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Journal of Oral Biosciences Dec 2022The salivary glycoprotein MUC5B plays a versatile role in maintaining oral health. It contributes to lubrication, pellicle formation, antimicrobial defense, and water... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The salivary glycoprotein MUC5B plays a versatile role in maintaining oral health. It contributes to lubrication, pellicle formation, antimicrobial defense, and water retention, and its glycans are an important nutrient for oral bacteria. This review aimed to describe the role of MUC5B in oral health and examine changes in its levels and composition in cases of hyposalivation and xerostomia.
HIGHLIGHT
In cases of hyposalivation, the reduction of total salivary MUC5B levels and MUC5B glycosylation patterns due to Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and medication intake appeared insignificantly limited. In patients with SS, xerostomia was related to reduced MUC5B levels at the anterior tongue. In cases of xerostomia, MUC5B glycosylation might be reduced, yet other factors such as total protein concentration, MUC7 levels and glycosylation, and salivary spinnbarkeit are involved. In contrast to SS- and medication-induced hyposalivation, radiotherapy in the head and neck region leads to a bona fide reduction in salivary MUC5B levels.
CONCLUSION
Our findings suggest that MUC5B levels are clearly impaired in hyposalivation and xerostomia related to radiotherapy in the head and neck region versus those related to SS and medication intake. A reduction in glycosylation in the case of dry mouth appears associated with MUC5B and MUC7 as well as other factors.
Topics: Humans; Oral Health; Saliva; Xerostomia; Sjogren's Syndrome; Dental Pellicle; Mucin-5B
PubMed: 36206992
DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2022.09.005 -
Drug Delivery and Translational Research Jun 2021Generating formulations for the delivery of a mixture of natural compounds extracted from natural sources is a challenge because of unknown active and inactive...
Generating formulations for the delivery of a mixture of natural compounds extracted from natural sources is a challenge because of unknown active and inactive ingredients and possible interactions between them. As one example, natural cranberry extracts have been proposed for the prevention of biofilm formation on dental pellicle or teeth. However, such extracts may contain phenolic acids, flavonol glycosides along with other constituents like coumaroyl iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, alpha-linolenic acid, n-6 (or n-3) fatty acids, and crude fiber. Due to the presence of a variety of compounds, determining which molecules (and how many molecules) are essential for preventing biofilm growth is nontrivial to ascertain. Therefore, a formulation that could contain natural, unrefined, cranberry extract (with all its constituent compounds) at high loading would be ideal. Accordingly, we have generated several candidate formulations including poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)-based microencapsulation of cranberry extract (CE15) as well as formulations including stearic acid along with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or Ethyl lauroyl arginate (LAE) complexed with cranberry extracts (CE15). We found that stearic acid in combination with PVP or LAE as excipients led to higher loading of the active and inactive compounds in CE15 as compared with a PLGA microencapsulation and also sustained release of CE15 in a tunable manner. Using this method, we have been able to generate two successful formulations (one preventative based, one treatment based) that effectively inhibit biofilm growth when incubated with saliva. In addition to cranberry extract, this technique could also be a promising candidate for other natural extracts to form controlled release systems.Graphical abstract.
Topics: Biofilms; Plant Extracts; Vaccinium macrocarpon
PubMed: 32783154
DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00837-x -
Biomedicines Mar 2022The oral microbiome, forming a biofilm that covers the oral structures, contains a high number of microorganisms. Biofilm formation starts from the salivary pellicle... (Review)
Review
The oral microbiome, forming a biofilm that covers the oral structures, contains a high number of microorganisms. Biofilm formation starts from the salivary pellicle that allows bacterial adhesion-colonization-proliferation, co-aggregation and biofilm maturation in a complex microbial community. There is a constant bidirectional crosstalk between human host and its oral microbiome. The paper presents the fundamentals regarding the oral microbiome and its relationship to modulator factors, oral and systemic health. The modern studies of oral microorganisms and relationships with the host benefits are based on genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. Pharmaceuticals such as antimicrobials, prebiotics, probiotics, surface active or abrasive agents and plant-derived ingredients may influence the oral microbiome. Many studies found associations between oral dysbiosis and systemic disorders, including autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular, diabetes, cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. We outline the general and individual factors influencing the host-microbial balance and the possibility to use the analysis of the oral microbiome in prevention, diagnosis and treatment in personalized medicine. Future therapies should take in account the restoration of the normal symbiotic relation with the oral microbiome.
PubMed: 35327473
DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030671 -
Microbiome Mar 2023Dental erosion is a disease of the oral cavity where acids cause a loss of tooth enamel and is defined as having no bacterial involvement. The tooth surface is protected...
BACKGROUND
Dental erosion is a disease of the oral cavity where acids cause a loss of tooth enamel and is defined as having no bacterial involvement. The tooth surface is protected from acid attack by salivary proteins that make up the acquired enamel pellicle (AEP). Bacteria have been shown to readily degrade salivary proteins, and some of which are present in the AEP. This study aimed to explore the role of bacteria in dental erosion using a multi-omics approach by comparing saliva collected from participants with dental erosion and healthy controls.
RESULTS
Salivary proteomics was assessed by liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and demonstrated two altered AEP proteins in erosion, prolactin inducible protein (PIP), and zinc-alpha-2 glycoprotein (ZAG). Immunoblotting further suggested that degradation of PIP and ZAG is associated with erosion. Salivary microbiome analysis was performed by sequencing the bacterial 16S rRNA gene (V1-V2 region, Illumina) and showed that participants with dental erosion had a significantly (p < 0.05) less diverse microbiome than healthy controls (observed and Shannon diversity). Sequencing of bacterial mRNA for gene expression (Illumina sequencing) demonstrated that genes over-expressed in saliva from erosion participants included H + proton transporter genes, and three protease genes (msrAB, vanY, and ppdC). Salivary metabolomics was assessed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR). Metabolite concentrations correlated with gene expression, demonstrating that the dental erosion group had strong correlations between metabolites associated with protein degradation and amino acid fermentation.
CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that microbial proteolysis of salivary proteins found in the protective acquired enamel pellicle strongly correlates with dental erosion, and we propose four novel microbial genes implicated in this process. Video Abstract.
Topics: Humans; Tooth Erosion; Proteolysis; Dysbiosis; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Saliva; Salivary Proteins and Peptides; Peptide Hydrolases
PubMed: 37004076
DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01514-0 -
Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2022A nonrestorative approach to the management of dental erosion is the foremost option: controlling dental erosion. The objectives of this study are to provide an overview... (Review)
Review
A nonrestorative approach to the management of dental erosion is the foremost option: controlling dental erosion. The objectives of this study are to provide an overview and to summarise the effects and properties of topical anti-erosive agents as a nonrestorative treatment of dental erosion. A literature search was conducted on five databases of peer-reviewed literature-Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science-to recruit articles published between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2021. The literature search identified 812 studies; 95 studies were included. Topical anti-erosive agents can be broadly categorised as fluorides, calcium phosphate-based agents, organic compounds and other anti-erosive agents. In the presence of saliva, fluorides promote the formation of fluorapatite on teeth through remineralisation. Calcium phosphate-based agents supply the necessary minerals that are lost due to the acid challenge of erosion. Some organic compounds and other anti-erosive agents prevent or control dental erosion by forming a protective layer on the tooth surface, by modifying salivary pellicle or by inhibiting the proteolytic activity of dentine collagenases. Topical anti-erosive agents are promising in managing dental erosion. However, current evidence shows inconsistent or limited results for supporting the use of these agents in clinical settings.
PubMed: 36011070
DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10081413 -
Dental Materials : Official Publication... Mar 2021Various nanoparticles are currently under investigation to impart biointeractivity for dental materials. This study aimed to: (1) formulate an experimental dental...
OBJECTIVE
Various nanoparticles are currently under investigation to impart biointeractivity for dental materials. This study aimed to: (1) formulate an experimental dental adhesive containing ZnO nanoparticles; (2) evaluate its chemical and mechanical properties; and (3) assess the antibacterial response against oral microcosm biofilm.
METHODS
Nanosized ZnO was chemically and morphologically evaluated. ZnO was incorporated at 0 (G), 2.5 (G), 5 (G) and 7.5 (G) wt.% in an experimental dental adhesive. The adhesives were evaluated for the degree of conversion (DC), flexural strength (FS), and elastic modulus (E). The antibacterial activity was evaluated using a 48h-microcosm biofilm model after the formation of acquired pellicle on samples' surfaces. Colony-forming units (CFU), metabolic activity, and live/dead staining were assessed.
RESULTS
Nanosized ZnO presented characteristic peaks of Zn-O bonds, and the particles were arranged in agglomerates. The DC ranged from 62.21 (±1.05) % for G to 46.15 (±1.23) % for G (p<0.05). G showed lower FS compared to all groups (p<0.05). Despite achieving higher E (p<0.05), G did not show differences for G regarding the FS (p>0.05). G had lower CFU/mL compared to G for mutans streptococci (p<0.05) and total microorganisms (p<0.05), besides presenting lower metabolic activity (p<0.05) and higher dead bacteria via biofilm staining.
SIGNIFICANCE
The dental adhesives' physicochemical properties were similar to commercial adhesives and in compliance with ISO recommendations. G restricted the growth of oral microcosm biofilm without impairing the physicochemical performance.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Dental Cements; Materials Testing; Methacrylates; Resin Cements; Streptococcus mutans; Zinc Oxide
PubMed: 33342588
DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.11.022 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023(1) Background: In the oral environment, sound enamel and dental restorative materials are immediately covered by a pellicle layer, which enables bacteria to attach. For...
(1) Background: In the oral environment, sound enamel and dental restorative materials are immediately covered by a pellicle layer, which enables bacteria to attach. For the development of new materials with repellent surface functions, information on the formation and maturation of salivary pellicles is crucial. Therefore, the present in situ study aimed to investigate the proteomic profile of salivary pellicles formed on different dental composites. (2) Methods: Light-cured composite and bovine enamel samples (controls) were exposed to the oral cavity for 30, 90, and 120 min. All samples were subjected to optical and mechanical profilometry, as well as SEM surface evaluation. Acquired pellicles and unstimulated whole saliva samples were analyzed by SELDI-TOF-MS. The significance was determined by the generalized estimation equation and the post-hoc bonferroni adjustment. (3) Results: SEM revealed the formation of homogeneous pellicles on all test and control surfaces. Profilometry showed that composite surfaces tend to be of higher roughness compared to enamel. SELDI-TOF-MS detected up to 102 different proteins in the saliva samples and up to 46 proteins in the pellicle. Significant differences among 14 pellicle proteins were found between the composite materials and the controls. (4) Conclusions: Pellicle formation was material- and time-dependent. Proteins differed among the composites and to the control.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Saliva; Proteomics; Dental Pellicle; Proteins; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
PubMed: 37836647
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196804 -
Swiss Dental Journal Jul 2023Two forms of non-carious dental disorder - erosive tooth hard tissue loss and dental erosion - have been increasingly observed in recent years. Dental erosion is the...
Two forms of non-carious dental disorder - erosive tooth hard tissue loss and dental erosion - have been increasingly observed in recent years. Dental erosion is the chemical loss of dental hard substances caused by exposure to acids not derived from oral bacteria. Mechanical forces from, for example, the tongue, the cheeks or toothbrushing, increase loss of partly-demineralized tooth surfaces and the cumulative loss of dental hard tissue is defined as erosive tooth wear (ETW). Dental hard tissue losses which occur because of very frequent acid exposure, such as through increased vomiting, but without mechanical stress, are also assigned to tooth erosion. Without prior softening, practically no loss of enamel takes place due to abrasion with the modern Western diet. The present work is a continuation of earlier work. A total of 226 beverages, food, stimulants as well as medicines and mouthwashes were tested for their erosive potential on premolars and deciduous molars covered with a human pellicle. The influence of temperature, phosphate and calcium was also investigated in additional experiments. The change in hardness before and after immersion in the respective test substance was measured and the erosive potential was classified. For each test product, we determined pH and other properties which were possibly related to erosive potential. There were considerable and sometimes surprising differences between the tested products. The addition of phosphate did not influence the erosive potential of the liquids, but calcium did. A modified erosion scheme is presented, which incorporates these and other new findings.
Topics: Humans; Tooth Erosion; Mouthwashes; Dental Enamel; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Calcium, Dietary; Phosphates
PubMed: 36861647
DOI: 10.61872/sdj-2023-07-08-01 -
European Archives of Paediatric... Jun 2023This study evaluated whether the presence of the salivary acquired pellicle (AP) had any effect on the dentin's darkening and on the caries arresting effect after the...
PURPOSE
This study evaluated whether the presence of the salivary acquired pellicle (AP) had any effect on the dentin's darkening and on the caries arresting effect after the use of SDF + KI, in a cariogenic challenge.
METHODS
Human dentin specimens were standardised, submitted to artificial caries lesion formation, and divided into five groups (n = 20): C: control group-no treatment, SDF: 38% SDF, APSDF: SDF 38% and AP, KISDF: 38% SDF and KI, and APKISDF: 38% SDF, KI and AP, that were submitted to pH cycling. Colour evaluation (CIE L*a*b* system) and surface hardness were performed before and after the treatments/pH cycling.
RESULTS
SDF and APSDF groups showed no difference in colour. KISDF and APKISDF groups showed significantly different colours than the groups without KI. SDF, APSDF, and APKISDF groups had less mineral loss than C and KISDF. SDF, APSDF, and APKISDF revealed significantly greater mineral recovery, compared to KISDF and C.
CONCLUSION
The AP did not influence the dentin´s colour after SDF + KI, but had a protective role in modulating the dentin´s mineral gain/loss. KI used after SDF decreased the dentin´s darkening, and did not interfere with the dentin de/remineralization process.
Topics: Humans; Potassium Iodide; Dental Pellicle; Color; Dentin; Fluorides, Topical; Dental Caries; Minerals
PubMed: 36929510
DOI: 10.1007/s40368-023-00791-5 -
Cells Oct 2023Soft tissue adhesion and sealing around dental and maxillofacial implants, related prosthetic components, and crowns are a clinical imperative to prevent adverse...
Soft tissue adhesion and sealing around dental and maxillofacial implants, related prosthetic components, and crowns are a clinical imperative to prevent adverse outcomes of periodontitis and periimplantitis. Zirconia is often used to fabricate implant components and crowns. Here, we hypothesized that UV treatment of zirconia would induce unique behaviors in fibroblasts that favor the establishment of a soft tissue seal. Human oral fibroblasts were cultured on zirconia specimens to confluency before placing a second zirconia specimen (either untreated or treated with one minute of 172 nm vacuum UV (VUV) light) next to the first specimen separated by a gap of 150 µm. After seven days of culture, fibroblasts only transmigrated onto VUV-treated zirconia, forming a 2.36 mm volume zone and 5.30 mm leading edge. Cells migrating on VUV-treated zirconia were enlarged, with robust formation of multidirectional cytoplastic projections, even on day seven. Fibroblasts were also cultured on horizontally placed and 45° and 60° tilted zirconia specimens, with the latter configurations compromising initial attachment and proliferation. However, VUV treatment of zirconia mitigated the negative impact of tilting, with higher tilt angles increasing the difference in cellular behavior between control and VUV-treated specimens. Fibroblast size, perimeter, and diameter on day seven were greater than on day one exclusively on VUV-treated zirconia. VUV treatment reduced surface elemental carbon and induced superhydrophilicity, confirming the removal of the hydrocarbon pellicle. Similar effects of VUV treatment were observed on glazed zirconia specimens with silica surfaces. One-minute VUV photofunctionalization of zirconia and silica therefore promotes human oral fibroblast attachment and proliferation, especially under challenging culture conditions, and induces specimen-to-specimen transmigration and sustainable photofunctionalization for at least seven days.
Topics: Humans; Surface Properties; Vacuum; Fibroblasts; Silicon Dioxide
PubMed: 37947620
DOI: 10.3390/cells12212542