-
International Ophthalmology Feb 2022To compare pupillary responses in patients with Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) during active infection and at 3rd months post-infection.
AIM
To compare pupillary responses in patients with Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) during active infection and at 3rd months post-infection.
METHODS
This study included 58 COVID-19 cases (mean age 47.23 ± 1.1 years). The scotopic, mesopic and photopic diameters were noted. Pupil diameters were noted at the 0, 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, and 10th seconds in reflex pupil dilation after the termination of a light. The average dilation speed was calculated at the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, and 10th seconds. Pupil responses measured during COVID-19 infection and 3 months later were compared.
RESULTS
The mean scotopic and mesopic pupil diameter value of during COVID-19 infection was found lower than the 3rd month post-infection. (p = 0.001, p = 0.023; respectively). No statistically significant difference was found in the mean photopic pupil diameter and the mean pupil diameter at 0 s between measurements (p > 0.05, p = 0.734; respectively). The mean pupil diameter was significantly lower during COVID-19 infection at the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th and 10th seconds (p < 0.01, for each). The average dilation speed measurements at every second measured were lower in during COVID-19 infection than the 3rd months later (p = 0.001; p < 0.01 for each).
CONCLUSIONS
Pupil responses were found significantly different in COVID-19 cases when compared with the measurements taken three months later.
Topics: COVID-19; Color Vision; Humans; Middle Aged; Pupil; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34613562
DOI: 10.1007/s10792-021-02053-z -
Pathophysiology : the Official Journal... Dec 2022Previous studies suggest that the endothelial glycocalyx adds to vascular resistance, inhibits thrombosis, and is critical for regulating homogeneous blood flow and...
PURPOSE
Previous studies suggest that the endothelial glycocalyx adds to vascular resistance, inhibits thrombosis, and is critical for regulating homogeneous blood flow and ensuring uniform red blood cell (RBC) distribution. However, these functions and consequences of the glycocalyx have not been examined in the retina. We hypothesize that the endothelial glycocalyx is a critical regulator of retinal hemodynamics and perfusion and decreases the propensity for retinal thrombus formation.
METHODS
Hyaluronidase and heparinase, which are endothelial glycocalyx-degrading enzymes, were infused into mice. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (2000 kDa) was injected to measure lumen diameter, while RBC velocity and distribution were measured using fluorescently labeled RBCs. The diameters and velocities were used to calculate retinal blood flow and shear rates. Mean circulation time was calculated by measuring the difference between arteriolar and venular mean transit times. Rose Bengal dye was infused, followed by illumination with a green light to induce thrombosis.
RESULTS
The acute infusion of hyaluronidase and heparinase led to significant increases in both arteriolar (7%) and venular (16%) diameters in the retina, with a tendency towards increased arteriolar velocity. In addition, the degradation caused a significant decrease in the venular shear rate (14%). The enzyme infusion resulted in substantial increases in total retinal blood flow (26%) and retinal microhematocrit but no changes in the mean circulation time through the retina. We also observed an enhanced propensity for retinal thrombus formation with the removal of the glycocalyx.
CONCLUSIONS
Our data suggest that acute degradation of the glycocalyx can cause significant changes in retinal hemodynamics, with increases in vessel diameter, blood flow, microhematocrit, pro-thrombotic conditions, and decreases in venular shear rate.
PubMed: 36548208
DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology29040052 -
PloS One 2022Diameter is currently the only screening and diagnostic criterion for asymptomatic aneurysms. Therefore, aortic and lower-extremity arterial diameter has diagnostic,...
OBJECTIVE
Diameter is currently the only screening and diagnostic criterion for asymptomatic aneurysms. Therefore, aortic and lower-extremity arterial diameter has diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic importance. We aimed to determine aortic and lower-extremity arterial reference diameters in a general population and compare them according to age, sex, and other characteristics.
METHODS
We evaluated consecutive 3,692 patients who underwent computed tomography as part of a general health checkup from 2015-2019 in a single tertiary center. Aortic and lower-extremity arterial diameters and the most important factor related to arterial diameters were evaluated.
RESULTS
The mean diameter of the abdominal aorta was 17.490 ± 2.110 mm, while that of the common iliac artery was 10.851 ± 1.689 mm. The mean diameter of the abdominal aorta was 18.377 ± 1.766 mm in men and 15.884 ± 1.694 mm in women. Significant intersex differences were observed for all mean diameters and lengths. Multilinear regression analysis showed that age, sex, and body surface area impacted mean diameters of all measured sites except aorta and common iliac artery length. Between male and female patients matched for body surface area, there were significant intersex differences for all measured sites, except for common iliac artery length.
CONCLUSIONS
The mean diameter of the abdominal aorta in this healthy cohort was 17.490 ± 2.110 mm overall, 18.377 ± 1.766 mm in men, and 15.884 ± 1.694 mm in women. Arterial diameter increased with male sex, older age, and increased body surface area, and aortic diameters were larger in men than in women with the same body surface area.
Topics: Aorta, Abdominal; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal; Body Surface Area; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Iliac Artery; Male; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 35511926
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268077 -
Radiology Jul 2022Background Thoracic aortic diameter may have a role as a biomarker for major adverse cardiovascular events. Purpose To evaluate the sex-specific association of the...
Background Thoracic aortic diameter may have a role as a biomarker for major adverse cardiovascular events. Purpose To evaluate the sex-specific association of the diameters of the ascending (AA) and descending (DA) thoracic aorta with risk of stroke, coronary heart disease, heart failure, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality. Materials and Methods Study participants from the population-based Rotterdam Study who underwent multidetector-row CT between 2003 and 2006 were evaluated. Cox proportional hazard models were conducted to evaluate the associations of AA and DA diameters indexed and not indexed for body mass index (BMI) with cardiovascular events and mortality for men and women. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated per 1-unit greater SD of aortic diameters. Results A total of 2178 participants (mean age, 69 years; 55% women) were included. Mean follow-up was 9 years. Each 0.23-mm/(kg/m) larger BMI-indexed AA diameter was associated with a 33% higher cardiovascular mortality risk in women (HR, 1.33; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.73). Each 0.16-mm/(kg/m) larger BMI-indexed DA diameter was associated with a 38% higher risk of stroke (HR, 1.38; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.78) and with a 46% greater risk of cardiovascular mortality (HR, 1.46; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.94) in women. Larger BMI-indexed AA and DA diameters were associated with greater risk of all-cause mortality in both sexes. Conclusion Larger ascending and descending thoracic aortic diameters indexed by body mass index were associated with greater risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in women and men. Clinical trial registration no. NTR6831 © RSNA, 2022 See also the editorial by Williams in this issue.
Topics: Aged; Aorta, Thoracic; Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Humans; Male; Multidetector Computed Tomography; Proportional Hazards Models; Risk Factors; Stroke
PubMed: 35412363
DOI: 10.1148/radiol.210861 -
Heart (British Cardiac Society) Jul 2023To describe the aortic-related risks associated with pregnancy in women with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and to evaluate changes in aortic diameter in pregnancy. (Observational Study)
Observational Study
OBJECTIVES
To describe the aortic-related risks associated with pregnancy in women with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and to evaluate changes in aortic diameter in pregnancy.
METHODS
Prospective observational study of patients with BAV from a single-site registry of pregnant women with structural heart disease between 2013 and 2020. Cardiac, obstetric and neonatal outcomes were studied. An assessment of aortic dimensions was performed during pregnancy by two-dimensional echocardiography. Aortic diameters were measured at the annulus, root, sinotubular junction and maximum ascending aorta diameter, and the largest diameter was used. Measurements of the aorta were made using the end-diastolic leading edge-to-leading edge convention.
RESULTS
Forty-three women (32.9 years, IQR 29.6-35.3) with BAV were included: 9 (20.9%) had repaired aortic coarctation; 23 (53.5%) had moderate or severe aortic valve disease; 5 (11.6%) had a bioprosthetic aortic valve; and 2 (4.7%) had a mechanical prosthetic aortic valve. Twenty (47.0%) were nulliparous. The mean aortic diameter in the first trimester was 38.5 (SD 4.9) mm, and that in the third trimester was 38.4 (SD 4.8) mm. Forty (93.0%) women had an aortic diameter of <45 mm; 3 (7.0%) had 45-50 mm; and none had >50 mm. Three women (6.9%) with BAV presented cardiovascular complications during pregnancy or the postpartum period (two prosthetic thrombosis and one heart failure). No aortic complications were reported. There was a small but significant increase in aortic diameter during pregnancy (third trimester vs first trimester, 0.52 (SD 1.08) mm; p=0.03). Obstetric complications appeared in seven (16.3%) of pregnancies, and there were no maternal deaths. Vaginal non-instrumental delivery was performed in 21 (51.2%) out of 41 cases. There were no neonatal deaths, and the mean newborn weight was 3130 g (95% CI 2652 to 3380).
CONCLUSIONS
Pregnancy in BAV women had a low rate of cardiac complications with no aortic complications observed in a small study group. Neither aortic dissection nor need for aortic surgery was reported. A low but significant aortic growth was observed during pregnancy. Although requiring follow-up, the risk of aortic complications in pregnant women with BAV and aortic diameters of <45 mm at baseline is low.
Topics: Pregnancy; Infant, Newborn; Humans; Female; Male; Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease; Heart Valve Diseases; Aorta; Aortic Valve; Aortic Valve Stenosis; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 37147129
DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2022-322328 -
European Journal of Radiology Open 2020To determine the role of Contrast enhanced MRI (CEMRI) in the evaluation of Cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST).
PURPOSE
To determine the role of Contrast enhanced MRI (CEMRI) in the evaluation of Cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST).
METHOD
The study included 7 patients with an imaging diagnosis of cavernous sinus thrombosis. A retrospective analysis of Contrast enhanced MRI of 9 affected cavernous sinuses and a control group of 7 patients (14 cavernous sinuses) was conducted. Various qualitative and quantitative parameters were then compared.
RESULTS
In the patient group, the mean Cavernous sinus (CS) diameter, Cavernous Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) diameter and Superior Ophthalmic Vein (SOV) diameter were 9.14 ± 0.56 mm, 3.5 mm ± 0.9 mm and 3.8 mm ± 1.79 mm respectively. While in the control group, the mean CS diameter, ICA diameter and SOV dimeter were 6.58 ± 0.54 mm, 4.6 mm ± 0.44 mm and 1.1 mm ± 0.11 mm respectively. The differences in the CS size, ICA and SOV diameters was statistically significant. (p < 0.05). Cut off points of ≥ 10 mm for CS diameter, ≥ 2.9 mm for SOV dilation, and ≤ 4.2 mm for ICA flow void diameter were estimated using receiver operating characteristic curves. Various other qualitative parameters, like bulging lateral walls of the sinus, heterogenous signal intensity with filling defects on post contrast images, abnormal dural enhancement along the lateral wall of the sinus and orbital apex involvement were more frequently observed in the CST group, in comparison to the control group.
CONCLUSIONS
CEMRI plays an invaluable role not only in the diagnosis of cavernous sinus thrombosis, but also in evaluating the extent of disease and its associated complications. The quantitative and qualitative parameters described here, provide more objectivity and accuracy in diagnosis of CST, thus, aiding prompt diagnosis and early treatment.
PubMed: 32154332
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejro.2020.100226 -
Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County,... May 2024The lipid fraction, fatty acid profile, and diameter of fat globules of infant formulas show great differences from human milk. These characteristics influence fat...
OBJECTIVES
The lipid fraction, fatty acid profile, and diameter of fat globules of infant formulas show great differences from human milk. These characteristics influence fat digestion and, consequently, the development and health of infants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diameter of fat globules in infant formulas and compare them with those in human milk.
METHODS
The diameter of fat globules of 10 infant formulas and human milk samples was determined using scanning electron microscopy.
RESULTS
The starter infant formula was the only one that showed a mean diameter value (3.52 ± 2.17 µm) similar to that obtained for human milk (3.44 ± 1.68 µm). The starter infant formula showed the highest values of volume-surface D (6.13 µm) and volume-weighted D, (7.05 µm) mean diameters among the infant formulas analyzed, and close to those obtained for the human milk sample (5.16 and 5.98 µm, respectively). The infant formulas whey protein partially hydrolyzed, soy protein isolate-based, whey protein extensively hydrolyzed, and thickened with pregelatinized starch had the lowest mean diameters of fat globules 0.64 ± 0.22, 0.70 ± 0.19, 1.06 ± 0.34, and 1.22 ± 0.48 µm, respectively.
CONCLUSION
The analysis of principal components showed that none of the analyzed infant formulas had similarity with the diameter of fat globules and the fatty acid profile of human milk.
Topics: Infant; Humans; Infant Formula; Whey Proteins; Milk, Human; Fatty Acids; Glycoproteins
PubMed: 38458145
DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112264 -
Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic... Mar 2022Normal pulmonary artery (PA) diameter remains blurred and the definitions of PA aneurysm are heterogenous. We aimed to assess PA diameters, identify a threshold for...
OBJECTIVES
Normal pulmonary artery (PA) diameter remains blurred and the definitions of PA aneurysm are heterogenous. We aimed to assess PA diameters, identify a threshold for normal diameters, define PA aneurysms, possible predictors of PA size and evaluate the correlation with mid-ascending aortic diameters.
METHODS
Between April 2018 and August 2019, 497 consecutive patients who underwent whole-body computed tomographic angiography were reviewed. Clinical and imaging data were collected from our institutional database. Precise three-dimensional centreline measurements were taken. Linear regression analysis was performed to detect parameters associated with PA diameter. A two-stage model was created to identify potential predictors and the resulting statistically significant interactions were tested. Data were grouped and PA, standard deviation, and upper normal limits were calculated.
RESULTS
Among 497 patients with an average age of 51.4 (20.2) (74.6% males), the mean PA diameter measured 32.0 (4.6) mm [female: 31.2 (4.7) mm vs male: 32.2 (4.5) mm; P = 0.032]. The mean PA length, left PA and right PA diameters were similar between male and female patients. We found a significant correlation (r = 0.352; P < 0.001) between the PAs and mid-ascending aortic diameters. Body surface area (P = 0.032, β = 4.52 [0.40; 8.64] 95% CI) was the only significant influencing variable for PA diameter.
CONCLUSIONS
The normal mean PA diameter in a reference cohort is 32.0 (4.6) mm. Body surface area is the only influencing variable of PA diameter. The normal diameters measured and corresponding upper limits of normal revealed that a PA aneurysm should not be considered below a threshold of 45 mm.
Topics: Angiography; Computed Tomography Angiography; Female; Humans; Lung; Male; Middle Aged; Pulmonary Artery; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 34791257
DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivab308 -
Turk Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Dergisi Jan 2020This study aims to define normal coronary artery diameters of males and females in a sample of Turkish population, compared to Asian-Indian and Western Caucasian...
BACKGROUND
This study aims to define normal coronary artery diameters of males and females in a sample of Turkish population, compared to Asian-Indian and Western Caucasian populations.
METHODS
Angiographic and demographic data of a total of 324 patients (147 males, 177 females; mean age 55.3±10.1 years; range, 32 to 82 years) who underwent elective coronary angiography with angiographically normal coronary arteries between July 2017 and March 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. Proximal diameters of major epicardial coronary arteries were measured using the Axiom Artis software according to edge detection method. All the measurements were adjusted to the body surface area. Unadjusted and adjusted values were compared between genders and with the Asian-Indian and Caucasian population samples.
RESULTS
The mean diameters of unadjusted/adjusted left main coronary artery, proximal left anterior descending artery, proximal left circumflex artery, and proximal right coronary artery were 4.5±0.6 mm/2.4±0.4 mm/m, 3.7±0.5 mm/1.9±0.3 mm/m, 3.3±0.6 mm/1.7±0.3 mm/m, and 3.4±0.6 mm/1.8±0.4 mm/m, respectively. Adjusted left main coronary artery and proximal left circumflex artery were narrower, and unadjusted proximal left anterior descending artery and unadjusted/adjusted proximal right coronary artery were larger in men, compared to women in the Turkish population. Turkish population had similar body surface area and unadjusted/adjusted coronary diameters with Caucasians, whereas adjusted proximal left anterior descending artery was larger in the Turkish population than in Asian-Indians.
CONCLUSION
Our study findings on the Turkish population contradict the traditional belief that women have narrower coronary arteries then men. Furthermore, the Turkish population have comparable adjusted/unadjusted coronary diameters with the Western Caucasians, but larger adjusted/unadjusted proximal left anterior descending artery, compared to Asian-Indians. We believe that our findings may contribute to the global data pool of normal coronary diameters and can be utilized in future studies as a database.
PubMed: 32175150
DOI: 10.5606/tgkdc.dergisi.2020.18475 -
The Journal of Vascular Access Dec 2023The anatomy of the femoral artery and vein plays an integral role in vascular access. Both technical feasibility and complication rates are associated with femoral...
BACKGROUND
The anatomy of the femoral artery and vein plays an integral role in vascular access. Both technical feasibility and complication rates are associated with femoral vessel diameter and depth. The goal of this study is to establish normative values for common femoral artery (CFA) and vein (CFV) depth and diameter using a large, diverse patient population.
METHODS
A retrospective review of all patients undergoing lower extremity venous duplex imaging over a 1 year period were reviewed. Patients with inadequate imaging or with evidence of deep vein thrombosis were excluded. The index image of all studies was a non-compressed view of the common femoral vein at the saphenous-femoral junction. All measurements were taken from this still. Vessel diameters were measured from intima to intima. Depth was measured from skin to intima. BMI and BSA were calculated using standard formulas. Chi square was used for univariate analysis. Linear regression was used to establish correlation.
RESULTS
Over the 1 year period, 983 patients met criteria for inclusion. The majority were male (53%) with a mean age of 55. The patients were 47% white and 44% black. The majority had hypertension (53%). The mean BMI and BSA were 29 and 2, respectively. Mean CFA depth was 1.7 cm, while mean CFV depth was 1.8 cm. The mean CFA and CFV diameters were 0.9 and 1.1 cm, respectively. Amongst height, weight, BMI, and BSA, weight correlated best with CFA ( = 0.548) and CFV ( = 0.552) depth, while BSA correlated best for diameter for both CFA ( = 0.390) and CFV ( = 0.440).
CONCLUSIONS
This study establishes mean diameters and depths for the common femoral artery and vein using a large, diverse patient group. BSA was most closely associated with vessel diameter, while weight was correlated with depth. This study provides normative diameter and depth values for the common femoral vasculature, which may assist in vascular access planning for providers.
PubMed: 38087816
DOI: 10.1177/11297298231200036