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Medicina 2020In April 2019, UNICEF denounced that more than 20 million children worldwide had not been vaccinated and alerted on possible outbreaks of measles which, due to the high...
In April 2019, UNICEF denounced that more than 20 million children worldwide had not been vaccinated and alerted on possible outbreaks of measles which, due to the high transmissibility of this virus, is the first disease preventable by vaccination to emerge. If the decline in vaccinations continues, pertussis, tetanus and other diseases, which require less coverage to achieve population protection, may also reappear. In Argentina, the current outbreak began in late August 2019. Measles virus is transmitted by air, infects multiple organs, and is associated with immunosuppression. Its genome consists of single stranded RNA. Genotyping is carried out by sequencing a 450-nucleotide fragment of the N protein, which contains the highest density of nucleotide variation. In South America, D8 is the circulating genotype and in North America, B3 accounts for 8% of the cases. Each person with measles infects, on average, another 12-18 people in a susceptible population. Vaccination confers direct and indirect protection, and induces both antibodies and cellular immunity. Newborns are protected by maternal antibodies transmitted via the placenta, up to 6 months. In Argentina, the Vaccination Calendar includes two doses of triple viral vaccine, at 12 months and 5 years, and a zero dose (6-11 months of age) in districts with disease cases. The protection conferred by the vaccine is 93% at 12 months with a dose, and with 2 doses 97% for life.
Topics: Argentina; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Genotype; History, 19th Century; Humans; Infant; Measles; Nucleocapsid Proteins; Nucleoproteins; Vaccination; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 32282323
DOI: No ID Found -
Presse Medicale (Paris, France : 1983) Sep 2022Measles is a highly contagious viral disease transmitted by aerosols through human-to-human contact. It is often considered as a benign disease, although mortality...
Measles is a highly contagious viral disease transmitted by aerosols through human-to-human contact. It is often considered as a benign disease, although mortality remains high in developing countries (>5%). Frequent complications (diarrhea, otitis, pneumonia, encephalitis) can be observed. The disease mainly affects young children from 5 to 6 months of age with a mortality peak in the first three years of life. The Persian physician Rhazes gave the first clinical description of the disease in the 10th century, clearly differentiating it from smallpox. Measles spread worldwide from the Renaissance. Its epidemiology was remarkably studied in 1846 by a Danish physician, Peter Panum, during an epidemic in the Faroe Islands. The viral nature of this disease was demonstrated in 1911 and the virus was identified in 1954 by Thomas Peebles and John Enders. It is a morbillivirus (family Paramyxoviridae), also responsible for rinderpest (ovine, bovine), distemper (canine, feline), and epidemic diseases of dolphins, porpoises and seals. The current measles virus appeared recently from the rinderpest virus around the 6th century BCE. It has adapted perfectly to the human species, becoming strictly human, without animal reservoirs. A live attenuated vaccine was developed in 1958 by Enders' team after numerous passages in cell cultures. The vaccine was licensed in the United States in 1963 and is used on a large scale by the WHO throughout the world. This highly effective and well-tolerated vaccine has greatly reduced the number of measles cases and saved millions of lives. Measles remains a major public health concern, causing over 100,000 deaths per year worldwide. Today, the most affected continents remain Africa, South America and Asia.
Topics: Child; Animals; Dogs; Cattle; Cats; Sheep; Humans; United States; Child, Preschool; Measles; Morbillivirus; Measles virus; Rinderpest virus; Asia
PubMed: 36414136
DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104149 -
The Journal of School Nursing : the... Aug 2019
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Measles; Measles Vaccine; School Nursing; United States
PubMed: 31296143
DOI: 10.1177/1059840519856941 -
Workplace Health & Safety Feb 2020Outbreaks of measles increased in the United States in 2019. Occupational health nurses need to be aware of this highly infectious disease, disseminate accurate...
Outbreaks of measles increased in the United States in 2019. Occupational health nurses need to be aware of this highly infectious disease, disseminate accurate information, and emphasize the benefits of immunization to workers.
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Immunization; Measles; Measles virus; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Occupational Health Nursing; United States
PubMed: 31910782
DOI: 10.1177/2165079919890354 -
The Lancet. Infectious Diseases Jun 2020Measles eradication is biologically and technically feasible, but suboptimal immunisation programme performance, insufficient political commitment, overcautious global... (Review)
Review
Measles eradication is biologically and technically feasible, but suboptimal immunisation programme performance, insufficient political commitment, overcautious global agencies, and inadequate prioritisation by important donors are hindering progress towards this noble public health goal. These constraints have given rise to a global resurgence in measles cases and preventable deaths, with re-established transmission in countries that have previously eliminated endemic virus transmission. The ethical, economic, and epidemiological reasons for accelerating progress towards eradication are irrefutable. Measles virus also serves as the most sensitive test of universal health coverage. Where health systems are not reaching all susceptible children and communities, the presence of measles cases will expose and proclaim this failure. The global health community should urgently intensify efforts to eradicate measles.
Topics: Disease Eradication; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine
PubMed: 32197095
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30052-9 -
Journal of Medical Primatology Apr 2023It is six decades since the measles vaccine was first introduced, and yet we continue to see frequent outbreaks of this disease occurring all over the world. Many... (Review)
Review
It is six decades since the measles vaccine was first introduced, and yet we continue to see frequent outbreaks of this disease occurring all over the world. Many non-human primate (NHP) species, including apes, are susceptible to the measles virus. Spontaneous measles outbreaks have been described in a number of zoos and primate centers worldwide. Research into the spontaneous and experimental infection of laboratory primates with measles represents an invaluable source of information regarding the biology and pathogenesis of this virus and continues to be an irreplaceable and unique tool for testing vaccines and treatments. The purpose of this literature review is to summarize and analyze published data on the circulation of the measles virus among free-living synanthropic and captive primate populations, as well as the results of experiments that have modeled this infection in NHPs.
Topics: Animals; Primates; Measles; Measles virus; Measles Vaccine; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 36440505
DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12630 -
Current Opinion in Virology Apr 2020Measles caused an estimated minimum of one million fatalities annually before vaccination. Outstanding progress towards controlling the virus has been made since the... (Review)
Review
Measles caused an estimated minimum of one million fatalities annually before vaccination. Outstanding progress towards controlling the virus has been made since the measles vaccine was introduced, but reduction of measles case-fatalities has stalled at around 100,000 annually for the last decade and a 2019 resurgence in several geographical regions threatens some of these past accomplishments. Whereas measles eradication through vaccination is feasible, a potentially open-ended endgame of elimination may loom. Other than doubling-down on existing approaches, is it worthwhile to augment vaccination efforts with antiviral therapeutics to solve the conundrum? This question is hypothetical at present, since no drugs have yet been approved specifically for the treatment of measles, or infection by any other pathogen of the paramyxovirus family. This article will consider obstacles that have hampered anti-measles and anti-paramyxovirus drug development, discuss MeV-specific challenges of clinical testing, and define drug properties suitable to address some of these problems.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Drug Development; Global Health; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Measles virus
PubMed: 32247280
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.02.007 -
JAMA Dermatology Dec 2019
Topics: Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Risk Factors; Vaccination
PubMed: 31825476
DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2019.2663 -
Current Neurology and Neuroscience... Feb 2020Owing to vaccine hesitancy, there has been a resurgence of measles infections in developed countries. Practitioners can expect to see an increase in patients with... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Owing to vaccine hesitancy, there has been a resurgence of measles infections in developed countries. Practitioners can expect to see an increase in patients with neurologic complications of measles. These devastating disorders include primary measles encephalitis, acute post measles encephalitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), and measles inclusion body encephalitis (MIBE).
RECENT FINDINGS
Although there are many unanswered questions regarding the neurologic complications of measles, recent advances have led to better understanding of the mechanism of the spread of measles within the nervous system, particularly the disruption of F protein function, which raises the possibility of treatment with fusion-inhibiting molecules. Measles and its neurological complications are preventable and must be prevented. Neurologists must educate other clinicians and the public regarding the consequences of inadequate herd immunity to measles. More effective treatments for SSPE and MIBE may be available in the near future, but currently these remain lethal diseases.
Topics: Humans; Measles; Nervous System Diseases; Viral Fusion Proteins
PubMed: 32034528
DOI: 10.1007/s11910-020-1023-y -
Medicina 2020
Topics: Anti-Vaccination Movement; Humans; Mass Vaccination; Measles; Measles Vaccine
PubMed: 32044749
DOI: No ID Found