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Microbes and Infection Nov 2000Dental plaque is a complex biofilm that accumulates on the hard tissues (teeth) in the oral cavity. Although over 500 bacterial species comprise plaque, colonization... (Review)
Review
Dental plaque is a complex biofilm that accumulates on the hard tissues (teeth) in the oral cavity. Although over 500 bacterial species comprise plaque, colonization follows a regimented pattern with adhesion of initial colonizers to the enamel salivary pellicle followed by secondary colonization through interbacterial adhesion. A variety of adhesins and molecular interactions underlie these adhesive interactions and contribute to plaque development and ultimately to diseases such as caries and periodontal disease.
Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Bacterial Adhesion; Biofilms; Dental Pellicle; Dental Plaque; Humans; Kinetics; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Streptococcus sanguis
PubMed: 11113379
DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(00)01316-2 -
Australian Dental Journal Dec 2010Dental erosion is increasingly recognized as a common condition in paediatric dentistry with complications of tooth sensitivity, altered aesthetics and loss of occlusal... (Review)
Review
Dental erosion is increasingly recognized as a common condition in paediatric dentistry with complications of tooth sensitivity, altered aesthetics and loss of occlusal vertical dimension. The prevalence of erosion in children has been reported to range from 10% to over 80%. The primary dentition is thought to be more susceptible to erosion compared to the permanent dentition due to the thinner and less mineralized enamel. The aim of this paper was to critically review dental erosion in children with regards to its prevalence, aetiology, diagnosis and prevention. The associations between erosion and other common conditions in children such as caries and enamel hypoplasia are also discussed.
Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Australia; Beverages; Caseins; Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Dental Pellicle; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Fluorides, Topical; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Germany; Humans; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Tooth Erosion; Tooth, Deciduous; United Kingdom; Vomiting
PubMed: 21133936
DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2010.01255.x -
Journal of Dental Research Jan 2021Osseointegrated dental implants are a revolutionary tool in the armament of reconstructive dentistry, employed to replace missing teeth and restore masticatory,...
Osseointegrated dental implants are a revolutionary tool in the armament of reconstructive dentistry, employed to replace missing teeth and restore masticatory, occlusal, and esthetic functions. Like natural teeth, the orally exposed part of dental implants offers a pristine nonshedding surface for salivary pellicle-mediated microbial adhesion and biofilm formation. In early colonization stages, these bacterial communities closely resemble those of healthy periodontal sites, with lower diversity. Because the peri-implant tissues are more susceptible to endogenous oral infections, understanding of the ecological triggers that underpin the microbial pathogenesis of peri-implantitis is central to developing improved prevention, diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies. The advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, notably applied to 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicons, has enabled the comprehensive taxonomic characterization of peri-implant bacterial communities in health and disease, revealing a differentially abundant microbiota between these 2 states, or with periodontitis. With that, the peri-implant niche is highlighted as a distinct ecosystem that shapes its individual resident microbial community. Shifts from health to disease include an increase in diversity and a gradual depletion of commensals, along with an enrichment of classical and emerging periodontal pathogens. Metatranscriptomic profiling revealed similarities in the virulence characteristics of microbial communities from peri-implantitis and periodontitis, nonetheless with some distinctive pathways and interbacterial networks. Deeper functional assessment of the physiology and virulence of the well-characterized microbial communities of the peri-implant niche will elucidate further the etiopathogenic mechanisms and drivers of the disease.
Topics: Dental Implants; Humans; Microbiota; Peri-Implantitis; Periodontitis; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 32783779
DOI: 10.1177/0022034520949851 -
Journal of Dentistry Jan 2019To provide an update on our current understanding of how saliva and its various constituents directly and indirectly affect oral bacteria and thereby play a role in the...
OBJECTIVES
To provide an update on our current understanding of how saliva and its various constituents directly and indirectly affect oral bacteria and thereby play a role in the modulation and maintenance of a healthy oral microbiota and also the associations with symbiosis and dysbiosis.
METHODS
The search for biomedical literature on saliva and its antimicrobial activities (years 1966 to 2017) was conducted in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases.
RESULTS
This review underlines that saliva plays an essential role in shaping and maintaining the ecological equilibrium of the resident oral microbiota. Saliva contributes to the formation of the salivary pellicle, which covers the oral hard and soft tissues, and thereby determines the initial adhesion and colonisation of microorganisms. Saliva facilitates clearance of dietary carbohydrates and microorganisms from the oral cavity, but also supplies bacteria with nutrients through enzymatic breakdown of dietary starch and proteins and salivary glycoproteins. In addition, saliva comprises proteins such as mucins, which block the adherence of certain microorganisms to oral surfaces through binding and aggregating mechanisms. Saliva also provides antimicrobial activity through numerous proteins and peptides including mucins, lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, statherin, histatins and secretory immunoglobulin A.
CONCLUSIONS
A balanced oral microbiome is important for the maintenance of oral health and symbiosis. Conditions associated with salivary gland hypofunction, impaired oral clearance, low salivary pH and altered salivary composition, often lead to perturbation of the function and composition of the oral microbiome causing dysbiosis, and an associated risk of oral disease.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Saliva plays a significant role in keeping the relationship between the host and oral microbiota in a symbiotic state. In conditions with salivary gland dysfunction, the natural balance of the oral microbiome is often disturbed, leading to dysbiosis and associated risks of gingivitis, caries and fungal infection.
Topics: Dental Pellicle; Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; Microbiota; Mouth; Saliva; Salivary Proteins and Peptides
PubMed: 30696553
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.08.010 -
Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces Apr 2021The salivary pellicle, an adlayer formed by adsorption of salivary components on teeth and dental biomaterials, has direct consequences on basic outcomes of dentistry.... (Review)
Review
The salivary pellicle, an adlayer formed by adsorption of salivary components on teeth and dental biomaterials, has direct consequences on basic outcomes of dentistry. Here, we provide an overview of salivary pellicle formation processes with a critical focus on dental biomaterials. We describe and critique the array of salivary pellicle measurement techniques. We also discuss factors that may affect salivary pellicle formation and the heterogeneity of the published literature describing salivary pellicle formation on dental biomaterials. Finally, we survey the many effects salivary pellicles have on dental biomaterials and highlight its implications on design criteria for dental biomaterials. Future investigations may lead to rationally designed dental biomaterials to control the salivary pellicle and enhance material function and patient outcomes.
Topics: Adsorption; Biocompatible Materials; Dental Pellicle; Humans; Saliva; Salivary Proteins and Peptides; Surface Properties
PubMed: 33460965
DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111570 -
Journal of Applied Oral Science :... 2012Dental erosion is a multifactorial condition. The consideration of chemical, biological and behavioral factors is fundamental for its prevention and therapy. Among the... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Dental erosion is a multifactorial condition. The consideration of chemical, biological and behavioral factors is fundamental for its prevention and therapy. Among the biological factors, saliva is one of the most important parameters in the protection against erosive wear.
OBJECTIVE
This review discusses the role of salivary factors on the development of dental erosion.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A search was undertaken on MeDLINe website for papers from 1969 to 2010. The keywords used in the research were "saliva", "acquired pellicle", "salivary flow", "salivary buffering capacity" and "dental erosion". Inclusion of studies, data extraction and quality assessment were undertaken independently and in duplicate by two members of the review team. Disagreements were solved by discussion and consensus or by a third party.
RESULTS
Several characteristics and properties of saliva play an important role in dental erosion. Salivary clearance gradually eliminates the acids through swallowing and saliva presents buffering capacity causing neutralization and buffering of dietary acids. Salivary flow allows dilution of the acids. In addition, saliva is supersaturated with respect to tooth mineral, providing calcium, phosphate and fluoride necessary for remineralization after an erosive challenge. Furthermore, many proteins present in saliva and acquired pellicle play an important role in dental erosion.
CONCLUSIONS
Saliva is the most important biological factor affecting the progression of dental erosion. Knowledge of its components and properties involved in this protective role can drive the development of preventive measures targeting to enhance its known beneficial effects.
Topics: Dental Enamel; Dental Pellicle; Dentin; Fluorides; Humans; Saliva; Salivary Proteins and Peptides; Salivation; Tooth Erosion; Tooth Remineralization
PubMed: 23138733
DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572012000500001 -
Caries Research 2022While the ultrastructure of the enamel pellicle and its erosion protective properties are well studied, the dentin pellicle is still neglected in dental research....
While the ultrastructure of the enamel pellicle and its erosion protective properties are well studied, the dentin pellicle is still neglected in dental research. Therefore, the ultrastructure and erosion protective properties of a pellicle formed on bovine dentin specimens were investigated in the present study. The dentin pellicle was formed in situ for 3, 30, 120, and 360 min at buccal or palatal oral sites of 3 subjects and analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. In order to clarify the impact of an erosive challenge to the ultrastructure of the pellicle and the underlying dentin, specimens were exposed to the oral cavity and eroded in vivo with 0.1% or 1% citric acid either immediately or after 30 min of pellicle formation. Specimens that were eroded without exposure to the oral cavity served as control. In another trial, specimens with a 30-min pellicle were exposed to the oral cavity for a further 60 min after the erosive challenge to investigate the effect of saliva on the impaired pellicle and dentin. Transmission electron micrographs reveal a globular and granular structured pellicle layer, which was thicker when the pellicle was formed buccally or with longer formation times. Erosion with citric acid reduced the thickness of the pellicle and interrupted its continuity. The dentin was also affected by erosion, which was represented by a lower electron density and formation of demineralized lacunae. These were infiltrated by a granular structured material when specimens were exposed to the oral cavity. After further intraoral exposure, the infiltration was more pronounced, indicating a significant impact of saliva on the demineralized dentin. A reformation of the dentin pellicle on the other hand did not occur. In conclusion, the dentin pellicle is neither acid-resistant nor able to effectively protect dentin from erosion.
Topics: Humans; Cattle; Animals; Dental Enamel; Dental Pellicle; Tooth Erosion; Citric Acid; Dentin
PubMed: 36310018
DOI: 10.1159/000527775 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2016We aimed to comprehensively compare two compartmented oral proteomes, the salivary and the dental pellicle proteome. Systematic review and datamining was used to obtain... (Review)
Review
We aimed to comprehensively compare two compartmented oral proteomes, the salivary and the dental pellicle proteome. Systematic review and datamining was used to obtain the physico-chemical, structural, functional and interactional properties of 1,515 salivary and 60 identified pellicle proteins. Salivary and pellicle proteins did not differ significantly in their aliphatic index, hydrophaty, instability index, or isoelectric point. Pellicle proteins were significantly more charged at low and high pH and were significantly smaller (10-20 kDa) than salivary proteins. Protein structure and solvent accessible molecular surface did not differ significantly. Proteins of the pellicle were more phosphorylated and glycosylated than salivary proteins. Ion binding and enzymatic activities also differed significantly. Protein-protein-ligand interaction networks relied on few key proteins. The identified differences between salivary and pellicle proteins could guide proteome compartmentalization and result in specialized functionality. Key proteins could be potential targets for diagnostic or therapeutic application.
Topics: Animals; Data Mining; Dental Enamel Proteins; Dental Pellicle; Humans; Proteome; Salivary Proteins and Peptides
PubMed: 27966577
DOI: 10.1038/srep38882 -
Revue Medicale de Liege Oct 2010Orodental pathologies are generally classified into two main groups: caries and parodontopathies. They result from polymicrobial infections based on the dental plaque's... (Review)
Review
Orodental pathologies are generally classified into two main groups: caries and parodontopathies. They result from polymicrobial infections based on the dental plaque's theory which has constantly evolved. Therefore, the concept of acquired biological pellicle or biofilm has been described and largely elaborated.A bacterial biofilm is a unit of bacterial microcolonies embedded within an exopolymeric matrix and adherent to an inert or living surface. The aim of this paper is to provide a review of the literature with regard to the formation, and composition of the biofilm, as well as to point out the close link that exists between biofilm and dental medicine.
Topics: Bacterial Adhesion; Biofilms; Dental Implants; Dental Plaque; Humans
PubMed: 21128362
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Dental Sciences Jan 2021As soon as saliva contacts the teeth surface, salivary proteins adhere to the tooth surface to form acquired salivary pellicle. The formation of this acquired salivary... (Review)
Review
As soon as saliva contacts the teeth surface, salivary proteins adhere to the tooth surface to form acquired salivary pellicle. The formation of this acquired salivary pellicle is a dynamic and selective process of macromolecular adsorption and desorption. Although acquired salivary pellicle contains proteins and peptides, it also contains lipids, and other macro-molecules, all of which contribute to its protective properties. Acquired salivary pellicle is related to the development of common oral diseases, such as erosion, dental caries, and periodontal disease. Acquired salivary pellicle acts as a natural barrier to prevent a tooth's surface from making direct contact with acids and to protect it from erosive demineralization. It contributes to the control of dental erosion by modulating calcium and phosphate concentrations on the tooth surface. It also influences the initial colonizer of oral biofilm and affects the transportation pathway of the acidic products of cariogenic bacteria, which affects the development of dental caries. In addition, it influences periodontal disease by acting on the colonization of periodontal pathogens. This paper's aim is to provide an overview of the acquired salivary pellicle, highlighting its composition, structure, function, role in common oral diseases, and modification for the prevention of oral diseases.
PubMed: 33384841
DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2020.10.007