do, we propose to perform contrastive learning to guide the feature learning in such a way that the semantic distance between pedestrians with different appearances in the learned feature space is minimized to eliminate the appearance diversities, whilst the distance between pedestrians and background is maximized. To facilitate the efficiency and effectiveness of contrastive learning, we construct an exemplar dictionary with representative pedestrian appearances as prior knowledge to construct effective contrastive training pairs and thus guide contrastive learning. Besides, the constructed exemplar dictionary is further leveraged to evaluate the quality of pedestrian proposals during inference by measuring the semantic distance between the proposal and the exemplar dictionary. Extensive experiments on both daytime and nighttime pedestrian detection validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
PubMed: 35839180
DOI: 10.1109/TIP.2022.3189803 -
Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology 2022Primary hyperparathyroidism is a morbid disease that affects multiple organ systems and causes a multitude of debilitating symptoms if not properly diagnosed and... (Review)
Review
Primary hyperparathyroidism is a morbid disease that affects multiple organ systems and causes a multitude of debilitating symptoms if not properly diagnosed and treated. Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy is now the standard of care for the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism. In the hands of experienced high-volume surgeons, the success rate of this treatment is approximately 95%. Preoperative planning with 4-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) is becoming increasingly common as a first line imaging modality. It is important for general radiologists to become familiar with this type of study in order to better assist their surgical colleagues. This image-rich review will discuss hyperparathyroidism, benefits, and weaknesses of different imaging modalities, 4DCT imaging protocol, relevant anatomy, expected appearance, and location of parathyroid adenomas, ectopic and atypical appearances, multigland disease and important mimics.
Topics: Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism, Primary; Parathyroid Glands; Parathyroid Neoplasms; Radiologists
PubMed: 32216980
DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2020.02.012 -
International Dental Journal Oct 2022Monkeypox (MPX) caused by the MPX virus, is a contagious disease confined mainly to African regions, and is currently making multiple appearances outside of... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Monkeypox (MPX) caused by the MPX virus, is a contagious disease confined mainly to African regions, and is currently making multiple appearances outside of disease-endemic countries. World Health Organization (WHO) very recently declared the current monkeypox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. We review here the salient features of MPX and its possible impact on dentistry.
METHODS
The data on the aetiology, transmission modes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management, including the risk of its occupational transmission in dental settings, were garnered from the current literature, mainly from the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention databases.
RESULTS
Over recent months, MPX has reemerged in more than 88 countries in Europe, North America, and Australia, with some 22000 case reports to date (as of July 2022). The initial signs of MPX appear during the prodromal period, in the oral cavity as single or multiple macular lesions on the oral mucosa, accompanied by generalised lymphadenopathy. Subsequently, the characteristic rash appears on the skin and spreads centripetally from the trunk towards the palms and soles. MPX is a self-limiting disease with very low mortality and may last from 2 to 4 weeks. Although MPX is similar to chickenpox, there are a number of differentiating signs, the main element being lymphadenopathy. Strict adherence to standard, contact, and droplet infection control precautions, including wearing N95 masks, FFP3 respirators, fluid-resistant attire, and eye protection, is necessary to prevent its spread.
CONCLUSIONS
MPX appears to be a significant travel-related disease. Dental care workers should note that premonitory signs of the disease usually appear on the oral mucosa as macules and ulcers prior to the characteristic skin lesions. Implementing standard, contact, and droplet infection control measures, patient isolation, and referral are important, particularly during a local outbreak. A vaccine specific for MPX is under development, although the smallpox vaccine appears to be effective.
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Lymphadenopathy; Mpox (monkeypox); Smallpox Vaccine; Travel; Travel-Related Illness; United States
PubMed: 35934521
DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2022.07.006 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Feb 2024Abnormalities of dental development and anatomy may suggest the presence of congenital or acquired anomalies. The detection of abnormalities, therefore, is an important... (Review)
Review
Abnormalities of dental development and anatomy may suggest the presence of congenital or acquired anomalies. The detection of abnormalities, therefore, is an important skill for radiologists to achieve. Knowledge of dental embryology and an understanding of the radiologic appearances of teeth at various stages of maturation are required for the appreciation of abnormal dental development. While many tooth abnormalities are well-depicted on dedicated dental radiographs, the first encounter with a dental anomaly may be by a radiologist on a computed tomographic (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) exam performed for other reasons. This article depicts normal dental anatomy and development, describing the appearance of the neonatal dentition on CT and MRI, the modalities most often encountered by clinical radiologists. The radiology and dental literature are reviewed, and key concepts are illustrated with supplemental cases from our institution. The value of knowledge of dental development is investigated using the analysis of consecutive MR brain examinations. Finally, the anatomical principles are applied to the diagnosis of odontogenic infection on CT. Through analysis of the literature and case data, the contrast of dental pathology with normal anatomy and development facilitates the detection and characterization of both congenital and acquired dental disease.
PubMed: 38592028
DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051187