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Psychiatria Danubina Dec 2023Intellectual Abilities, as defined in the twelfth edition of the classification manual of the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, are a...
Intellectual Abilities, as defined in the twelfth edition of the classification manual of the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, are a fundamental part of the rehabilitation process, also understood as functional rehabilitation or the rehabilitation of specific more or less complex functions, in a paradoxical game of mirrors even in the rehabilitation of intellectual functions themselves. Intellectual Disability changes the rules of the game, all the more radically the more severe it is, exacerbating the importance of multidimensional assessment of residual abilities and impaired functions on the basis of which to define realistic goals and choose the tools of rehabilitation and the ways of implementing therapeutic programs in a team effort that consists of the professionals, family and care givers, as well as the disabled person to the extent that he or she is able to actively participate in conducting his or her own rehabilitation.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Disabled Persons; Intellectual Disability; Cognition; Medicine
PubMed: 37994074
DOI: No ID Found -
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation... Aug 2019Approximately 1 in 4 adults in the United States have a disability that affects major life activities. This article provides a brief historical perspective of disability...
Approximately 1 in 4 adults in the United States have a disability that affects major life activities. This article provides a brief historical perspective of disability determination, and revisits the conceptual foundation for understanding the current models of disablement and their general application to the major US disability systems and nuances thereof. The expectations placed on the physician-expert examiner and why the physiatrist is ideally equipped to function in this role are discussed. The article is intended to provide a heightened awareness of the medicolegal framework, potential pitfalls, and other ramifications of such undertakings.
Topics: Disability Evaluation; Disabled Persons; Health Personnel; Humans; Insurance, Disability; Models, Psychological; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 31227127
DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2019.04.001 -
Nursing ResearchSelf-care is a multicomponent set of capacities that influence beliefs about health and well-being.
BACKGROUND
Self-care is a multicomponent set of capacities that influence beliefs about health and well-being.
OBJECTIVES
We examined the relationship between self-care capacity, age, and disability status with two perceptions of well-being in a cohort of Medicare beneficiaries.
METHODS
The current study is part of a multisite research project to determine factors associated with cross-sectional and longitudinal morbidity and mortality trajectories observed in Medicare beneficiaries. Variable selection was informed by the health disparities and outcomes model. Using data from the 2013 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey and logistic regression models, we determined associations between self-care capacity, including indicators of self-care ability and self-care agency and two perceptions of well-being. Participants were divided into four groups based on how they qualified for Medicare: (a) over 65 years of age, and below 65 years of age and disabled because of (b) physical or (c) mental disorder, or (d) disabled and could not be classified as physically or mentally disabled as the primary cause of eligibility.
RESULTS
Self-care ability limitations in activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of living (IADL), and social activity participation were associated with both health perceptions. Those with physical disabilities reported more ADL and IADL limitations when compared with the other eligibility groups and were significantly more likely to have negative health perceptions. Those with serious mental illness were most likely to report the most severe IADL limitations. The over 65 years of age group reported less self-care incapacity than the other three eligibility types. Other components of self-care, including health literacy, agency, and health behaviors, significantly influenced perceptions of health. Women and people identifying as non-Whites were more likely to have negative health perceptions.
DISCUSSION
Self-care capacity is a complex construct, and its varied elements have differential relationships with perceptions of well-being. Those with physical disabilities reported more self-care limitations, poorer perceived health, and more health worries than the other groups. Still, there were different patterns of self-care capacities in the serious mental illness type-especially in IADL limitations. The study adds empirical evidence to previous research documenting inequities in health outcomes for women and non-Whites. Findings provide empirical support for the health disparities and outcomes model.
Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cross-Sectional Studies; Disabled Persons; Female; Humans; Male; Medicare; Perception; Self Care; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States
PubMed: 34534184
DOI: 10.1097/NNR.0000000000000551 -
Work (Reading, Mass.) 2020Despite the ability to and interest in work, people with disabilities are employed at significantly lower rates than nondisabled people. Employment disparities highlight...
BACKGROUND
Despite the ability to and interest in work, people with disabilities are employed at significantly lower rates than nondisabled people. Employment disparities highlight persistent social and cultural stereotypes that equate disability with unemployability.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between employment of people with disabilities and disability prejudice in the United States. This study had the following research question: how does disability prejudice impact state disability employment rates?
METHODS
To explore these questions, we used secondary data about state disability employment (2016), as well as disability prejudice data from 270,000 nondisabled people residing in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
RESULTS
Findings from this study revealed states with higher disability prejudice scores have lower disability employment rates, suggesting employment disparities are intertwined with disability prejudice.
CONCLUSIONS
Cultures and systems must be rid of harmful disability stereotypes to ensure people with disabilities can truly partake in their human and civil rights.
Topics: Disabled Persons; Employment; Humans; Prejudice; United States
PubMed: 32116277
DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203113 -
Scandinavian Journal of Occupational... Aug 2023Critical occupational therapists have exhorted their profession to engage with disability studies' scholarship, curtail occupational therapy's promotion of ableism and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Critical occupational therapists have exhorted their profession to engage with disability studies' scholarship, curtail occupational therapy's promotion of ableism and amend its disabling practices. These appeals have largely been ignored despite their importance for a profession that researches, theorizes, assesses, and intervenes in the lives of disabled people.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To interrogate occupational therapy's collusion with an ableist neoliberal agenda; and call for occupational therapists to resist their profession's disabling practices.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This paper draws from critical disability scholarship to expose, critique and contest the ableist ideology underpinning occupational therapy.
RESULTS
Interlinked with racism, heteronormativity and gender binarism, ableism upholds certain bodies as normal and appropriate. Ableist values shape occupational therapy, with clients classified according to their proximity to 'normality', and exhorted to minimize their occupational performance deviations from dominant norms.
CONCLUSIONS
Collusion with colonialism's binary classificatory systems and neoliberal ableist norms, and avowed aspirations to improve bodies, 'normalize' performances, promote individualism, self-reliance, independence, self-care, and productivity contribute to the perception that ours is a disabling profession.
SIGNIFICANCE
This paper calls for occupational therapists to resist their profession's promotion of ableism, and refuse to collude with colonial practices that contribute to the oppression of disabled people.
Topics: Humans; Occupational Therapy; Social Discrimination; Self Care; Disabled Persons; Occupational Therapists
PubMed: 36219559
DOI: 10.1080/11038128.2022.2130821 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2023This study aimed to examine age and cohort trends in disability among Chinese older adults and explore the disablement process factors that may explain the cohort trends...
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to examine age and cohort trends in disability among Chinese older adults and explore the disablement process factors that may explain the cohort trends in disability.
METHODS
This study used data from five waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). A hierarchical logistic growth model was used to analyze the A-P-C effects and the contributors of cohort trends.
RESULTS
ADL, IADL, and FL among Chinese older adults showed increasing age and cohort trends. FL was more likely to result in IADL disability than ADL disability. Among the disablement process factors, gender, residence, education, health behavior, disease, and family income contributed to most of the cohort trends in disability.
CONCLUSIONS
As older adults face increasing disability trends, it is necessary to distinguish age and cohort trends and develop more effective interventions according to relative contributors to prevent disability among them.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Activities of Daily Living; East Asian People; Disability Evaluation; Longitudinal Studies; Disabled Persons
PubMed: 36969644
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.998948 -
BMJ Open Jan 2023To describe the characteristics and disability-related needs of children and adolescents with physical disabilities in the Kilimanjaro region, North-Eastern Tanzania.
Children and adolescents with physical disabilities: describing characteristics and disability-related needs in the Kilimanjaro region, north-eastern Tanzania - a cross-sectional survey.
OBJECTIVES
To describe the characteristics and disability-related needs of children and adolescents with physical disabilities in the Kilimanjaro region, North-Eastern Tanzania.
DESIGN
A cross-sectional community survey was conducted from November 2020 to June 2021. Trained research assistants interviewed primary children's carers using a questionnaire based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health-Children and Youth Framework. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics V.27. The Pearson χ test was used to examine differences between age, gender and self-reported needs. The independent t-test assessed difference in needs according to age and gender.
SETTING
Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania.
PARTICIPANTS
Children and adolescents, aged 2-18 years, with physical disabilities (n=212).
RESULTS
Almost 40% had severe speech (n=84) and joint mobility (n=79) impairments, and more than half (n=124) had severe or complete difficulties walking. In aspects of self-care (caring for body parts, toileting, dressing, eating and drinking), most had severe and complete difficulties. Almost 70% (n=135) of households were located near health facilities without rehabilitation services. About one-quarter (n=51) had never received rehabilitation services. More than 90% (n=196) needed assistive devices, and therapeutic exercises (n=193). Over three-quarters needed nutritional supplements (n=162).
CONCLUSION
Children and adolescents with physical disabilities in North-Eastern Tanzania have impaired speech and joint mobility, and difficulties in communication, self-care and walking. Rehabilitation services essential for addressing these impairments and activity limitations are either scarce or inaccessible. Action is needed to facilitate urban and rural access to rehabilitation services in order to improve the well-being of children and adolescents with physical disabilities.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Cross-Sectional Studies; Tanzania; Disabled Persons; Self-Help Devices; Family Characteristics
PubMed: 36592996
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064849 -
The American Psychologist Nov 2023This article provides an executive summary of the American Psychological Association's (APA's) revised . The revision was requested by the Committee on Disability Issues...
This article provides an executive summary of the American Psychological Association's (APA's) revised . The revision was requested by the Committee on Disability Issues in Psychology and was approved by the APA Council of Representatives in February 2022. The task force updated and expanded the guidelines' empirical bases; squarely situated the guidelines in a changing sociocultural landscape (reflected in discussions of disability models, biases and barriers, language use, intersectionality, and respectful and fair assessment and intervention); and added many concrete suggestions for conceptualizing disability and working with disabled clients and their support systems. In this executive summary, we include key points from each of the 23 guidelines. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Humans; Societies, Scientific; Disabled Persons
PubMed: 36931825
DOI: 10.1037/amp0001150 -
Rehabilitation Psychology May 2023Personal disability identity (PDI) refers to disability self-concept and includes various attitudes toward disability. In this study, we examined whether the PDI...
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE
Personal disability identity (PDI) refers to disability self-concept and includes various attitudes toward disability. In this study, we examined whether the PDI attitudes of disability self-worth and personal meaning were predictors of psychosocial functioning.
METHOD/DESIGN
Using hierarchical regression to control for sociodemographic and disability characteristics, we examined the unique contributions of these two PDI attitudes to life satisfaction, anxiety/depression, and general self-efficacy in a sample of 1,203 employed U.S. adults with LD and/or ADHD.
RESULTS
PDI attitudes (disability self-worth and personal meaning) explained significant additional variance on both outcomes, after accounting for control variables. Results indicated that (a) self-worth (β = -.25, < .001) and personal meaning (β = -.24, < .001) were negatively associated with anxiety/depression, (b) self-worth was positively associated with general self-efficacy (β = .31, < .001), and (c) personal meaning was positively associated with life satisfaction (β = .30, < .001).
CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS
Present findings suggest that disability identity is worthy of attention in research on neurodevelopmental disabilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Humans; Adult; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Psychosocial Functioning; Self Concept; Depression; Disabled Persons
PubMed: 36951738
DOI: 10.1037/rep0000484 -
Advances in Health Sciences Education :... May 2024How medical students, their teachers, and school administrators understand disability appears connected to ongoing, unequal access to medical education for disabled...
How medical students, their teachers, and school administrators understand disability appears connected to ongoing, unequal access to medical education for disabled people. The stigmatization of disability within medical education affects students' disability disclosures, yet few studies have explored how understandings of disability influence inclusion practices beyond individual student actions. This paper develops the concept of legibility, derived from a constructivist grounded theory study that examined disability inclusion at four U.S. medical schools through interviews with 19 disabled students and 27 school officials (faculty and administrators). With two dimensions (recognition and assessment of possibility), legibility demonstrates that knowing disability is relational, contextual, and equivocal. Drawing from the field of disability studies, the paper argues that the current paradigm of disability inclusion demands that students' disability experiences be highly legible to themselves and others, yet increased legibility comes with potential risk due to prevalent ableism. While individual interactions can shift understandings of disability towards greater inclusivity, systemic action that embeds liberating discourses of disability into medical education is needed.
Topics: Humans; Disabled Persons; Grounded Theory; Students, Medical; Male; Female; Education, Medical; United States; Interviews as Topic; Adult
PubMed: 37479819
DOI: 10.1007/s10459-023-10268-1