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Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Aug 2022Lymphoma is a heterogenous group of malignant tumours with proliferation of lymphoid cells or their precursors. Lymphomas in the head and neck region are usually found... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Lymphoma is a heterogenous group of malignant tumours with proliferation of lymphoid cells or their precursors. Lymphomas in the head and neck region are usually found in Waldeyer's ring. Intraoral lymphomas are rare and the clinical presentation and roentgenological appearance may resemble other and benign conditions, entailing a risk for diagnostic delay. The objective of the present literature review was to identify subjective symptoms, clinical presentations and roentgenological appearances which should raise suspicion of lymphoma.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The literature review identified 41 case series with head and neck lymphomas ( = 3880) and 384 case reports ( = 567 cases) of intraoral lymphomas. Information of demographics, clinical presentation, subjective symptoms and roentgenological appearance was registered.
RESULTS
The most common clinical presentation was a broad-based swelling or bulging mass with or without simultaneous ulceration, frequently with a relatively rapid growth pattern. Subjective symptoms varied considerably. Intraosseous lymphomas were frequently associated with paresthaesia or numbness. The most common roentgenological finding was a radiolucency with diffuse demarcation.
CONCLUSIONS
The clinical presentation, symptomatology and roentgenological appearance of intraoral lymphomas varied. Diagnostic delay was usually associated with a lymphoma initially misdiagnosed as a lesion of dental aetiology or a reactive lesion. Inadequate healing after tooth extraction or symptoms of numbness or pain without obvious dental origin should merit further clinical and roentgenological examination. Biopsy is indicated when there is the slightest doubt of the true nature of mucosal lesion.
Topics: Delayed Diagnosis; Dentists; Humans; Hypesthesia; Lymphoma
PubMed: 35108151
DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2021.2020896 -
Journal of Oral Biology and... 2021The practice of dermoscopy in dental and oral examination is low due to less popularity and not well established of the diagnostic tool in dental practice. The... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
The practice of dermoscopy in dental and oral examination is low due to less popularity and not well established of the diagnostic tool in dental practice. The dermoscopy examination provides a specific dermoscopes details for pigmented papillary fungiform of tongue (PPFT) as cobblestone appearance and rose-petal appearance. With this dermoscopes details serves as a non-invasive diagnostic tool and prevents biopsy procedure.
OBJECTIVE
We performed a systematic review to evaluate the published papers related to pigmented papillary fungiform on the tongue, aiming to understand the diagnostic role of dermoscopy examination in pigmented papillary fungiform.
DATA SYNTHESIS
Initial result was 136 studies. Final exclusion of 27 articles was made based on the following factors: reports with no clinical images, studies that did not confirm the diagnosis of PPFT and studies that did not use the dermoscopes details. Finally, seventeen studies with nineteen cases, reported of pigmented papillary fungiform of the tongue. Six studies (consist six cases) reported the dermoscopy and histopathology diagnosis of pigmented papillary fungiform, eleven studies (consist thirteen cases) reported only the dermoscopy. The dermoscopy examination presented cobblestone appearance is 47.37% and rose petal appearance is 52.63%. The comparation study by histopathology diagnosis was done, revealed no specific appearances.
CONCLUSIONS
The clinical appearance and dermoscopy is the key for diagnosis of the papillary fungiform on the tongue. Further research is needed for determining the etiology and predisposing factor in papillary fungiform so that the possibility of developing this condition can be predicted and proper treatment could be performed.
PubMed: 34729344
DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2021.09.008 -
Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine :... Dec 2022Peripheral arterial and venous examinations are performed regularly in vascular labs and interpreted by physicians of different specialities. Many vascular examinations... (Review)
Review
Peripheral arterial and venous examinations are performed regularly in vascular labs and interpreted by physicians of different specialities. Many vascular examinations have nonvascular pathology that is either inadvertently imaged by the sonographer or imaged with intent as it relates to patient's symptoms. It is prudent for every reader of vascular studies to be acquainted with the sonographic appearance of these non-vascular lesions to enable appropriate and optimal interpretation that has a direct bearing on patient's clinical care. Our review includes a discussion of the nonvascular pathologies like lymph nodes, soft tissue edema, soft tissue fluid collections, musculotendinous injuries, soft tissue masses, and joint and bursal pathologies that may be encountered during interpretation of vascular exams. The pictorial essay includes a discussion of their sonographic appearances and pitfalls in interpretation. Multiple illustrative examples and sonographic images of the non-vascular pathologies found during interpretation of vascular studies have been utilized to highlight their appearances.
Topics: Humans; Veins; Arteries; Ultrasonography; Lower Extremity
PubMed: 35984099
DOI: 10.1002/jum.16087 -
The Science of the Total Environment Jul 2023The past century has seen dramatic increases in global temperatures and mounting urbanization. As a result of these events, the urban heat island (UHI) effect has... (Review)
Review
The past century has seen dramatic increases in global temperatures and mounting urbanization. As a result of these events, the urban heat island (UHI) effect has received growing attention in scientific research worldwide. A global search was initially conducted using a scientific literature database to collect all available relevant publications to understand how the UHI has been expanding worldwide and affecting more cities across different latitudes and altitudes. Subsequently, a semantic analysis was performed to extract city names. The literature search and analysis combined resulted in 6078 publications in which UHI was investigated in 1726 cities worldwide in the 1901 to 2022 time period. The cities were grouped into 'first appearance' and 'recurrent appearance'. Results show that UHI was studied in only 134 cities during the 90-year period from 1901 to 1992, with a remarkable growth over time in the number of cities where interest in UHI increased. Interestingly, the number of first appearances was always notably higher than the number of recurrent appearances. The Shannon evenness index was employed to identify the spatial locations (hotspots) across the globe where UHI-related research has been concentrated in multiple cities over the last 120 years. Finally, Europe was selected as a testbed for conducting an analysis to shed light on how economic, demographic, and environmental factors can impact UHI. Our study is unique for having demonstrated not only the rapid growth of cities affected by UHI globally but also the increasing and unrelenting expansion of UHI occurrences across different latitudes and altitudes over time. These novel findings will undoubtedly be of interest to scientists investigating the UHI phenomenon and its trends. Stakeholders will acquire a broader perspective and deeper understanding of UHI in order to engage in more effective urban planning to offset and mitigate the phenomenon's adverse effects in the context of increasing climate change and urbanization.
PubMed: 37019234
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163276 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021Tenascin-C plays important roles in immunity. Toll-like receptor 4, integrin α9β1 and chemokines have already been identified as key players in executing the immune... (Review)
Review
Tenascin-C plays important roles in immunity. Toll-like receptor 4, integrin α9β1 and chemokines have already been identified as key players in executing the immune regulatory functions of tenascin-C. Tenascin-C is also found in reticular fibers in lymphoid tissues, which are major sites involved in the regulation of adaptive immunity. Did the "tool box" for reading and interpreting the immune-regulating instructions imposed by tenascins and tenascin-C co-evolve? Though the extracellular matrix is ancient, tenascins evolved relatively recently. Tenascin-like genes are first encountered in cephalochordates and urochordates, which are widely accepted as the early branching chordate lineages. Vertebrates lacking jaws like the lamprey have tenascins, but a tenascin gene that clusters in the tenascin-C clade first appears in cartilaginous fish. Adaptive immunity apparently evolved independently in jawless and jawed vertebrates, with the former using variable lymphocyte receptors for antigen recognition, and the latter using immunoglobulins. Thus, while tenascins predate the appearance of adaptive immunity, the first tenascin-C appears to have evolved in the first organisms with immunoglobulin-based adaptive immunity. While a C-X-C chemokine is present in the lamprey, C-C chemokines also appear in the first organisms with immunoglobulin-based adaptive immunity, as does the major histocompatibility complex, T-cell receptors, Toll-like receptor 4 and integrin α9β1. Given the importance of tenascin-C in inflammatory events, the co-evolution of tenascin-C and key elements of adaptive and innate immunity is suggestive of a fundamental role for this extracellular matrix glycoprotein in the immune response of jawed vertebrates.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Biological Evolution; Chemokines; Evolution, Molecular; Extracellular Matrix; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Immune System; Tenascin; Vertebrates
PubMed: 33912190
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.663902 -
Pathology, Research and Practice Oct 2019Nephrogenic adenoma is a common diagnosis in urological pathology that may be challenging for general pathologists. Due to its polymorphic appearance under the... (Review)
Review
Nephrogenic adenoma is a common diagnosis in urological pathology that may be challenging for general pathologists. Due to its polymorphic appearance under the microscope, some cases can be misdiagnosed as malignancy and then unnecessarily overtreated. Aside from the typical tubules, cysts and papillae, nephrogenic adenoma may display a broad spectrum of histologic appearances and locations, some of them atypical or unexpected. These unusual and concerning features will have special consideration in this description. The goal of the review is to increase awareness of general pathologists of the varied histology of nephrogenic adenoma.
Topics: Adenoma; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Neoplasms
PubMed: 31358481
DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152561 -
Clinical Radiology May 2020To review the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of spindle cell lipoma (SCL) with emphasis on the location of these tumours and the spectrum of magnetic resonance...
AIM
To review the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of spindle cell lipoma (SCL) with emphasis on the location of these tumours and the spectrum of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) appearances.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The MRI and CT findings of 27 histopathologically proven SCLs were evaluated retrospectively. Imaging features evaluated included margins, percentage visible fat, MRI signal characteristics, oedema, and contrast enhancement patterns.
RESULTS
Patient ages ranged from 18 to 80 years with an average age of 56.5 years. Men were affected twice as frequently as women (M=18, F=9). SCLs ranged in size from 2 to 10 cm, with an average greatest dimension of 5.5 cm. Five lesions (19%) contained no visible fat on CT or MRI, and the leading differential diagnosis of high-grade soft-tissue sarcoma diagnosis was suggested by referring surgeons. Five lesions (19%) had <50% fatty areas, nine lesions (52%) demonstrated >50% but <90% fat at MRI or CT. Only three of 25 lesions (12%) had an appearance of a typical lipoma on unenhanced MRI sequences. All SCLs that were imaged with contrast medium (n = 18) demonstrated some degree of enhancement, with eight (44%) showing marked enhancement, four (22%) showing moderate, and six (33%) minimal enhancement.
CONCLUSION
SCLs have considerably variable imaging appearances and may have minimal or no visible fat at MRI or CT. Imaging features may make it difficult to distinguish this benign tumour from a potentially higher-grade malignant tumour.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Contrast Media; Female; Humans; Lipoma; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 31932047
DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2019.11.020 -
Frontiers in Psychology 2023Virtual reality (VR) environments are increasingly popular for various applications, and the appearance of virtual characters is a critical factor that influences user...
Virtual reality (VR) environments are increasingly popular for various applications, and the appearance of virtual characters is a critical factor that influences user behaviors. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of avatar and agent appearances on pre-touch proxemics in VR. To achieve this goal, we designed experiments utilizing three user avatars (man/woman/robot) and three virtual agents (man/woman/robot). Specifically, we measured the pre-touch reaction distances to the face and body, which are the distances at which a person starts to feel uncomfortable before being touched. We examined how these distances varied based on the appearances of avatars, agents, and user gender. Our results revealed that the appearance of avatars and agents significantly impacted pre-touch reaction distances. Specifically, those using a female avatar tended to maintain larger distances before their face and body to be touched, and people also preferred greater distances before being touched by a robot agent. Interestingly, we observed no effects of user gender on pre-touch reaction distances. These findings have implications for the design and implementation of VR systems, as they suggest that avatar and agent appearances play a significant role in shaping users' perceptions of pre-touch proxemics. Our study highlights the importance of considering these factors when creating immersive and socially acceptable VR experiences.
PubMed: 37546466
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1195059 -
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral... May 2022To determine why some implants can appear to be well osseointegrated with no signs of infection and yet can remain sensitive to percussion and painful and unable to...
OBJECTIVE
To determine why some implants can appear to be well osseointegrated with no signs of infection and yet can remain sensitive to percussion and painful and unable to tolerate the weight of a restoration.
STUDY DESIGN
Five patients were identified who between them had 7 implants that met the criteria of being persistently painful and sensitive to percussion while appearing to be well integrated and otherwise disease free. High-definition cone beam computed tomography scans were obtained for all patients. All patients had failed medical treatment.
RESULTS
The cone beam computed tomography scans showed radiolucent channels running from the nearest nerve trunk to the vicinity of the sensitive implants. These may represent neurovascular channels that originally supplied the teeth that were present at the site of the implants, and they may have terminal neuromas that neuromas may be irritated by the implant. In all cases removal of the offending implant caused either substantial or complete relief of discomfort.
CONCLUSION
The presence of terminal neuromas within the jaws may be responsible for persistent pain and sensitivity in an otherwise well-integrated and disease-free implant. Removal of the offending implant appears to be the only treatment.
Topics: Bone-Anchored Prosthesis; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Dental Implantation, Endosseous; Dental Implants; Humans; Neuroma; Pain
PubMed: 35153186
DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2021.10.008 -
The British Journal of Radiology Jan 2022Adrenal adenomas are frequently picked up incidentally on cross-sectional imaging and are known to have a classic imaging appearance on CT and MRI. However, not all...
OBJECTIVE
Adrenal adenomas are frequently picked up incidentally on cross-sectional imaging and are known to have a classic imaging appearance on CT and MRI. However, not all adrenal adenomas have this typical radiologic appearance. Our aim is to present the radiological features of atypical adrenocortical adenomas with pathological correlation.
METHODS
All the imaging from the pathologically proven adrenal adenoma cases in our hospital (Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland) database (from 2004 to 2019) was reviewed. 8 out of 48 cases (16%) had an atypical radiological appearance and were selected for presentation.
RESULTS
Eight cases demonstrated atypical radiological features including heterogeneous density, incomplete washout on post-contrast imaging, the presence of macroscopic fat and calcification. Lipomatous metaplasia was present in two of the cases pathologically.
CONCLUSION
Adrenocortical adenomas are the most common adrenal mass encountered on CT, however, may not always have classic imaging features. Radiologists should be familiar with both the typical and atypical imaging manifestations of these benign adrenal lesions.
ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE
This paper comprehensively describes the atypical features of adrenocortical adenomas with case examples and radiologic-pathologic correlation. Guidelines and an approach to the work-up of adrenal lesions with atypical appearances are also provided.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms; Adrenalectomy; Adrenocortical Adenoma; Aged; Calcinosis; Female; Humans; Lipoma; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 34735299
DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20210642