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Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2021can cause branch wilting of , causing great economic losses and ecological damage. was sequenced in sterile deionized water (CK), rice tissue (T1) and (T2) fluid by...
can cause branch wilting of , causing great economic losses and ecological damage. was sequenced in sterile deionized water (CK), rice tissue (T1) and (T2) fluid by RNA-Seq, and the function of 1 and was verified by gene knockout. There were 424, 471 and 396 differentially expressed genes between the T2 and CK, T2 and T1, and CK and T1 groups, respectively. Thirty DEGs had verified the change in expression by fluorescent quantitative PCR. Twenty-nine DEGs were the same as the expression level in RNA-Seq. In addition, ΔApCtf1β 1 and ΔApCtf1β 2 showed weaker virulence by gene knockout, and the complementary strains Ctf1β 1 and Ctf1β 2 showed the same virulence as the wild-type strains. Relative growth inhibition of ΔApCtf1β 1 and ΔApCtf1β was significantly decreased by 21.4% and 19.2%, respectively, by adding HO compared to the estimates from the wild-type strain and decreased by 25% and 19.4%, respectively, by adding Congo red. The disease index of infected by two mutants was significantly lower than that of wild type. This suggested that genes are required for the stress response and virulence of .
PubMed: 34946984
DOI: 10.3390/jof7121001 -
Biomolecules Sep 2022The shoot blight of × caused by made bamboo die in a large area, resulting in serious ecological and economic losses. Dual RNA-seq was used to sequence and analyze...
The shoot blight of × caused by made bamboo die in a large area, resulting in serious ecological and economic losses. Dual RNA-seq was used to sequence and analyze the transcriptome data of and × in the four periods after the pathogen infected the host and to screen the candidate effectors of the pathogen related to the infection. After the identification of the effectors by the tobacco transient expression system, the functions of these effectors were verified by gene knockout. Fifty-three differentially expressed candidate effectors were obtained by differential gene expression analysis and effector prediction. Among them, the effectors and can cause programmed cell death in tobacco. The disease index of × inoculated with mutant Δ and mutant Δ strains were 52.5% and 47.5%, respectively, which was significantly lower than that of the wild-type strains (80%), the complementary strain (77.5%), and the complementary strain (75%). The tolerance of the mutant Δ and mutant Δ strains to HO and NaCl stress was significantly lower than that of the wild-type strain and the complementary and complementary strains, but there was no difference in their tolerance to Congo red. Therefore, this study shows that the effectors and play an important role in virulence and response to HO and NaCl stress.
Topics: Ascomycota; Bambusa; Congo Red; Hydrogen Peroxide; Plant Diseases; Sodium Chloride; Nicotiana
PubMed: 36139102
DOI: 10.3390/biom12091264 -
Genomics Jan 2020Arthrinium phaeospermum (Corda) M.B. Ellis is a globally distributed pathogenic fungus with a wide host range; its hosts include not only plants, but also humans and...
Arthrinium phaeospermum (Corda) M.B. Ellis is a globally distributed pathogenic fungus with a wide host range; its hosts include not only plants, but also humans and animals. This study aimed to develop genomic resources for A. phaeospermum to provide solid data and a theoretical basis for further studies of its pathogenesis, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and RNA genomics. The genome was obtained from the mycelia of the strain AP-Z13 using a combination of analyses with the high-throughput Illumina HiSeq 4000 system and PacBio RSII LongRead sequencing platform. Functional annotation was performed by BLASTing protein sequences against those in different publicly available databases to obtain their corresponding annotations. The genome is 48.45 Mb in size, with an N90 scaffold size of 1,931,147 bp, and encodes 19,836 putative predicted genes. This is the first report of the genome-scale assembly and annotation for A. phaeospermum, the first species in the genus Arthrinium to be subjected to whole genome sequencing.
Topics: Ascomycota; Carbohydrate Metabolism; DNA, Fungal; Fungal Proteins; Gene Ontology; Genome, Fungal; Genomics; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; RNA, Untranslated; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; Secondary Metabolism; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 31175977
DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.06.007 -
Phytochemistry Nov 2019Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis grandis blight, caused by Arthrinium phaeospermum, is one of the most common and serious diseases in bamboo and occurs in...
Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis grandis blight, caused by Arthrinium phaeospermum, is one of the most common and serious diseases in bamboo and occurs in the newly born twigs. Bamboo has suffered large dead areas, including more than 3000 hm, which greatly threatens the process of returning farmlands to forests and the construction of ecological barriers. To identify differential metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with B. pervariabilis × D. grandis to A. phaeospermum, ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and quadrupole-time of flight (Q-TOF) Mass Spectrometry (MS) combined with a data-dependent acquisition method was used to analyse the entire sample spectrum. In total, 13223 positive ion peaks and 10616 negative ion peaks were extracted. OPLS-DA and several other analyses were performed using the original data. The OPLS-DA models showed good quality and had strong predictive power, indicating clear trends in the analyses of the treatment and control groups. Clustering and KEGG pathway analyses were used to screen the differential metabolites in the treatment and control groups from the three B. pervariabilis × D. grandis varieties and reflected their metabolic responses induced by A. phaeospermum infection. The results showed that the three B. pervariabilis × D. grandis varieties mode showed significant changes in the following six resistance-related metabolites after A. phaeospermum invasion in positive and negative ion modes: proline, glutamine, dictamnine, apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside, glutamate, and cis-Aconitate. The following four main metabolic pathways are involved: Arginine and proline metabolism, Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, Biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from shikimate pathway, and Flavone and flavonol biosynthesis. This study lays a foundation for the later detection of differential metabolites and metabolic pathways for targeting, and provides a theoretical basis for disease-resistant breeding and the control of B. pervariabilis × D. grandis blight.
Topics: Bambusa; Cluster Analysis; Fungi; Metabolomics; Plant Diseases; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 31437664
DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112087 -
Plant Disease Oct 2021In Japan, no association between the ambrosia beetle and their fungal symbionts causing branch dieback or tree mortality on maple, , has been reported. However, we...
In Japan, no association between the ambrosia beetle and their fungal symbionts causing branch dieback or tree mortality on maple, , has been reported. However, we identified dieback of several branches and numerous holes created by three species of ambrosia beetles, , , and , on trees at the University of Tokyo Tanashi Forest, Tokyo Metropolis, Japan, in 2016. The high attack density of the beetles was observed on the weakened trees; however, the contribution of the associated fungi to the branch dieback was still unknown. We isolated fungi carried by these three beetles and inoculated them to cut main trunks and sapling branches to determine whether the associated fungi caused the branch dieback. was isolated from all and , whereas , , and were isolated from , with 35, 15, and 5% isolation frequencies, respectively. Inoculation with and induced statistically significantly wider sapwood discoloration (six and four times wider for and , respectively) than the controls, and larger water-conductance loss (2 and 1.7 times larger for and , respectively) than the controls. However, the observed lesions were not large enough to cause discoloration, and symptoms of dieback were not observed, even 13 months after the inoculation. Therefore, we concluded that the virulence of the four investigated fungi to was very low and that these fungi were likely not the primary cause of the branch dieback.
Topics: Acer; Animals; Fungi; Plant Diseases; Virulence; Weevils
PubMed: 34702082
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-11-20-2543-RE -
PeerJ 2021is a fast-growing bamboo that is widely introduced in southern China and has great economic and ecological benefits. In recent years, a blight of × caused by has...
BACKGROUND
is a fast-growing bamboo that is widely introduced in southern China and has great economic and ecological benefits. In recent years, a blight of × caused by has led to much branch damage and even death of entire bamboo forests.
METHODS
To screen for resistance genes in × , transcriptome sequencing technology was used to compare the gene expression profiles of different varieties of × with variable resistance and the same varieties under different treatments. The Clusters of Orthologous Groups of Proteins (COG) database; the Gene Ontology (GO) database; and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database were used to annotate and analyse the differentially expressed genes.
RESULTS
A total of 26,157 and 11,648 differentially expressed genes were obtained in the different varieties after inoculation with and the same varieties after inoculation or sterile water, respectively. There were 23 co-upregulated DGEs and 143 co-downregulated DEGs in #3 and #8, #6 and #8, #6 and #3. There were 50 co-upregulated DGEs and 24 co-downregulated DEGs in the same varieties after inoculation or sterile water. The results showed that many genes involved in cell wall composition synthesis, redox reactions and signal transduction were significantly different after pathogen infection. Twenty-one candidate genes for blight resistance, such as , , , and , were found. The qRT-PCR results were consistent with the sequencing results, verifying their authenticity. These results provide a foundation for the further exploration of resistance genes and their functions.
PubMed: 34721984
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12301 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2022is the main pathogen that causes blight. It secretes the cutinase transcription factor , which has been shown to play an important role in virulence. However,...
is the main pathogen that causes blight. It secretes the cutinase transcription factor , which has been shown to play an important role in virulence. However, knowledge about the interaction target genes of in remains limited. A cDNA library for the yeast two-hybrid system was constructed from shoots after 168 h treatment with . The library was identified as 1.20 × 10 cfu, with an average insert >1,000 bp in size and a 100% positive rate, providing a database for the subsequent molecular study of the interaction between and . The yeast two-hybrid (Y2H), bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) pull-down assays were used to screen for and identify two interacting target proteins, and , providing a reliable theoretical basis to study the molecular mechanism underlying resistance in response to , which would, in turn, establish a platform to develop new strategies for the sustainable and effective control of the blight diseases of forest trees.
PubMed: 36186076
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.991077 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2022shoot blight caused by is a fungal disease that has affected a large area in China in recent years. However, it is not clear which genes are responsible for the...
shoot blight caused by is a fungal disease that has affected a large area in China in recent years. However, it is not clear which genes are responsible for the disease resistance of × . Based on the analysis of transcriptome and proteome data, two genes, and , which may be involved in disease resistance, were screened. Two gene expression-interfering varieties, COF RNAi and CAD RNAi were successfully obtained using RNAi technology. Quantitative real-time fluorescence (qRT-PCR) results showed that gene, gene and seven related genes expression was down-regulated in the transformed varieties. After inoculating pathogen spore suspension, the incidence and disease index of cof-RNAi and cad-RNAi transformed plants increased significantly. At the same time, it was found that the content of total lignin and flavonoids in the two transformed varieties were significantly lower than that of the wild-type. The subcellular localization results showed that both CCoAOMT2 and CAD5 were localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The above results confirm that the and genes are involved in the resistance of to shoot blight through regulating the synthesis of lignin and flavonoids.
Topics: Bambusa; Disease Resistance; Flavonoids; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Lignin; Transcriptome
PubMed: 35743217
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126760 -
Gene Jan 2020Bambusapervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsisgrandis, a fast-growing and easily propagated bamboo species, has been extensively planted in the southern China, resulting...
Bambusapervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsisgrandis, a fast-growing and easily propagated bamboo species, has been extensively planted in the southern China, resulting in huge ecological benefits. In recent years, it was found that the pathogenic fungus Arthrinium phaeospermum caused the death of a large amount of bamboo. In this study, the transcriptome of B. pervariabilis × D. grandis, induced by inactivated protein AP-toxin from A. phaeospermum was sequenced and analyzed, to reveal the resistance mechanism induced by biotic agents of B. pervariabilis × D. grandis against A. phaeospermum at the gene level. Transcriptome sequencing was performed by Illumina HiSeq 2000 in order to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of B. pervariabilis × D. grandis in response to different treatment conditions. In total, 201,875,606 clean reads were obtained, and the percentage of Q30 bases in each sample was more than 94.21%. There were 6398 DEGs in the D-J group (inoculation with a pathogenic spore suspension after three days of AP-toxin induction) compared to the S-J group (inoculation with a pathogenic spore suspension after inoculation of sterile water for three days) with 3297 up-regulated and 3101 down-regulated genes. For the D-S group (inoculation with sterile water after inoculation of AP-toxin for three days), there were 2032 DEGs in comparison to the S-S group (inoculation with sterile water only), with 1035 up-regulated genes and 997 down-regulated genes. These identified genes were mainly involved in lignin and phytoprotein synthesis, tetrapyrrole synthesis, redox reactions, photosynthesis, and other processes. The fluorescence quantitative results showed that 22 pairs of primer amplification products were up-regulated and 7 were down-regulated. The rate of similarity between these results and the sequencing results of the transcription group was 100%, which confirmed the authenticity of the transcriptome sequencing results. Redox proteins, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, and S-adenosine-L-methionine synthetase, among others, were highly expressed; these results may indicate the level of disease resistance of the bamboo. These results provide a foundation for the further exploration of resistance genes and their functions.
Topics: Bambusa; China; Disease Resistance; Fungi; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Mycoses; Plant Proteins; Sasa; Toxins, Biological; Transcriptome; Xylariales
PubMed: 31639431
DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144160 -
Biomolecules Mar 2023The study of interaction proteins of the pathogen effector protein is an important means to analyze the disease-resistance mechanism of shoot blight. To obtain the...
The study of interaction proteins of the pathogen effector protein is an important means to analyze the disease-resistance mechanism of shoot blight. To obtain the proteins interacting with the effector ApCE22 of , 27 proteins interacting with the effector ApCE22 were initially identified via a yeast two-hybrid assay, of which four interaction proteins were obtained after one-to-one validation. The B2 protein and the chaperone protein DnaJ chloroplast protein were then verified to interact with the ApCE22 effector protein by bimolecular fluorescence complementation and GST pull-down methods. Advanced structure prediction showed that the B2 protein contained the DCD functional domain related to plant development and cell death, and the DnaJ protein contained the DnaJ domain related to stress resistance. The results showed that both the B2 protein and DnaJ protein in were the target interaction proteins of the ApCE22 effector of and related to the stress resistance of the host . The successful identification of the pathogen effector interaction target protein in plays an important role in the mechanism of pathogen-host interaction, thus providing a theoretical basis for the control of shoot blight.
Topics: Bambusa; HSP40 Heat-Shock Proteins; Ascomycota; Host-Pathogen Interactions
PubMed: 37189340
DOI: 10.3390/biom13040590