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Drug Delivery and Translational Research Jul 2022Lipid-based emulsion system - a subcategory of emulsion technology, has emerged as an enticing option to improve the solubility of the steadily rising water-insoluble... (Review)
Review
Lipid-based emulsion system - a subcategory of emulsion technology, has emerged as an enticing option to improve the solubility of the steadily rising water-insoluble candidates. Along with enhancing solubility, additional advantages such as improvement in permeability, protection against pre-systemic metabolism, ease of manufacturing, and easy to scale-up have made lipid-based emulsion technology very popular among academicians and manufacturers. The present article provides a comprehensive review regarding various critical properties of lipid-based emulsion systems, such as microemulsion, nanoemulsion, SMEDDS (self microemulsifying drug delivery system), and SNEDDS (self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system). The present article also explains in detail the similarities and differences between them, the stabilization mechanism, methods of preparation, excipients used to prepare them, and evaluation techniques. Subtle differences between nearly related terminologies such as microemulsion and nanoemulsion, SMEDDS, and SNEDDS are also explained in detail to clarify the basic differences. The present article also gives in-depth information regarding the chemical structure of various lipidic excipients, various possible chemical modifications to modify their inherent properties, and their regulatory status for rational selection.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Biological Availability; Drug Delivery Systems; Emulsions; Excipients; Lipids; Particle Size; Solubility; Surface-Active Agents
PubMed: 34609731
DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01071-9 -
Current Drug Delivery 2021A pre-eminent emulsion-based micellar drug delivery system, "microemulsion", comprising drug in oil or water phase, stabilized by surfactants and co-surfactants, has... (Review)
Review
A pre-eminent emulsion-based micellar drug delivery system, "microemulsion", comprising drug in oil or water phase, stabilized by surfactants and co-surfactants, has been evidenced to have a phenomenal role in a number of applications. Oils play an important role in the formation of ME and increase the drug absorption at the site of action. Oils employed in microemulsion formulation solubilize lipophilic drug. As the concept of "natural" therapies is recently gaining importance amongst researchers all over the world, scientists are employing essential oil as an organic component in this system. The active components of essential oils include flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, monoterpenes and polyunsaturated mega-6-fatty acids. These oils are enriched with characteristic intrinsic properties such as anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, etc., bestowing enhanced supremacy to the whole microemulsion system. This mini-review is the first to document various types of essential oils employed in microemulsion systems and highlight their therapeutic potential and applications as drug delivery vehicles. Key inferences from this study suggest: 1) Clove oil is the most explored oil for incorporation into a microemulsion based system, followed by peppermint and Tea Tree Oil (TTO). 2) Penetration enhancing effects of these oils are due to the presence of terpenic constituents. 3) Essential oil based microemulsions protect volatility of ethereal oils and protect them from degradation in the presence of light, air, temperature. 4) These systems may also be explored for their applications in different industries like aromatherapy, food, drink, fragrance, flavour, cosmeceutical, soap, petroleum and pharmaceutical industry.
Topics: Cosmeceuticals; Emulsions; Oils, Volatile; Surface-Active Agents; Water
PubMed: 33596807
DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666210217161240 -
International Journal of Pharmaceutics Sep 2021Liquid crystals (LCs) are widely used for drug delivery due to their controlled and sustained drug release properties. In this paper, drug crystallization encapsulated...
Liquid crystals (LCs) are widely used for drug delivery due to their controlled and sustained drug release properties. In this paper, drug crystallization encapsulated liquid crystal emulsion, a novel drug delivery system, was proposed. The lamellar liquid crystals formed by hydrogenated lecithin, which are similar to the skin stratum corneum lipid structure, are adopted as the drug carrier to encapsulate non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). As the model drug, ketoprofen exists in the hydrophobic core of emulsion as a drug crystal when squalane is used as the oil phase. The microstructure, sustained drug release behaviors, physicochemical property and biocompatibility of the system were examined by polarized light microscopy, rheological measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, small-angle X-ray scattering, in vitro release study, and in vitro cellular cytotoxicity assay. The results have shown that the novel system lowers the drug crystal melting point and improves the thermal stability of liquid crystal structure. Besides, the excellent biocompatibility and sustained release property through the additional dissolution step of drug crystal show its application potentials in the topical cosmeceuticals. The results will also be helpful for in-depth understanding of the physical state of encapsulated drug in the liquid crystal carrier systems.
Topics: Crystallization; Drug Carriers; Emulsions; Liquid Crystals; X-Ray Diffraction
PubMed: 34391854
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121007 -
European Journal of Drug Metabolism and... Aug 2019Curcumin is a promising therapeutic agent that exhibits manifold therapeutic activities. However, it is challenging to study curcumin as it exhibits poor aqueous... (Review)
Review
Curcumin is a promising therapeutic agent that exhibits manifold therapeutic activities. However, it is challenging to study curcumin as it exhibits poor aqueous solubility and low permeability and it is a substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-gp). It is readily metabolized in the body, but many active metabolites of curcumin have been identified that could also be exploited for therapy. Strategies for the oral bioenhancement of curcumin to leverage the potential of curcumin as a therapeutic molecule are discussed here in light of these challenges. A brief discussion of conventional bioenhancement strategies using cyclodextrin complexes, solid dispersions, and solid self-emulsifying drug delivery systems is given. However, the major focus of this review is the application of nano-based approaches to the bioenhancement of curcumin. A description of the main advantages of nanosystems is followed by a detailed review of various nanosystems of curcumin, including nanosuspensions and various carrier-based nanosystems. Each nanosystem considered here is first briefly introduced, and then studies of the nanosystem containing curcumin are discussed. Lipid-based systems including liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles, microemulsions, self-microemulsifying drug-delivery systems, nanoemulsions, and polymeric nanoparticles-which are widely explored-are dealt with in detail. Other miscellaneous systems discussed include inorganic nanoparticles, micelles, solid nanodispersions, phytosomes, and dendrimers. The possibility of using intact nanoparticles to achieve the targeted oral delivery of curcumin and thus harness the benefits of this wonder nutraceutical is an exciting prospect.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Biological Availability; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Curcumin; Drug Delivery Systems; Emulsions; Humans; Lipids; Nanoparticles
PubMed: 30771095
DOI: 10.1007/s13318-019-00545-z -
BioMed Research International 2022Hypertension is one of the most important causes of mortality, affecting the health status of the patient. At the same time, hypertension causes a huge health and... (Review)
Review
Hypertension is one of the most important causes of mortality, affecting the health status of the patient. At the same time, hypertension causes a huge health and economic burden on the whole world. The incidence and prevalence of hypertension are rising even among young people in both urban as well as rural communities. Although various conventional therapeutic moieties are available for the management of hypertension, they have serious flaws such as hepatic metabolism, reduced dose frequency, poor aqueous solubility, reduced bioavailability, and increased adverse effects, making the drug therapy ineffective. Therefore, it is required to design a novel drug delivery system having the capability to solve the constraints associated with conventional treatment of hypertension. Nanotechnology is a new way of using and manipulating the matter at the molecular level, whose functional organization is measured in nanometers. The applications of nanotechnology in the field of medicine provide an alternative and novel direction for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and show excellent performance in the field of targeted drug therapy. Various nanotechnologies based drug delivery systems, such as solid lipid nanoparticles, nanosuspension, nanoemulsion, liposome, self-emulsifying systems, and polymeric nanoparticles, are available. Among them, nanoemulsion has provided a niche to supplement currently available therapeutic choices due to numerous benefits like stability, ease of preparation, enhanced drug absorption, reduced hepatic metabolism, increased dose frequency, enhanced bioavailability, and encapsulation of hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic drugs. This present review provides an in-depth idea about progression in treatment of hypertension, constraints for antihypertensive drug therapy, need of nanoemulsions to overcome these constraints, comparative analysis of nanoemulsions over other nanostructure drug delivery systems, pharmacodynamics studies of nanoemulsions for treatment of hypertension, recent patents for drug-loaded nanoemulsions meant for hypertension, and marketed formulations of nanoemulsions for hypertension.
Topics: Adolescent; Antihypertensive Agents; Drug Delivery Systems; Emulsions; Humans; Hypertension; Liposomes; Nanoparticles
PubMed: 35463984
DOI: 10.1155/2022/4109874 -
Assay and Drug Development Technologies Apr 2024(Review)
Review
Topics: Emulsions; Nanoparticles; Humans; Drug Delivery Systems; Particle Size; Nanotechnology
PubMed: 38489509
DOI: 10.1089/adt.2023.042 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2022Pickering emulsions are emulsion systems stabilized by solid particles at the interface of oil and water. Pickering emulsions are considered to be natural,... (Review)
Review
Pickering emulsions are emulsion systems stabilized by solid particles at the interface of oil and water. Pickering emulsions are considered to be natural, biodegradable, and safe, so their applications in various fields-such as food, cosmetics, biomedicine, etc.-are very promising, including as a vehicle for essential oils (EOs). These oils contain volatile and aromatic compounds and have excellent properties, such as antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant activities. Despite their superior properties, EOs are prone to evaporation, decompose when exposed to light and oxygen, and have low solubility, limiting their industrial applications. Several studies have shown that EOs in Pickering emulsions displays less sensitivity to evaporation and oxidation, stronger antibacterial activity, and increased solubility. In brief, the application of Pickering emulsions for EOs is interesting to explore. This review discusses recent progress in the application of Pickering emulsions, particularly as EO carriers, drug carriers, antioxidant and antimicrobial carriers, and in active packaging.
Topics: Emulsions; Oils, Volatile; Antioxidants; Excipients; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 36431978
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227872 -
International Journal of Pharmaceutics Apr 2023Pickering emulsions are free from molecular and classical surfactants and are stabilized by solid particles, creating long-term stability against emulsion coalescence.... (Review)
Review
Pickering emulsions are free from molecular and classical surfactants and are stabilized by solid particles, creating long-term stability against emulsion coalescence. Additionally, these emulsions are both environmentally and skin-friendly, creating new and unexplored sensorial perceptions. Although the literature mostly describes conventional emulsions (oil-in-water), there are unconventional emulsions (multiple, oil-in-oil and water-in-water) with excellent prospects and challenges in skin application as oil-free systems, permeation enhancers and topical drug delivery agents, with various possibilities in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. However, up to now, these conventional and unconventional Pickering emulsions are not yet available as commercial products. This review brings to the discussion some important aspects such as the use of phases, particles, rheological and sensorial perception, as well as current trends in the development of these emulsions.
Topics: Emulsions; Skin; Drug Delivery Systems; Skin Absorption; Surface-Active Agents
PubMed: 36905974
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122817 -
American Journal of Reproductive... Apr 2021Does intravenous intralipid treatment for reproductive failure enhance live births? The answer to this question is yes, BUT only in patients that have a diagnosis of... (Review)
Review
Does intravenous intralipid treatment for reproductive failure enhance live births? The answer to this question is yes, BUT only in patients that have a diagnosis of recurrent implantation failure (RIF) or recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) loss AND demonstrate elevated NK (natural killer) cell density in their endometrial biopsy. Live birth rates have been reported between 33% and 42% among women displaying elevated NK activity with a diagnosis of RIF and 75% and 91% among women experiencing RPL after intralipid infusion. When the pregnancy outcomes of women with a history of reproductive failure and elevated NK cells treated with intralipid were evaluated, the overall live birth rate per cycle of treatment was 61%. The results of published studies suggest that intralipid can be used successfully as a therapeutic option to modulate abnormal NK activity in women with reproductive problems.
Topics: Abortion, Habitual; Animals; Emulsions; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; Killer Cells, Natural; Phospholipids; Pregnancy; Soybean Oil; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 32567756
DOI: 10.1111/aji.13290 -
Journal of Biomedical Materials... Oct 2021Sutures are the most popular surgical implants in the global surgical equipment market. They are used for holding tissues together to achieve wound closure. However,... (Review)
Review
Sutures are the most popular surgical implants in the global surgical equipment market. They are used for holding tissues together to achieve wound closure. However, controlling the body's immune response to these "foreign bodies" at site of infection is challenging. Natural polymers such as collagen, silk, nylon, and cotton, and synthetic polymers such as polycaprolactone, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly(p-dioxanone) and so forth, contribute the robust foundation for the engineering of drug-eluting sutures. The incorporation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with polymeric composition of suture materials is an efficient way to reduce inflammatory reaction in the wound site as well as to control bacterial growth, while allowing wound healing. The incorporation of polymeric composition in surgical sutures has been found to add high flexibility as well as excellent physical and mechanical properties. Fabrication processes and polymer materials allow control over drug-eluting profiles to effectively address wound healing requirements. This review outlines and discusses (a) polymer materials and APIs used in suture applications, including absorbable and nonabsorbable sutures; (b) suture structures, such as monofilament, multifilament, barded and smart sutures; and (c) the existing manufacturing techniques for drug-eluting suture production, including electrospinning, melt-extrusion and coating.
Topics: Animals; Emulsions; Humans; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Polymers; Sutures; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 33830631
DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37194