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Journal of Esthetic and Restorative... Mar 2021To evaluate the protective effect of phytosphingosine (PHS) against staining on dental enamel.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the protective effect of phytosphingosine (PHS) against staining on dental enamel.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ninety-six specimens of bovine teeth (6 mm × 6 mm × 2 mm) were cut, and initial color (Easyshade, VITA), microhardness (HMV-2, Shimadzu) and fluorescence (Matlabs software, Matworks) measurements were performed. Specimens were separated into four groups according to the treatments: Distilled water (control); Human saliva (HS); PHS; PHS + HS. Specimens (n = 6) were submitted to staining procedures: Distilled water (immersion for 30 days-control); Coffee (15 minutes, twice a day/for 15 days); Black tea (as described for Coffee) and cigarette smoke (20 cigarettes/sample). Final measurements were performed, and data were analyzed (Color-CIEDE2000, fluorescence-2-way ANOVA, Tukey, and microhardness-Kruskal-Wallis Dunn, P < .05).
RESULTS
Coffee caused the highest color change (ΔE ), followed by black tea, regardless of the treatment employed. Distilled water and cigarette smoke produced similar color changes (P > .05) for the groups control (water = 1.0 + - 0.5/ cigarette = 2.3 0.3) and PHS (water = 0.8 0.4/ cigarette = 2.3 0.4). PHS + HS demonstrated intermediate means than PHS and HS when stained with coffee and tea. After treatments, the least fluorescence alterations occurred for the groups treated with distilled water and cigarette, regardless of the treatment, with no difference (P > .05) between them. There was a significant difference (P < .05) on microhardness between all the groups, as PHS + HS > PHS > HS > Distilled water.
CONCLUSIONS
It was concluded that PHS treatment did not protect the staining of the enamel by coffee and tea, but increased the microhardness, both in the presence and absence of a salivary pellicle.
PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS
Phytoshingosine is a novel agent and considered a promising component for anti-biofilm and anti-erosion properties by the formation of a diffusion barrier on the dental enamel. In line, PHS might be considered for anti-staining purposes.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Color; Dental Enamel; Humans; Materials Testing; Sphingosine; Staining and Labeling; Surface Properties; Tooth Bleaching
PubMed: 32445541
DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12599 -
Journal of Dentistry Apr 2021This study investigated the mechanism of action of different proteins/peptides (separately or in combination), focusing on how they act directly on the native enamel...
OBJECTIVE
This study investigated the mechanism of action of different proteins/peptides (separately or in combination), focusing on how they act directly on the native enamel surface and on modifying the salivary pellicle.
METHODS
A total of 170 native human enamel specimens were prepared and submitted to different treatments (2 h; 37 °C): with deionized water, CaneCPI-5, Hemoglobin, Statherin, or a combination of all three proteins/peptides. The groups were subdivided into treatment acting on the enamel surface (NoP - absence of salivary pellicle), and treatment modifying the salivary pellicle (P). Treatment was made (2 h; 37 °C) in all specimens, and later, for P, the specimens were incubated in human saliva (2 h; 37 °C). In both cases, the specimens were immersed in 1% citric acid (pH 3.6; 2 min; 25 °C). Calcium released from enamel (CaR) and its relative surface reflection intensity (%SRI) was measured after 5 cycles. Between-group differences were verified with two-way ANOVA, with "presence of pellicle" and "treatment" as factors (α = 0.05).
RESULTS
The presence of pellicle provided better protection regarding %SRI (p < 0.01), but not regarding CaR (p = 0.201). In relation to treatment, when compared to the control group, all proteins/peptides provided significantly better protection (p < 0.01 for %SRI and Car). The combination of all three proteins/peptides demonstrated the best protective effect (p < 0.01 for %SRI).
CONCLUSION
Depending on the protein or peptide, its erosion-inhibiting effect derives from their interaction with the enamel surface or from modifying the pellicle, so a combination of proteins and peptides provides the best protection.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
The present study opens a new direction for a possible treatment with a combination of proteins for native human enamel, which can act directly on the enamel surface as well on the modification of the salivary pellicle, for the prevention of dental erosion.
Topics: Dental Enamel; Dental Pellicle; Humans; Peptides; Saliva; Tooth Erosion
PubMed: 33621617
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103612 -
Archives of Oral Biology Aug 2019This study investigated, for the first time, pellicle enzymes with respect to their activity, distribution and fluorescence pattern in children with different caries...
OBJECTIVE
This study investigated, for the first time, pellicle enzymes with respect to their activity, distribution and fluorescence pattern in children with different caries experience.
DESIGN
In-situ pellicles were collected from 41 children (aged 4-6 years) with different caries status; 17 of them were caries-free (dmf = 0), 12 had dental restorations but no current caries (dmf ≥ 2) and 12 had at least two carious lesions (dmf ≥ 2). Bovine enamel samples were fixed on individual upper jaw braces for pellicle formation. After 30 min of intraoral exposure, the pellicle and saliva samples were analysed for the activities of amylase, lysozyme, peroxidase and glucosyltransferase (GTF). The distribution of these enzymes, including GTF-isoforms B, C and D, and the pellicle ultrastructure were examined by gold-immunolabelling and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, interactions between pellicle enzymes and adherent bacteria were visualised using combined fluorescence and immunofluorescence labelling.
RESULTS
There were no significant differences in the pellicle enzyme activities between the study groups. TEM analysis revealed the absence of GTF C and D in the pellicle of caries-active children. Amylase, peroxidase and GTF-isoforms showed a random distribution within the pellicle layer; lysozyme was found in the form of clusters. A similar ultrastructural pattern was observed for all subjects. Fluorescence labelling technique enabled visualisation of all enzymes, except for GTF B.
CONCLUSION
Pellicle enzyme activities and ultrastructure are not associated with children's caries status. Further investigation is needed to assess the influence of individual GTF-isoforms on caries susceptibility in children.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; Dental Enamel; Dental Pellicle; Humans; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Muramidase; Saliva
PubMed: 31158701
DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.05.017 -
Archives of Oral Biology Feb 2022The objective of this study was to determine whether differences in the abundance of mucins 5b and 7 as well as secretory IgA exist in the oral acquired pellicle between...
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to determine whether differences in the abundance of mucins 5b and 7 as well as secretory IgA exist in the oral acquired pellicle between children with active caries and caries-free children.
DESIGN
Pellicle formation was performed for 10 min in-situ on ceramic slabs in the oral cavity of children (5-7 years of age) with caries (n = 15) and without signs of caries (n = 13). Furthermore, unstimulated saliva was collected. Concentrations of Muc5b, Muc7 and sIgA were measured in desorbed pellicle eluates and in saliva.
RESULTS
Significantly larger concentrations of Muc5b, Muc7 and sIgA were detected in the pellicle obtained from children with caries compared to caries-free children. However, in the salivary samples concentrations of mucins Muc5b and Muc7 as well as sIgA did not differ significantly between the two groups.
CONCLUSIONS
All three pellicle components Muc5b, Muc7 as well as sIgA could be identified as potential biomarkers for early childhood caries with high sensitivity and specificity. This could contribute to a better understanding of the different caries susceptibility in children.
Topics: Biomarkers; Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Dental Pellicle; Humans; Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; Mucin-5B; Mucins; Saliva; Salivary Proteins and Peptides
PubMed: 34861462
DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105314 -
Journal of Dental Research Jul 2023Dental caries remains the most widespread chronic disease worldwide. Basically, caries originates within biofilms accumulated on dental enamel. Despite the nonrenewable...
Dental caries remains the most widespread chronic disease worldwide. Basically, caries originates within biofilms accumulated on dental enamel. Despite the nonrenewable nature of the enamel tissue, targeted preventive strategies are still very limited. We previously introduced customized multifunctional proteinaceous pellicles (coatings) for controlling bacterial attachment and subsequent biofilm succession. Stemmed from our whole proteome/peptidome analysis of the acquired enamel pellicle, we designed these pellicles using hybrid mixtures of the most abundant and complementary-acting antimicrobial and antifouling proteins/peptides for synergetic suppression of early biofilms. In conjugating these domains synthetically, their bioinhibitory efficacy was remarkably boosted. Herein, we sought to explore the key structure-function relationship of these potent hybridized conjugates in comparison with their individual domains, solely or in physical mixtures. Specifically, we interrelated the following facets: physicochemical and 3-dimensional folding characteristics via molecular dynamics simulations, adopted secondary structure by circular dichroism, immobilization capacity on enamel through high-spatial resolution multiphoton microscopy, and biofilm suppression potency. Our data showed consistent associations among the increased preference for protein folding structures, α-helix content, and enamel-immobilization capacity; all were inversely correlated with the attached bioburden. The expressed phenotypes could be explained by the adopted strongly amphipathic helical conformation upon conjugation, mediated by the highly anionic and acidic N-terminal pentapeptide shared region/motif for enhanced immobilization on enamel. In conclusion, conjugating bioactive proteins/peptides is a novel translational approach to engineer robust antibiofilm pellicles for caries prevention. The adopted α-helical conformation is key to enhance the antibiofilm efficacy and immobilization capacity on enamel that are promoted by certain physicochemical properties of the constituent domains. These data are valuable for bioengineering versatile therapeutics to prevent/arrest dental caries, a condition that otherwise requires invasive treatments with substantial health care expenditures.
Topics: Humans; Dental Pellicle; Dental Enamel; Dental Caries; Peptides; Proteins; Biofilms
PubMed: 37082872
DOI: 10.1177/00220345231162336 -
Wiadomosci Lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland :... 2021The aim: The paper was aimed at the study of the processes of mineralization of the enamel of the permanent tooth after its eruption.
OBJECTIVE
The aim: The paper was aimed at the study of the processes of mineralization of the enamel of the permanent tooth after its eruption.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Materials and methods: To study the structure of the enamel of permanent teeth has been carried out using light and electron microscopy. The study of the process of the development of the primordia of the permanent teeth involved 10 culled puppies of 30-40 days of age. Microscopic, electron microscopic, immunohistochemical methods of research have been used to study the processes of histogenesis.
RESULTS
Results: The studies show that in the postnatal period, the formation of the crown, externally covered with cuticular epithelium, marks the formation of the primordium of the permanent tooth at the follicle stage. After eruption of a tooth, different parts of its crown have three individual structural and functional barriers to enamel biomineralization. The first one is provided by the cuticular epithelium of the pitted areas of the crown, which ensures filtering of the salivary fluid from the protein deposit in the form of a pellicle. The second barrier is defined on the lateral and cuspidate surfaces of the enamel, where the cuticle is erased or poorly expressed. The third structural and functional barrier of enamel biomineralization is located in the cervical portion of teeth of different classes.
CONCLUSION
Conclusions: Different areas of the enamel in the tooth crown have specific filtration barriers, which can be distinguished as follows: pit-and-fissure-and-groove, cuspidateand-approximal, and cervical barriers. The cuticle is poorly expressed or totally absent on the cusps of the tooth crowns in contrast to pitted areas.
Topics: Animals; Crowns; Dental Enamel; Dogs; Microscopy, Electron; Tooth; Tooth Eruption
PubMed: 34159907
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2023Hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity-or wettability-is a key surface characterization metric for titanium used in dental and orthopedic implants. However, the effects of...
Hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity-or wettability-is a key surface characterization metric for titanium used in dental and orthopedic implants. However, the effects of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity on biological capability remain uncertain, and the relationships between surface wettability and other surface parameters, such as topography and chemistry, are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to identify determinants of surface wettability of titanium and establish the reliability and validity of the assessment. Wettability was evaluated as the contact angle of ddHO. The age of titanium specimens significantly affected the contact angle, with acid-etched, microrough titanium surfaces becoming superhydrophilic immediately after surface processing, hydrophobic after 7 days, and hydrorepellent after 90 days. Similar age-related loss of hydrophilicity was also confirmed on sandblasted supra-micron rough surfaces so, regardless of surface topography, titanium surfaces eventually become hydrophobic or hydrorepellent with time. On age-standardized titanium, surface roughness increased the contact angle and hydrophobicity. UV treatment of titanium regenerated the superhydrophilicity regardless of age or surface roughness, with rougher surfaces becoming more superhydrophilic than machined surfaces after UV treatment. Conditioning titanium surfaces by autoclaving increased the hydrophobicity of already-hydrophobic surfaces, whereas conditioning with 70% alcohol and hydrating with water or saline attenuated pre-existing hydrophobicity. Conversely, when titanium surfaces were superhydrophilic like UV-treated ones, autoclaving and alcohol cleaning turned the surfaces hydrorepellent and hydrophobic, respectively. UV treatment recovered hydrophilicity without exception. In conclusion, surface roughness accentuates existing wettability and can either increase or decrease the contact angle. Titanium must be age-standardized when evaluating surface wettability. Surface conditioning techniques significantly but unpredictably affect existing wettability. These implied that titanium wettability is significantly influenced by the hydrocarbon pellicle and other contaminants inevitably accumulated. UV treatment may be an effective strategy to standardize wettability by making all titanium surfaces superhydrophilic, thereby allowing the characterization of individual surface topography and chemistry parameters in future studies.
Topics: Wettability; Titanium; Surface Properties; Reproducibility of Results; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Dental Implants
PubMed: 37834133
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914688 -
Journal of Materials Chemistry. B Sep 2021In the oral environment, the acquired salivary pellicle (ASP) on the tooth surface comprises proteins, glycoproteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. The ASP can specifically... (Review)
Review
In the oral environment, the acquired salivary pellicle (ASP) on the tooth surface comprises proteins, glycoproteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. The ASP can specifically and rapidly adsorb on the enamel surface to provide effective lubrication, protection, hydration, and remineralisation, as well as be recognised by various bacteria to form a microbial biofilm (plaque). The involved proteins, particularly various phosphoproteins such as statherins, histatins, and proline-rich proteins, are vital to their specific functions. This review first describes the relationship between the biological functions of these proteins and their structures. Subsequently, recent advances in functional biomedical materials derived from these proteins are reviewed in terms of dental/bone therapeutic materials, antibacterial materials, tissue engineering materials, and coatings for medical devices. Finally, perspectives and challenges regarding the rational design and biomedical applications of ASP-derived materials are discussed.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Dental Pellicle; Humans; Materials Testing; Proteins
PubMed: 34304263
DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01121a -
Scanning 2020Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nano-HAP) are receiving considerable attention for dental applications, and their adhesion to enamel is well established. However, there...
Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nano-HAP) are receiving considerable attention for dental applications, and their adhesion to enamel is well established. However, there are no reports concerning the effects of HAP on other dental materials, and most of the studies in this field are based on designs, neglecting the salivary pellicle-apatite interactions. Thus, this pilot study aims to evaluate the effects of three hydroxyapatite-based solutions and their interactions with different dental material surfaces under oral conditions. Hence, two volunteers carried intraoral splints with mounted samples from enamel and from three dental materials: titanium, ceramics, and polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA). Three HAP watery solutions (5%) were prepared with different shapes and sizes of nano-HAP (HAP I, HAP II, HAP III). After 3 min of pellicle formation, 10 ml rinse was performed during 30 sec. Rinsing with water served as control. Samples were accessed immediately after rinsing, 30 min and 2 h after rinsing. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the particles, and SEM evaluated the pellicle-HAP interactions. SEM and TEM results showed a high variation in the size range of the particles applied. A heterogeneous HAP layer was present after 2 h on enamel, titanium, ceramics, and PMMA surfaces under oral conditions. Bridge-like structures were visible between the nano-HAP and the pellicle formed on enamel, titanium, and PMMA surfaces. In conclusion, nano-HAP can adhere not only to enamel but also to artificial dental surfaces under oral conditions. The experiment showed that the acquired pellicle act as a bridge between the nano-HAP and the materials' surface.
Topics: Adult; Bacterial Adhesion; Ceramics; Dental Materials; Durapatite; Female; Humans; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Nanoparticles; Pilot Projects; Surface Properties; Titanium; Tooth Erosion
PubMed: 32454927
DOI: 10.1155/2020/6065739 -
Journal of Oral Biosciences Jun 2020Plaque causes oral diseases and aspiration-pneumonia in the elderly. It is not known whether pellicle-like attached salivary proteins and microbiota on dental materials...
OBJECTIVES
Plaque causes oral diseases and aspiration-pneumonia in the elderly. It is not known whether pellicle-like attached salivary proteins and microbiota on dental materials are identical to those on teeth. The purpose of this study was to determine the properties of salivary proteins and microbiota that attach to dental materials.
METHODS
Eight subjects wore removable oral splints with pieces of pure-titanium, cobalt-chromium alloy, silver-palladium-copper-gold-alloy, denture-base-resin, and hydroxyapatite for 24 h. The bacteria that adhered to each material were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing simultaneously. Each material sample was then immersed in pooled saliva, and the attached proteins were collected. Salivary proteins were analyzed using MALDI-TOF/MS, and high molecular weight proteins were identified using peptide mass fingerprinting.
RESULTS
Among the dental materials, the α- and β-diversity of adherent flora were similar. The bacterial species that adhered easily to materials were Streptococcus sp. oral taxon 058, Neisseria mucosa, Gemella haemolysans, and Rothia dentocariosa. Regardless of material, the peaks or spots of attached salivary proteins had similar patterns, containing functioning proteins such as anchoring receptors for early colonizers.
CONCLUSIONS
There were no significant differences in microbiota and protein adherence in hydroxyapatite compared to the dental materials. Therefore, similar microbiota was determined to have formed on the similar pellicle-like proteins. In our study, the characteristics of plaque adhesion on both hydroxyapatite and dental materials were clarified. Based on this study, the creation of new methods of inhibiting plaque adhesion to prevent aspiration-pneumonia and oral infections can be undertaken.
Topics: Gemella; Microbiota; Micrococcaceae; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Salivary Proteins and Peptides
PubMed: 32151606
DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2020.02.003