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Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy Aug 2021Emulgels are the emerging drug delivery system nowadays that has become popular for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs. This formulation is considered a novel type of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Emulgels are the emerging drug delivery system nowadays that has become popular for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs. This formulation is considered a novel type of drug delivery system and a mixture of emulsion and gel.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this review is to throw light on the preparation of emulgels and their evaluation which will conclude how important these dosage forms are. In the coming years, it will be most commonly used because it is easy to use and enhances patient compliance.
CONCLUSION
Emulgels are easily removable, spreadable, thixotropic, greaseless, have a pleasing appearance, emollient, long shelf life, and transparent. In the present era, the emulgels are being used for the delivery of many drugs like analgesics, anti-inflammatory, anti-acne and anti-fungal. Hence, it is of great pharmacological importance and is relatively free of side effects.
Topics: Drug Delivery Systems; Emulsions; Excipients; Gels; Humans
PubMed: 34647512
DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1993889 -
International Journal of Pharmaceutics Mar 2020The purpose of this review is to introduce the functionalities of hyaluronic acid (HA) and its potential application as an effective carrier for topical/transdermal... (Review)
Review
The purpose of this review is to introduce the functionalities of hyaluronic acid (HA) and its potential application as an effective carrier for topical/transdermal delivery. Specifically, several delivery mechanisms of HA were summarized here in order to explain its potential permeation-enhancing roles for the skin, which includes receptor-based delivery pathway, skin hydration, hydrophobic interaction with stratum corneum, bioadhesive properties, and viscoelastic properties. To achieve the optimum delivery efficacy for bioactive compounds at different target layers of the skin, HA with various molecular weights and chemical modifications were applied to design different delivery systems, including hydrogel, nanoemulsion, microemulsion, prodrug, microneedle, liposome/hyalurosome. Delivery efficacy has been evaluated using in vitro Franz Cell Diffusion method and/or in vivo animal models. Throughout this review, it was confirmed that HA could be an effective carrier for both topical and transdermal deliveries due to its unique viscoelasticity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-immunogenicity, and biomedical benefits for the skin.
Topics: Animals; Drug Delivery Systems; Emulsions; Humans; Hyaluronic Acid; Hydrogels; Liposomes; Needles; Permeability; Skin
PubMed: 32036009
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119127 -
American Journal of Health-system... Nov 2020To determine the physical intravenous Y-site compatibility of 19 commonly used medications at pediatric concentrations with 3 different types of lipid emulsion. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
PURPOSE
To determine the physical intravenous Y-site compatibility of 19 commonly used medications at pediatric concentrations with 3 different types of lipid emulsion.
METHODS
Medications at commonly used pediatric concentrations were mixed in a 1:1 ratio with lipid emulsions (Intralipid, Nutrilipid, and Smoflipid) and incubated at room temperature for 4 hours to simulate Y-site administration. Each sample was then diluted with particle-free water and analyzed using the analytical technique of light obscuration recommended in United States Pharmacopeia (USP) general information chapter 729 (USP <729>). Physical compatibility was determined by measuring the percentage of fat residing in globules larger than 5 µm (PFAT5) per USP <729> recommendations.
RESULTS
Most combinations tested were physically compatible based on USP <729> regulations. Incompatibilities differed for the different brands of lipid emulsion. The two combinations that met USP <729> criteria for physical incompatibility were cisatracurium 2 mg/mL with Intralipid and gentamicin 2 mg/mL with Smoflipid.
CONCLUSION
Three different lipid emulsions were physically compatible at the Y site with the majority of medications tested. Data regarding Y-site compatibility for one lipid emulsion product cannot be safely extrapolated to another without additional testing.
Topics: Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Drug Incompatibility; Emulsions; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Fish Oils; Humans; Olive Oil; Pediatrics; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Phospholipids; Soybean Oil; Triglycerides
PubMed: 32974650
DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxaa299 -
Macromolecular Rapid Communications Sep 2022Emulsion as a fine dispersion of immiscible liquids has involved widespread applications in industry, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and personal care. Stimuli-responsive... (Review)
Review
Emulsion as a fine dispersion of immiscible liquids has involved widespread applications in industry, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and personal care. Stimuli-responsive emulsions capable of on-demand demulsification or changing their properties are required in many cases such as controllable release cargo, oil recovery, emulsifier recycling, and product separation, great progress is achieved in these areas. Among these various triggers, much effort is made to develop physical stimuli, due to the noninvasive and environmentally friendly characteristics. Physical stimuli-responsive emulsions provide plenty of valuable practical applications in the fields of sustainable industry, biomedical reaction, drug delivery. Here, the recent development in the field of emulsions in response to physical stimuli consisting of temperature, light, magnetic fields, electrical fields, etc., is summarized. The preparation methods and mechanisms of physical stimuli-responsive emulsions and their applications of catalysis reaction, drug delivery, and oil recovery are highlighted in this review. The future directions and outstanding problems of the physical stimuli-responsive emulsions are also discussed.
Topics: Drug Delivery Systems; Emulsions; Temperature
PubMed: 35622941
DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200193 -
Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Jun 2023Currently, lipid emulsion (LE) is widely used to treat local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST). LE also ameliorates intractable cardiovascular collapse caused by... (Review)
Review
Currently, lipid emulsion (LE) is widely used to treat local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST). LE also ameliorates intractable cardiovascular collapse caused by lipid-soluble non-local anesthetic drug toxicity. This review aims to provide the underlying mechanism of LE resuscitation in drug toxicity (including LAST) and a detailed description of LE treatment and to discuss further research directions. We searched for relevant articles using the following keywords: "local anesthetic systemic toxicity or LAST or toxicity or intoxication or poisoning" and "Intralipid or lipid emulsion". The underlying mechanisms of LE treatment can be classified into indirect and direct effects. One indirect effect known as the lipid shuttle is a commonly accepted mechanism of LE treatment. The lipid shuttle involves the absorption of highly lipid-soluble drugs (e.g., bupivacaine) from the heart and brain through the lipid phase, which are then delivered to the muscle, adipose tissue, and liver for storage and detoxification. The direct effects include inotropic effects, fatty acid supply, attenuation of mitochondrial dysfunction, glycogen synthase kinase-3β phosphorylation, and inhibition of nitric oxide. These mechanisms appear to act synergistically to treat drug toxicity. The recommended protocol for LE treatment of LAST is as follows: a bolus administration of 20% LE at 1.5 ml/kg over 2-3 min followed by 20% LE at 0.25 ml/kg/min. LAST most commonly occurs after intravenous administration of local anesthetics. However, non-local anesthetic drugs that cause drug toxicity are orally administered. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal dosing schedule of LE treatment for non-local anesthetic drug toxicity.
Topics: Humans; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
PubMed: 36704816
DOI: 10.4097/kja.23031 -
Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery Jan 2023In most of the studies, nano-emulsion characterization is limited to their size distribution and zeta potential. In this review, we present an updated insight of the... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
In most of the studies, nano-emulsion characterization is limited to their size distribution and zeta potential. In this review, we present an updated insight of the characterization methods of nano-emulsions, including new or unconventional experimental approaches to explore in depth the nano-emulsion properties.
AREA COVERED
We propose an overview of all the main techniques used to characterize nano-emulsions, including the most classical ones, up to and evaluation. Innovative approaches are then presented in the second part of the review that presents innovative, experimental techniques less known in the field of nano-emulsion such as the nanoparticle tracking analysis, small-angle X-ray scattering, Raman spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Finally, in the last part we discuss the use of lipophilic fluorescent probes and imaging techniques as an emerging tool to understand the nano-emulsion droplet stability, surface decoration, release mechanisms, and in .
EXPERT OPINION
This review is mostly intended for a broad readership and provides key tools regarding the choice of the approach to characterize nano-emulsions. Innovative and uncommon methods will be precious to disclose the information potentially reachable behind a formulation of nano-emulsions, not always known in first intention and with conventional methods.
Topics: Emulsions; Nanoparticles; Particle Size
PubMed: 36453201
DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2154075 -
Drug Discovery Today Jul 2020Theranostics has the potential to revolutionize the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of cancer, where novel drug delivery systems could be used to detect the disease... (Review)
Review
Theranostics has the potential to revolutionize the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of cancer, where novel drug delivery systems could be used to detect the disease at an early stage with instantaneous treatment. Various preclinical approaches of nanoemulsions with entrapped contrast and chemotherapeutic agents have been documented to act specifically on the tumor microenvironment (TME) for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. However, bringing these theranostic nanoemulsions through preclinical trials to patients requires several fundamental hurdles to be overcome, including the in vivo behavior of the delivery tool, degradation, and clearance from the system, as well as long-term toxicities. Here, we discuss recent advances in the application of nanoemulsions in molecular imaging with simultaneous therapeutic efficacy in a single delivery system.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Drug Delivery Systems; Emulsions; Humans; Nanoparticles; Neoplasms; Theranostic Nanomedicine; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 32344042
DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.04.013 -
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Jun 2023Infusion of lipid emulsion for drug overdose arose as a treatment for local anaesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) initially based on laboratory results in animal models...
Infusion of lipid emulsion for drug overdose arose as a treatment for local anaesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) initially based on laboratory results in animal models with the subsequent support of favourable case reports. Following successful translation to the clinic, practitioners also incorporated lipid emulsion as a treatment for non-local anaesthetic toxicities but without formal clinical trials. Recent clinical trials demonstrate a benefit of lipid emulsion in antipsychotic, pesticide, metoprolol and tramadol overdoses. Formal trials of lipid emulsion in LAST may never occur, but alternative analytic tools indicate strong support for its efficacy in this indication; for example, lipid emulsion has obviated the need for cardiopulmonary bypass in most cases of LAST. Herein, we describe the pre-clinical support for lipid emulsion, evaluate the most recent clinical studies of lipid emulsion for toxicity, identify a possible dose-based requirement for efficacy and discuss the limitations to uncontrolled studies in the field.
Topics: Animals; Emulsions; Xenobiotics; Drug Overdose; Anesthetics, Local; Tramadol
PubMed: 36454165
DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15620 -
Advances in Colloid and Interface... Jul 2022Antibubbles are unusual physical objects consisting of a liquid core(s) surrounded by a thin air film/shell while in a bulk liquid. Antibubbles carry two air-liquid... (Review)
Review
Antibubbles are unusual physical objects consisting of a liquid core(s) surrounded by a thin air film/shell while in a bulk liquid. Antibubbles carry two air-liquid interfaces, i.e., one with the inner liquid and the other with the outer liquid. The distinct structure of antibubbles makes them quite attractive for drug and therapeutic delivery, although their potential applications have not been realized so far. The major challenge in this regard is a short-lived span of antibubbles, which is usually in the order of a few minutes to a few hours based on the stabilization mechanism used. We present a critical overview of different techniques that can be used to generate antibubbles. This includes a more commonly applied conventional approach in which the air-film is created through surface entrapment when a liquid jet/drop falls on a bulk liquid. The other available options rely on entirely different mechanisms for antibubble formation, for instance, through drop encapsulation by a submerged air bubble, or through evaporation/sublimation of volatile oil from a W/O/W double emulsion. Furthermore, the mechanisms of antibubble formation and collapse, and the factors affecting their stability have been discussed explicitly; and wherever required, the concept is correlated to other allied physical objects such as bubbles, liquid marbles, etc. Finally, the potential applications, research gaps in the existing knowledge, and some directions for future research are provided towards the end of this article.
Topics: Emulsions
PubMed: 35526307
DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102688 -
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry Apr 2022The aim of this study was to develop high load-capacity antibubbles that can be visualized using diagnostic ultrasound and the encapsulated drug can be released and...
The aim of this study was to develop high load-capacity antibubbles that can be visualized using diagnostic ultrasound and the encapsulated drug can be released and delivered using clinically translatable ultrasound. The antibubbles were developed by optimising a silica nanoparticle stabilised double emulsion template. We produced an emulsion with a mean size diameter of 4.23 ± 1.63 µm where 38.9 ± 3.1% of the droplets contained a one or more cores. Following conversion to antibubbles, the mean size decreased to 2.96 ± 1.94 µm where 99% of antibubbles were <10 µm. The antibubbles had a peak attenuation of 4.8 dB/cm at 3.0 MHz at a concentration of 200 × 10 particles/mL and showed distinct attenuation spikes at frequencies between 5.5 and 13.5 MHz. No increase in subharmonic response was observed for the antibubbles in contrast to SonoVue®. High-speed imaging revealed that antibubbles can release their cores at MIs of 0.6. In vivo imaging indicated that the antibubbles have a long half-life of 68.49 s vs. 40.02 s for SonoVue®. The antibubbles could be visualised using diagnostic ultrasound and could be disrupted at MIs of ≥0.6. The in vitro drug delivery results showed that antibubbles can significantly improve drug delivery (p < 0.0001) and deliver the drug within the antibubbles. In conclusion antibubbles are a viable concept for ultrasound guided drug delivery.
Topics: Contrast Media; Drug Delivery Systems; Emulsions; Microbubbles; Nanoparticles; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 35358937
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105986